! y eit neta) a i sian 0 di bypbeis had: bopieid sts Penetaei4 WED S02 Sas ph " Ths (ered an ae ii atin Latiseitaria th sett hart I ie ide pehete tigeletens i 4 deslterearies a *; HA pire ae adler cur i tehgt eet) if an CARB ent eeee a 3 rite4 sare diidtedsh, tila eysiaen dea dale Atha att wie ae t+ + ate a es fs ot Nie Sh tg ao Hal: bed) ww hey PH att} ° iit Sta Britto iasty iti eat ati 7 tt yi Lest days nding ee ; nH PHPia SiC HRCA 9) intra oet acy ri fsa iele i baited ee suns ies ‘| beitt i M4 cn i _. pe iy =e peat pte a i is aol sty earh sige ee ot be retry ‘ ve - ce = ih ae 2 free! maitataet aii, ais ee if a ait i is ae : Le ent ee Nasert | rhe cB rae aes is att Division of Mollusks Sectional Library —_ _ RG } Divisio, of Moly Lf L] brated JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON pote hy A EIS TORY OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA, AND THEIR SHELLS. : uh ; 1 sl 7 : i ee -_" ey Ot 1 hs 140 Rola a ae tae Ee Beri Nees ae ; Ahi aN - : inn nS ya’ ee ye <<, -* mi mry che, i = al A sl ee. | aap 7 * 4 aay » ian ig ee J ay e ‘a A HISTORY OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA, AND THEIR SHELLS. BY PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.RB.S., OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON; AND SYLVANUS HANTEY, B.A., F.L.S., OF WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD. VOLUME IV. PULMONIFERA AND CEPHALOPODA. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. M.DCCC,LIII. SMITHSON P MAY 13 1999 SCRARIES LONDON : ; Printed by SamuEL BentTLEy and Co. Bangor House, Shoe Lane. CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME, EXHIBITING THE FINAL CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Species of questionable indigenousness are printed in italics ; spurious and unrecognized species in nonpareil. The addition of (A. i.) toa species refers the reader to the first Appendix, or Supplementary Notes on the Acephala, in the Seeond Volume, (A. ii.) to the Appendix at the end of the work. PAGE GASTEROPODA PULMONI- FERA - : : i Wa ONCHIDIADA 2 ONcHIDIUM : : oe O. Celticum : : Setiss LIMACIDA 6 ARION 7 A. empiricorum . : ws A. flavus . F og 9. A. hortensis Q é ett) GROMALACUS 3 : = ell G. maculosus : : 7 WZ LimMax A 2 : ses L. agrestis : : . 13 L. cinereus 4 . OS L. arborum (A.ii.). eal L. flavus. ‘ “ 5 9 L. brunneus : g 2620 L. tenellus F : | L. Sowerbii ; . + 22 L. gagates ; = . 24 TESTACELLIDA . ‘ 2 26 TESTACELLA ; ; = 026 T. Haliotoidea . 4 + 226 T. Maugei 4 : rey HELICID . : 3 wor 29 VITRINA A F 2h 29 H H H H. obvoluta H H H H VITRINA continued. V. pellucida V. elongata Helix brevipes ZONITES Z. cellarius Z. alliarius . Z. nitidulus Z, purus Z. radiatulus Z. nitidus Z. excayatus Z. erystallinus HELIx H. aperta . H. pomatia H. arbustorum . H. Cantiana H. Carthusiana . H. nemoralis H. Pisana . virgata (A. ii.) . caperata . ericetorum . lapicida . rufescens . hispida . reyelata PAGE 43 HELIx continued. H. sericea (A. ii.) H. lamellata H. aculeata H. fulva . ~ H. fusca (a. ii.) . H. pulchella H. rotundata H. umbilicata H. pygmza Fry . H. terrestris H. limbata BuLimus B. acutus B. Lackhamensis B. obscurus Helix stagnorum B. Guadaloupensis B. Goodalli B. decollatus B. pupa B. Guildingii B. ventricosus B. zebra Pura . ; P. umbilicata P. muscorum P. Anglica (a. ii.) P. secale P. edentula P. minutissima . P. pygmea P. substriata P. antivertigo P. pusilla . P. Venetzii P. cinerea BALEA . B. fragilis . CLAUSILIA C. laminata C. biplicata C. plicatula C. nigricans C, bidens C. labiata . ZvUA TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE 101 - 103 . 104 . 106 . 108 09 pail o l2 » 113 . 114 : .- 114 - - 116 . 116 - 118 . 120 - 121 124 124 « 125 Zua continued. Z .lubrica . : Buccinum obtusulum . AZECA . A. tridens . ACHATINA A. acicula (A. ii.) A. octona . SuccINEA Ss. Ss. putris oblonga . LIMN AAD Puy 12s lz BAe ‘ fontinalis : . hypnorum P. rivalis . P. acuta P. alba PLANORBIS OOO Oe corneus . . albus : . glaber (A. ii.) - Nautileus (A. ii.) . carinatus . marginatus vortex . spirorbis contortus P. nitidus . P. lacustris (A. ii.) LIMNZUS a gl ll ll ll ool oll . pereger . . auricularius . . Burnetti stagnalis . truncatulus -glaber . . palustris . glutinosus - involutus (A. ii.) . Turbo rivulus ANCYLUS . A. fluviatilis A. oblongus AURICULID & 132 . 132 . 137 - 185 . 186 . 188 PAGE = 125 127 La . 128 . 130 . 130 178 . 139 140 140 . 148 145 146 146 - 146 . 147 . 149 150 . 152 - 153 . 155 a lay 5 UG) . 160 - 161 . 162 . 163 . 165 169 . 172 174 peligia 178 - 180 182 184 185 SAN CoNovuLus . C. bidentatus C. denticulatus . C, Bullaoides C. pusillus, Voluta alba CARYCHIUM , C. mininum CYCLOSTOMIDA CycLostoma C. elegans . C. ferrugineum . ACME . A. lineata . TABLE OF PAGE | Slee aor . 194 197 197 2 1G2 . 198 - 198 . 200 . 201 . 201 204 . 204 | . 204 CEPHALOPODA DIBRAN- CHIATA OCTOPODIDA Ocropus O. vulgaris ELEDONE E. cirrhosus TEUTHIDéA . SEPIOLA S. Atlantica S. Rondeletii Rossia R. macrosoma R. Owenii. Lo1ico ‘ L. vulgaris L. media . L. marmorz OMMASTREPHES O. sagittatus O. todarus . O. Eblanze SEPIAD A: SEPIA S. officinalis S. bisserialis Spirula Peronii . . CONTENTS. v AGE APPENDIX. TUNICATA SYNTETHYS . : : 244 S. Hebridicus . : . 245 APPENDICULARIA . 245 ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA 246 Teredo Norvagica 246 » navalis . 246 »> megotara. 246 Pholadidea papyracea . 248 On the supposed ? fry of Sax- icava - : 248 Panopza Norvegica 249 Spheenia Binghami 250 Poromya granulata 250 Diodonta fragilis 251 Tellina balaustina 251 » pygmea. . . 251 5 proxima . 251 Ervilia castanea . 253 Mactra truncata . 253 Lutraria elliptica 253 Astarte sulcata . 254 Cardium pygmeum 254 Montacuta ferruginosa 254 Lepton convexum 255 Py, Clarkie . 255 Modiola phaseolina 256 Crenella faba 256 Arca raridentata 257 ACEPHALA PALLIOBRAN- CHIATA 257 Terebratula cranium 257 Megathyris cistellula . . 257 PTEROPODA Spirialis Flemingii 258 Cio. - . 5 - 291 Clio borealis 292 GASTEROPODA Chiton Hanleyi . 258 » albus = 258 Propilidium Ancyloide 259 Note to Fissurella 259 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Trochus tumidus « 259 Margarita aurea - ‘259 Tanthina communis . . 260 Note to Neritina . 261 Paludina Listeri,and vivipara 261 | ; ' { j | | Lacuna vincta . 262 On Rissoz - 262 | Rissoa Beanii . 263 » costata - 263 5 SeMistriata - 263 es canes ae . 264 »» proxima . . 264 » soluta . 265 | s» Ventrosa 266 Rissoa ? littorea . 265 Turbo disjunctus 267 | Jeffreysia opalina 267 » _ globularis 268 Skenea ? nitidissima . 269 Skenea ? divisa 269 Skenea ? Cutleriana 270 Skenea ? costulata 271 Turritella communis Py All Cerithium reticulatum 271 2 adyersum . 272 as angustissimum ?. 272 Aclis supranitida - 273 an unica = ae Eulima polita 273 On Chemnitzia, Odostomia, and Eulimella 273 Chemnitzia elegantissima and gracilis (or pusilla) . 275 = rufa - 246 ia fulvocineta - 276 2s fenestrata - 247 = scalaris es bk Be indistincta 278 Chemnitzia eximia Odostomia dubia a Rissoides = insculpta . - obliqua. - Warrenii . mi dolioliformis Pe decussata Gulsonz On Eulimelle Truncatella Montagui . Note to Murex corallinus Purpura lapillus . Nassa pygmea . Buccinum Dalei = Humphreysianum 285 Note to Mangelia Cylichna obtusa . Akera bullata. : Philine quadrata . Antiopa splendida Arion flayus = Limax agrestis . : > arborum . > flavus » gagates Helix virgata s» Sericea and fusca Pupa Anglica . . Achatina acicula Z Planorbis lacustris Limnzus inyolutus Acme lineata ‘ Phyllidide : : Diphyllidia Ap lineata Clio borealis . 286 BRITISH MOLLUSCA, GASTEROPODA PULMONIFERA. Aut the terrestrial, and the majority of freshwater Gasteropodous Mollusea, breathe air, and are provided with a pulmonary cavity, or sac, instead of gills. Over the walls of this sac the blood is distributed in minute vessels, for the purpose of being aerated. The animals presenting this organization, are all provided with dis- tinct heads, furnished with tentacula and organs of sight. They walk by means of a well-developed creeping disk. The majority are protected by shells, but there are some which have no shell, although they do not differ materially in organization or external form. The shells when present are, in the majority of cases, spiral or discoid, and external, in a few instances patelliform ; when imbedded in the substance of the mantle, they are unguiform. The embryos have, or have not, shells, according as the adult is to be shell-bearing or naked. Distinct ciliated lobes are not seen upon them, though in the egg they are partially clothed with cilia on the analogous portion of their bodies, and exhibit movements. The number of known Pulmoniferous Mollusks is very great. They inhabit all climates, and display variations of colour and form that bear a remarkable relation to VOL, IV. B 2 ONCHIDIADE. their geographical distribution. A few genera and species are of maritime habits, requiring the presence of sea-water for their existence, though, if kept immersed, they would perish. ONCHIDIADZ. Mosr of the animals composing this family are true sea-slugs, breathing by means of a pulmonary cavity, but living immediately in contact with marine conditions. Cer- tain forms of them live, however, inland, under old wood, and in gardens. They are almost all tropical creatures, and little known to the naturalists of Europe. They are unprovided with shells, and have their dorsal surface entirely covered with a fleshy disk or mantle. In aspect they closely resemble some of the Hlysiad@, and consti- tute a very natural link between the Gasteropoda opis- thobranchiata and the Gasteropoda pulmonifera. ONCHIDIUM, Bucuanan. Animal oblong; unprovided with a shell, completely covered above by a convex, coriaceous, usually tuber- culated, rarely smooth mantle. Head provided with two retractile tentacles, bearing the eyes at their extremities ; mouth covered by a buccal veil; no horny jaws, a den- ticulated tongue. Sexes combined; orifices of repro- ductive organs widely separated. Pulmonary orifice pos- terior, and respiratory cavity placed behind the heart. Vent posterior. This genus was founded by Buchanan for an animal DS) ONCHIDIUM. 3 observed by him in Bengal. Cuvier first clearly deve- loped its structure, and published an elaborate memoir on its anatomy. The species are almost all inhabitants of tropical regions. O. Cetticum, (Cuvier ?) Couch. Plate F. F. F. fig. 6. This most interesting addition to the British Fauna was discovered by Mr. Couch, a naturalist who has done much to extend our knowledge of the marine ani- mals of the British seas, on the coast of Cornwall. He found it abundantly on a confined space of rocks at West Coomb, in Lantivet Bay, between Polperro and Fowey, congregated in little groups, about a foot or two from the surface of the sea, where the waves break over them. These curious creatures ascend and descend, so as to maintain their distance as the tides rise and fall. They will not, however, bear long immersion in sea-water. Cuvier, in the ‘“‘ Regne Animal,” notices, without describing it, an Onchidium under the name of Celticum, from the coasts of Brittany. This was, very probably, identical with Mr. Couch’s species; we there- fore adopt, for the present, the name Celticum, as appro- priate and significant. A living specimen, submitted to our examination by Mr. Alder, measured rather more than half an inch in length. Its form was oblong. Its cloak was of a black hue, rather shining, thick and coriaceous, and covered with short, thick, rounded tubercles, surrounded by smaller ones; the margin of the cloak considerably sur- passed the foot; the under side of the margin was minutely granulated, The foot was oblong, and of a 4 ONCHIDIADA. pale yellowish-grey colour. The head bore two short retractile tentacles, with eyes on their swelling tips; these are set above the rounded pale oral lobes or veil. The following very interesting remarks on the anatomy of this Onchidiwm, have been kindly communicated to us by Mr. Albany Hancock. ““T have not yet completed my dissections of this ani- mal, but from what I have already ascertained, it is evi- dent that it is formed on the type of the Pulmonifera. The ganglia of the nervous system have much the same arrangement as they have in Avion. But the digestive apparatus shows one or two interesting modifications. The buccal mass is well developed; there are no horny jaws ; the tongue is broad, and composed of upwards of seventy transverse rows of obtuse, slightly curved teeth —each row contains one hundred and eight teeth, and is divided by a minute central tooth of a triangular form, bearing a single obtuse spine. The reproductive organs are conjoined in the same individual; the male intro- mittent organ is, however, placed at the right side of the head, whilst the other parts are situated at the pos- terior extremity of the body. The male and female parts are nevertheless connected by a long, slender duct, buried in the muscles at the side of the foot. “The most interesting feature in the anatomy of On- chidium, is the position of the heart and breathing-organ in relationship to each other. The lung being placed, in this animal, at the posterior extremity of the body, has, consequently, the heart in front of it. In Arion, Helix, and, probably, in all the other Pulmonifera, the blood-propelling organ is situated behind the breathing apparatus, which, in these animals is placed in an an- terior position. Thus we find that Onchidium differs ONCHIDIUM. 5 from the other Pulmonifera, in the same manner as the Opisthobranchiata do from the Prosobranchiata, so far, at least, as the relative position of these organs is con- cerned. And, moreover, it is worthy of remark, that in Onchidiwm the anal orifice is distinct from that of the lung, and that in Arion and Helix the excretory apertures are within the pulmonary arch. The true signification of these facts can scarcely at present be determined ; more information is required respecting On- chidium and its allies, to throw additional light upon the subject.” LIMACID. Tue land-slugs are elongated, semi-cylindrical, soft, or fleshy creatures, either unfurnished with shells, or provided with the rudiments of them, imbedded in the cloak, or disk, which covers the anterior portion of the body. This disk covers the respiratory cavity, the orifice of which, and the vent, are seen at its right margin. The generative orifices vary in different groups. All the slugs have a retractile head, four tentacles, also retractile, the two upper ones provided with eyes. Their skin secretes abundant mucus. They are herbivorous by preference, but carni- vorous when taste or necessity prompts them. They are crepuscular or nocturnal in their habits. The dentition of the Limacide, and of all our native Pulmonifera, has been made the subject of elaborate in- vestigation, by Mr. William Thomson, of King’s College, London. The general results of his researches are given in a very excellent memoir, read before the British Asso- ciation in 1850, and published in the seventh volume of the second series of the Annals of Natural History. They would appear to influence very importantly, our con- clusions respecting the disposition and affinities of the pulmoniferous genera. The edge teeth in this family have a long projecting single apex. ARION. i ARION, FeErussac. Animal elongated, semi-cylindrical, furnished anteriorly with an oblong disk. Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished with eyes; mouth with a serrated corneous tooth. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin of right side of the disk ; the vent immediately behind it. Orifice of reproductive organs immediately below the re- spiratory aperture. Posterior extremity of body rounded, terminating by a slight truncation, and a mucus pore. Shell undeveloped; a few calcareous granules sometimes imbedded in substance of shield. Besides the above differences, the slugs of this genus differ in several important anatomical characters, from those of the next group. Their habits are similar. A. emprricorum, Ferussac. Body bulky ; shield ovate; margin of foot expanded and lineated ; mucus pale. Plate D. D.D. fig. 4. Limax ater, albus et succineus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. pp. 2, 4, 7. » » refus et subfuscus, DRAPARNAUD, Moll. de France, pp. 122 and 123, pl. 9, £. 3, 4, 6, 8. Arion , Gray, Man. p. 104.— Atprr, Cat. Northumb. Moll. p. 29.— Mace@iLuivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 73. — NunNneELzy, Leeds Trans. vol. i. pl. 1, f. 1. » empiricorum, Frrussac, Hist. p. 60, pl. 1 to 3. — Boucnarp CuHAnrE- REAUX, Mem. Soc, Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 157.— Brow, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 55. This very common, beautiful, and exceedingly variable, slug, has been so cut up into false species, on account of its caprices of colour, that we deem it right to follow the example of Ferussac, and to give it a name which may 8 LIMACIDA. equally apply to all its varieties. It is usually from three to five inches in length when crawling. Its shape then is lanceolate, bulky, and rounded; when at rest it is much contracted, and elevates its back into a prominent hump, that rises above the shield. The head is rather stout, and bears two moderately long upper, and two rather short lower tentacles, all dark blue; between them two dark lines are traced on the forehead, sending branches to the upper ones. The disk or shield is slightly truncated in front, rounded behind ; its surface is minutely granulate ; its orifice is placed antero-laterally. The back of the body is rounded, very convex, and wrinkled with strongly carinated long prominences. The terminal ones are elevated above a triangular grey flattened space occupied by the mucous gland. The margin of the foot is mem- branous and expanded, and at the tail it is still wider, and emarginate or truncate. The colour is exceedingly variable and often very brilliant. In open fields, this slug is often of a jet black; in woods, a variety occurs, occasionally nearly white, or tinged on the back with pale yellow only. It is frequently found of a general reddish-brown, and some- times entirely orange, or dusky on the shield and back, with orange sides. The margin of the foot is almost always yellow, often bright orange, and lineated either with transverse black or deep orange or red lines. The lips are orange. ‘There is a small variety, white or dusky, found not unfrequently in the neighbourhood of gardens, remarkable for having a dusky, or nearly black line, on each side of the centre of the shield, and a corresponding line on each side of the back. We cannot make out clear distinctions of specific value, however, for this form. In the shield of the common Arion calcareous particles often occur. The eggs are thick-skinned, yellowish, oblong, ARION. 9 and rather large. ‘They may be found under large stones, or logs of wood, abundantly in autumn. The young when it comes out, is of a speckled yellowish-fawn colour. Mr. Nunneley remarks that it lives much longer than the Limaces. It is universally distributed in the British Isles, and has a wide range throughout Kurope. A. riavus, Miiller. Resembling Arion empiricorum, but more elongated, the disk more oblong ; secreting a yellow mucus. Plate F. F.F. fig. 2. cd Arion flavus, Ferussac, Hist. Moll. Suppl. p. 96 8. No. 7.—Boucuarp CHAN- TEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 159. — Aver, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 30. Limax ,, Miu.umr, Verm. vol. ii. p. 10.—Nuixtison, Moll. Scand. p. 5. We figure this Avion from a drawing kindly communi- cated by Mr. Alder, by whom it was first recorded as British, in the Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumber- land and Durham. Of it he states, ‘‘ Our individual was about an inch in length, with the body whitish, having a faint greyish tinge above. ‘The shield and the posterior parts of the body near the tail, were of a pale canary- colour. Tentacles greyish-white. The mucus was deep orange-yellow.” A specimen taken “at the side of the turnpike road, Westgate hill,” im the same district, by Mr. J. Blacklock, was rather darker, more greenish in colour on the back, and more orange in the shield. The upper tentacles, through some malformation probably, were eyeless. M. Bouchard Chantereaux considers this species very distinct from Avion empiricorum. He describes it as yellowish or grey; mantle short, rounded at_ its extremities, finely granulated; tail orange or yellow ; VOL. IV. Cc 10 LIMACIDA. head blackish; tentacula short, thick, and very black ; lateral bands of the sole yellow; mucus abundant, thick, of an orange-yellow colour; length thirty millimetres. He states that it is unprolific, and lays its eggs from September to December. They are oval, opaque, and yellowish. It lives in moist and mossy places. We have never been so fortunate as to meet with an Avion answer- ing to this description. A. Hortensis, Ferussac. Body slender; shield oblong; margin of foot narrow and plain ; mucus yellow. Plate F. F. F. fig. 1. Arion hortensis, Fnrussac, Hist. p. 65, pl. 2, f. 4,6; and pl. 8, f. 1, 2, 4.-— BoucHarD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 160.—Gray, Man. p. 107.— Axper, Cat. Northumb. Moll. p. 30.—BovitiE?, Moll. Auvergne, p. 13.—Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 55. Limazw cireumscriptus, JOHNSTON, Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. Ixxvii. fasciatus, Nritison, Moll. Suec. p. 5.—Kickx, Moll. Brab. p. 4. 3” This beautiful little slug is very inferior to our common Arion in dimension. It is more elongated, and semi- cylindrical, preserving a nearly equal breadth throughout, and when at rest, does not contract its body, or hump its back nearly so much. It is usually, when crawling, about an inch, or an inch and a half in length, but grows longer. The head is small, and generally very dark, being of a dusky blue colour, as well as the short supe- rior tentacles ; the lower ones, and cheeks, are of a lead blue. The shield is oblong, roughly granulated, varying in colour, but mostly dark striped in the centre, and along the margins, so that two pale bands appear to streak it on each side of the middle ; its orifice is cen- GEOMALACUS. 1g tro-lateral. The back and hinder portion of the body are similarly marked in fasciated individuals; in some, they are of an intense blue-black, with little trace of bands ; the surface is covered with oblong slightly cari- nated wrinkles, which are dusky, and mottled with minute white specks, The sides of the foot are pale or white, very narrowly margined at the sole, with plain grey or orange. The tail-margin is lanceolate, not expanded and obtusely pointed. This species is, probably, common in gardens through- out the greater part of Britain, though not generally noticed. It is common around London, and equally so, according to Mr. Alder, in Northumberland. It is also frequent in Ireland. The eggs of the Avion hortensis are stated by M. Bouchard Chantereaux, to be phosphorescent during the first fifteen days after they have been laid. GEOMALACUS, ALLMAN. Animal elongated, semicylindrical, dorsally carinated, furnished anteriorly with an ovate disk, in which is imbedded an unguiform shell. Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished with eyes. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin of the right side of the disk. Reproductive orifice near the base of the right inferior tentacle. This remarkable, and very distinct genus differs from Arion in the position of the reproductive orifice, and from Limax in the presence of a caudal gland, and the position of the spiracle. As yet a single species only presenting these characters has been found, and that con- fined to the south-west of Ireland. 13 LIMACIDA. G. macutosus, Allman. Plate F. F.F. fig. 5. ALLMAN, on Animals, Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 297, pl. 9. This most remarkable and most interesting of our native slugs, was discovered by an active and _ indefatigable Irish naturalist, Mr. William Andrews, of Dublin, during the autumn of 1842. He found it quiescently stretched on rocks around Lough Carogh, to the south of Castle- main Bay in the county of Kerry in Ireland. To quote the words of Professor Allman, to whom it was com- municated for examination and description by its dis- coverer, “it is an exceedingly beautiful animal, measur- ing, when creeping about, two inches in length; the colour of the shield and upper part of the body is black, elegantly spotted with yellow; the under surface of the foot light yellow, and divided into three nearly equal bands; the edge of the foot is brown, with transverse sulci.” A white spotted variety also occurs. It can elongate itself, so as to assume the appearance of a worm, and thus enter exceedingly small apertures. It is to be hoped that this curious creature may yet be found in other localities. If we may venture a surmise, we expect that it will prove hereafter to be an Asturian as well as Irish slug. LIMAX, Linnzus. Animal elongated or oblong, semicylindrical, rounded, or carinated posteriorly, anteriorly furnished with an oblong disk, in which is imbedded an unguiform shell. Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished with eyes; mouth. with a trilobed corneous tooth. No LIMAX. 13 mucous gland on tail. Respiratory orifice towards the posterior margin of the right side of the disk, the vent immediately behind it. Orifice of the reproductive system near and behind the right superior tentacle. Tail with- out a mucous pore. The species of slug have not been examined with the attention they deserve, and there are several forms recorded by continental authors, which may possibly still be detected in Britain, especially in the south of England, though we have failed to find any others than those here described. The best paper on our native Limaces is that “ On the species of Zimax found in Ireland,” by the Rey. B. J. Clarke, and published in the twelfth volume of the Annals of Natural History. L. acrestis, Miller. Back rounded, tail obliquely carinated; shield wrinkled, rounded behind ; colour pale or dark grey, mottled. Mucus milky. Plate D. D. D. fig. 2. Limax agrestis, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 8.— Linnzus, Syst. 1082. —Draparnavp, Hist. p. 126, pl. 9, f. 9.—Ferussac, Hist. p. 73, pl. 5, f. 7-10.— Fiemine, Brit. Ann. p. 256.— BoucHarp CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 66. — Gray, Man. p. 117, pl. 3, f. 17. — CiarKke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 338, f. 129 8. — Nun- NELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 48, pl. 1, f. 4. —Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 77.—Browy, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 56. Limacella concurva (SHELL), BrArp. Moll. Par. pl. 4, f. 5,6, B. 14, 15. Limacellus obliquus, Turton, Man. p. 26, pl. 3, f. 17. The most mischievous and abundant of all slugs is this small, but voracious species, which abounds every- where in fields and gardens, devouring leaves of vege- 14 LIMACID A. tables, and their roots also, with an appetite altogether disproportioned to its size. It scarcely ever exceeds an inch and a half, or two inches at most, in length, and is more of a spindle shape than its congeners. The head is of an amber colour, or yellowish-grey, with two dusky lines running outwards to the slightly dusky, and rather short superior tentacles. The shield is slightly emarginated in front, truncate behind, obovate-oblong, concentrically wrinkled, with a large spiracle placed well back. The back is rounded centrally, carinated (ob- liquely) towards the acute tail; its surface is reticulated with depressed smooth wrinkles. The sides of the foot are white, with a translucent edge. The sole is white. The usual colour of shield and body is pale yellowish, or fleshy grey, with pale dusky mottlings. Occasionally, however, we meet with specimens in which the markings are brown, or even nearly black, so as to give a dark aspect to the whole body. The substance of this slug is remarkably fatty to the feel. Its mucus is milky. Remarkable peculiarities are described by Mr. Nunneley, as occurring in the reproductive organs of this little slug. It is the most prolific of all its tribe, producing several families in a year; and no wonder that it should be so abundant, when M. Bouchard observed two individuals lay no fewer than three hundred and eighty eggs! These eggs are globular and transparent. The shell is very small, not much exceeding three lines in length, more or less tumid, conyex above but not beneath ; scarcely, or not at all nacreous, provided with a membranaceous margin. The more symmetrical ex- amples are of an oblong-quadrate figure, with rounded angles, slightly broader below than above, the sides of nearly equal length, the base bluntly rounded, the apicial LIMAX. 15 prominence not quite terminal, and below the level of the anterior side. L. cinereus, Miller. Back rounded, except near tail, which is carinated; shield pointed behind, wrinkled ; colour cinereous, spotted with black ; upper tentacles long- Mucus colourless. Plate D. D. D. fig. 1. Limaa maximus cinereus, ListER, Ex. An. t. iii. f. 6-10. cinereus, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 5. — DRApARNAUD, Hist. p. 124, pl. 9, f. 10.— Fremine, Brit. Anim. p- 256. — BoucHarp CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. 1. p. 161. —Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 76.—NiL.son, Moll. Suec. p- 6.—BLaINVILLE, Malac. Man. pl. 41, f. 5. maaimus, LINNXUS, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 108.—Gray, Man. p. 112.— Tuomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 17. — Crarke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 333, t. 10, f. 1.— Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55, pl. 58, f. 8; and pl. 59, f. 1. 5 cinereo-niger, WOLF, in Sturm. Fauna, pt. | (fide Menke). » antiquorum, FErussac, Hist. p. 68, pl. 4, f. 1-8; and pl. 8 a. f. 1. — Sowerby, Genera, and Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 1. » maculatus, NUNNELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 46, pl. 1, f. 2. Limacella parma (sHELL), Brann. Moll. Paris, pl. 4, f. 1, 2, 9, 10. ” 3° This is the largest and most beautiful of all the British slugs. It grows to a length of six inches, or even more. Its head is pinkish-grey, yellowish on the neck, with a dark central line, and obscure mottlings. The upper tentacles are yellowish-grey, and longer in proportion than in any other of our slugs; the lower ones are short. The shield is obovate-oblong, rounded in front, triangular or pointed behind ; its surface is finely wrinkled concentrically ; the spiracle is placed far back. The back is rounded, except at the tail, where it is carinated ; it is entirely covered with strong longitudinal waved wrinkles. The tail is tapering, acute, and gradually 16 LIMACIDA. declining to the end. The sole of the foot is dusky yellow. The colour of the shield and back in this spe- cies is very variable; the individual we have figured was of a yellow colour, closely and reticulately mottled with black on the shield, and striped with four broad black lines along the back. Frequently these black bands are broken up into larger or smaller spots of dif ferent degrees of intensity. In some examples the ground colour is reddish brown. The shell is comparatively large, measuring usually five or six lines in length, and about half that breadth, thin, depressed, slightly concave within, more or less pearly, white, with usually a very slight tinge of pink or cream-colour, and marked with rather prominent lines of growth. In the more characteristic examples, the extremity where the subcentral apophysis of adhesion lies, is subtruncated; the opposite end is somewhat rounded, and often more attenuated. The outer edge is membranaceous ‘The straighter is the more produced side. The mucus is colourless. The eggs are very slightly oblong, about one-fifth of an inch in length, and of a yellowish white tinge; they are laid in adhering clusters, This fine species is generally distributed through the British Isles, and common everywhere in suitable places. It may be found about houses, in gardens, and especially under decaying logs of wood. When at rest, it (as seems to be the case also with Limaa flavus) does not contract its body into a semicircle, like most of the Limaces, but often curls its tail along its side, and withdraws its head, so as to form an oblong mass. It appears to be generally distributed over the European continent, and was one of the first animals of its tribe that attracted the attention of geologists and anatomists. LIMAX. VG L. arsorum, Bouchard Chantereaux. Back rounded, carinated at tail; shield wrinkled, pointed behind ; colour cinereous, striped or mottled with dusky ; upper tentacles much shorter in proportion than those of cinereus. Mucus colourless. Plate E. E. F. fig. 2. Limax arborum, BoucHARD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p- 164.—Aupmr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 31. » arboreys, CLARKE, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 334, pl. 11, f. 4-10.— Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. pl. 68, f. 1, 2; and pl. 59, f. 9-13. » salicetum, BourtLEt, Cat. Moll. Auvergne, p. 18 ? » marginatus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 10 ?—Macei.iivray, Mol. Aberd. p. 78 ? The tree-slug bears a considerable resemblance to a small individual of cinereus. But when we compare them closely, many differences become evident, especially the much smaller superior tentacles, and the less pointed posterior margin of the shield. Its head is yellowish, or yellowish-grey, with a dusky, often dark line, down the centre, and two other paler ones passing up the centres or sides of the superior tentacula. There is also a transverse dark band across the forehead. The shield is oblong, and slightly obovate, shortly pointed behind, rather coarsely concentrically wrinkled; its spiracle is placed farther back than in cinereus; its colour is yellow or grey, with a central irregular dusky band, and two lateral darker stripes. The back is rounded except to- wards the tail, where it is sharply and wavily carinated ; it is covered with coarse, but rather depressed, slightly carinated and waved wrinkles. Its colour is ashy, or pinkish-grey, or yellowish, with more or less distinct dusky or dark mottled bands down each side, and leaving WOOL. LV, D 18 LIMACIDA. a light central stripe, at first sight resembling a keel. The dark markings sometimes form two stripes, or two rows of blotches on each side. The sides of the foot are pale, sometimes nearly white; the sole is white. The mucus is quite colourless. The shell varies much, some examples being thick, others thin; it is white, pearly, irregular, slightly convex above, and concave below, with straightish sides, and a not much arcuated base. The eggs are oval, and are laid separately. The tree-slug grows to a length of rather less than three inches. It lives on trees, especially old and decaying ones, eating the wood. It may be found on the ground under fallen trunks, and loose stones in the immediate neighbourhood of trees. Young individuals let them- selves down from branches by threads of mucus, and in that condition, probably constituted, as has been sug- gested by M. Bouchard, the Lima filans of Hoy, Shaw, and Latham. The tree-slug has been overlooked on the British trees, until attention was called to it in the ex- cellent memoir of Irish Limaces by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, who found it widely distributed in Ireland, almost always on trees. According to Mr. Thompson of Belfast, it is common in the north of Ireland. We have found it of a large size near Cork. In Scotland it appears to be the slug from Aber- deen described, by Professor Macgillivray, as the mar- ginatus of Miiller. Mr. W. Thompson has found it in Islay. In England, Mr. W. Backhouse, and Mr. R. Embleton communicated it to Mr. Alder, from localities in Northum- berland. Mr. Byerly finds it abundant on trees in the neighbourhood of Liverpool. Mr. W. Thompson has met with it in the Isle of Wight, and we have found it LIMAX. 19 ourselves in Surrey. It is probably a generally distri- buted species, often passed over for the young of cinereus. L. rravus, Linneus. Back rounded, carinated at tail; shield rounded behind, wrinkled ; colour yellowish, spotted with dusky ; tentacles blue. Mucus slightly yellowish. Plate E. E. E. fig. 1. Limaa flavus, LINNXUS (not of MULLER).—NILison, Moll. Suec. p. 5.—Gray, Man. p. 114, pl. 5, f. 16.—Crarxe, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 338 t. 11, f. 11, 12.—Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55. » variegatus, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 127.—FeErussac, Hist. p. 71, pl. 5, f. 1-4.—BoucHarpD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. yol. i. p. 163.— Macerttivray, Moll. Aberd. p- 76.—NuNNELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 47, pl. 1, f. 3. —GRriFFiTH, Cuv. pl. 35, f. 3. 9 cinereus, var. Y. MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 6. Limacella unguiculata, Brarp. Moll. Par. pl. 4, f. 3, 4, 11, 12. Limacellus variegatus, Turron, Man. p. 23, pl. 3, f. 4. The cellar-slug is a large, fleshy species, attaining a length of four or five inches, or even more. Its head is comparatively small, and bears rather short tentacula, remarkable (as well as the neck) for their pale blue colour. The shield is oval-oblong, finely wrinkled con- centrically or transversely, truncate in front, subtruncate or rounded behind; its respiratory orifice is postero- lateral; its colour is usually ash-grey, with numerous pale yellow spots. The back is rounded and full, its surface scored with reticulated furrows, the wrinkles be- tween which are slightly carinated and obscurely crenate. The colour of the back is ash-grey, with yellow blotches. The tail is obtuse, and carinated above. The margins of the foot, the sole of which is white, are yellowish- white. The mucus is colourless. The shell is four or 20 LIMACIDA. five lines long, very thin, nearly oval or oboval, white, much arcuated in front, tolerably straight behind, neither attenuated, nor rounded, but blunt, at the base; its apo- physis of adhesion is rather prominent in the more cha- racteristic examples, and situated rather behind the middle. In his account of the anatomy of this species, Mr. Nunneley mentions that it possesses an additional loop of intestine, in other respects its internal organization is closely similar to that of cinereus. Its eggs are not quite so large. The cellar-slug inhabits damp places in houses, espe- cially vaults. It is found in most of our great cities, and is, probably, generally dispersed through our towns, large and small. It is a gregarious species. L. srunneus, Draparnaud ? Back rounded except at the tail, which is carinated ; shield wrinkled ; colour uniform dark brown. Mucus colourless. Plate F. F. F. fig. 4. Limax brunneus, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 128?— Bouchard CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. yol. i. p. 168. — Jonnston, Trans. Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 154. — Gray, Man. p. 117. —ALpER, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 32. Limacella concava (SHELL), BRARD. Coq. Paris. This little noticed slug was first added to our fauna by Dr. Johnston of Berwick. It appears to be not un- common, according to Mr. Aldér, in the damp woods of the north-east of England. Our figure was commu- nicated by Mr. Alder, who remarks that it is quite dis- tinct from its near ally imax agrestis, and very constant in its characters. It is a very small species, about or less than an inch in length when crawling. It is LIMAX. 4 | entirely of a dark chocolate brown colour, approaching black ; head, shield, and body alike. The shield is oblong, rounded behind, concentrically wrinkled. The back is rounded, except near the tail, where it is carinated. Its mucus is abundant, and quite transparent. M. Bouchard Chantereaux states that its eggs, of which it lays no more than from twelve to eighteen, during a period of from six to eight days, are ovato-rotund, colourless, and transparent, ‘The fry are reddish, and do not attain their maturity, until about seventy days after birth, when they are of their characteristic colour. This slug is active and fearless. It lives in moist places under stones and among herbs. It will probably be found in many more British localities. Some small slugs gathered by Mr.W. Thompson at Dunvegan Castle, in Skye, appear to belong to this species. L. renetius, Miiller. Back rounded, compressed near the tail; shield wrinkled ; colour yellow. Mucus yellow. Plate F.F.F. fig. 3. Limaa tenellus, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 11.—Drararnavp, Hist. p. 127 p— Nittson, Moll. Suec. p. 10. — AnpsEr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p- ol. This is the rarest of all our slugs. Only one speci- men has yet been found in Britain, met with by Mr. Blacklock in a wood at Allansford, near Shortly Bridge, in Northumberland, and by him communicated to Mr. Alder, who has kindly permitted us to engrave his draw- ing of it,—a favour the more to be valued, since there is no published figure of the species, either in British or 22 LIMACIDA. foreign works. The following description combines the observations of Alder and of Nillson. In size it is one of the smallest species, not exceeding an inch and a quarter in length. The colour of the British example was a pale dull yellow, very transparent and lubricous, with an obscure band on each side of the shield and back, the tentacles being black. Nillson and Drapernaud notice a greenish tinge. In shape it is slender and rounded. The shield is rounded behind, and covered with fine concentric wrinkles. The back is rounded, but compressed towards the tail. The mucus (this cha- racter is especially to be noted) is orange-coloured. Limaz tenellus of Miiller, is referred to the genus Arion, by MM. Ray and Drouet, in their catalogue of the Mollusca of Champagne. It is possible that they have mistaken the fry of Avion hortensis for this species. We have found them in numbers at Monkstown on the wet surfaces of trees after a shower, and when small they bear a striking aspect to Limaces. L. Sowers, Ferussac. Back carinated throughout; shield granulated ; tawny or ochre yellow, with dusky markings ; keel of back yellow. Plate E. E. E: fig. 3. Liman Sowerbii, Ferussac, Hist. p. 96, pl. 8 vp. f. 7, 8.—DENson, in Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 694. — Cnarke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p- 338, pl. 12, f. 14, 15. —Atprr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p- 3l. » carinatus, GRAY, Man. p. 115, pl. 3, f. 17.—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 208.—Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55, pl. 58, f. 6; and pl. 59, f. 14. » marginatus, DRAPARNAUD (not of MiLuER), Hist. p. 124, pl. 9, f. 7. Of our two keeled slugs, this is the largest and stoutest; LIMAX. wo when crawling it is oblong-elongated ; when at rest the keel rises suddenly and loftily above the shield. The . general ground colour is ochraceous or tawny yellow, on which dots and clouds of grey and dusky are variously disposed. The keel of the back is always pale or bright yellow. The head is rather short, ash-grey above, with two dark neck lines; the tentacles are violet blue; the sides of the head yellow. The shield is oblong, widening behind, obtuse at both ends, granulated all over, ochry yellow with grey specks, a dark centro-pos- teral line, and two lateral ones, which are curved and connected towards its front part. The orifice is postero- lateral. The sides of the back are always more or less marked and clouded with dusky green, but the margins of the foot are pale. The sole is grey centrally, definitely edged with yellow. ‘The reticulations of the back are granulated. Two to three inches is a usual length for this slug. The shell is very small, solid, flat or concave above, convex beneath, without a conspicuous membra- naceous margin. It is commonly from two to three lines long. The mucus is colourless. In gardens and shady places around London, this slug iscommon. It seems to get scarcer as we proceed north- wards. Mr. Alder records it as found by Mr.W. Back- house, near Benwell, in Northumberland. In Ireland, Miss Ball found it at Youghal; Dr. Ball finds it abun- dant around Dublin. We have taken it plentifully at Monkstown near Cork. A careful perusal of the description and inspection of the figure given by Draparnaud, of the slug which he proposed to identify with the marginatus of Miiller, scarcely permits us to doubt that this was the species in- tended. To Ferussac it was communicated by Sowerby. 24 LIMACIDE. Leach had noticed it, and described it under the name of carinatus, but no published account or figure, except that of Draparnaud preceded Ferussac’s, whose name besides is best. L. cacates, Draparnaud. Back carinated throughout, shield granulated; dark lead colour, with pale sides. Plate D. D. D. fig. 3. Limax gagates, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 122, pl. 9, f. 1, 2. — Ferussac, Hist. p- 75, pl. 6, f. 1, 2.—Criarxe, Ann. Nat. Hist—Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 56, pl. 58, f. 4, 5. The general colour of this curious slug is lead-grey, sometimes very dark, occasionally slightly greenish, be- coming lighter towards the sides, and near the margin of the foot almost white. When crawling, it is of an elongated lanceolate shape, very tapering towards the tail. When at rest, it is contracted into a semicircle, the sharp-edged back gradually rising from the large shield. The head is rather large, bluish-grey, with darker tentacles. The shield or disk is oblong, obtuse, and subtruncated at both extremities, granulated on the surface, and bearing the respiratory orifice nearer the centre than it is placed in Sowerbii. The colour of the shield is often darker than that of the body. The back is strongly and sharply carinated; its surface is covered with oblong tubercular wrinkles, each of which is depressed and granulated; they become smoother and larger to- wards the sides. The margin of the foot is smooth and, as well as the sole, white. The mucus is colourless. The shell is small in proportion to the bulk of the shield, unguiform, elongated, oval, thick, and irregularly convex, LIMAX. 25 and as if erystalline beneath. The eggs are transparent and perfectly globular. This scarce species differs from Sowerbii not only in colour, and the points already noted, but also in relative proportion of shield and body, the former being much larger in gagates. The description and figures of Dra- parnaud agree too well with the specimens we have ex- amined to admit of a doubt of the correctness of the identification. It was first noticed as an inhabitant of the British Isles by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, who found it in several localities in Ireland. Dr. Robert Ball found it near Dublin, whence living examples were kindly trans- mitted to us by Mr. Kelly. Mr. W. Thompson, Dr. Ball, and Prof. E. Forbes found it near Clifden, in Con- nemara. We have taken it under stones in the open country near Castle Martyr in Ireland, and in similar places at Peel Castle in the Isle of Man (KE. F.). The first and only example as yet met with in England was found by Mr. Darbyshire under a stone at the foot of a thorn hedge in Portland Island, in September, 1851. This specimen is a very dark variety, and has that jetty hue on the back, which induced Draparnaud to name the species as he did. VOL. IV. E TESTACELLID. TESTACELLA. Cuvier. Animat elongated, semicylindrical ; disk covering, and combined with the entire upper surface of the body, which bears an external, auriform, compressed shell, with a minute spire, at the hinder extremity of the back. Head with four tentacula, the upper ones bearing the eyes. Pul- monary orifice under the right side of the shell, the vent very near it. Reproductive orifice behind, and near the right superior tentacle. We regard this genus as the type of a family interme- diate between the slugs and the snails. The Testacelle are subterranean in their habits, approaching the surface of the ground, or crawling upon it in autumn, and descending to a depth of one or two feet below the soil in winter. They are carnivorous, devouring worms and slugs. T. mauioroiea, Draparnand. Plate G.G. G. fig. 1. Testacella haliotidea, DRAPARN. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 130, pl. 59, f. 17; 121 (in part), pl. 8, f. 44,455; and Animal, pl. 9, f, 12, 13. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 257. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 54, pl. 18, f. 15, 16.—Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. vol. v. pl. 35, f. 4. —Sowxrrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 261. Testacellus Europeus, Montrort, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. p. 95. TESTACELLA. PA Testacellus haliotideus, Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 5 to 9.— Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 29, f. 20. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 124, pl. 3, f. 19, 20.— Tuomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 19. — Sowersy, Genera Shells, Testacellus, f. 1, 2.— Cuvier, Animal Kingd. (ed. Griffith) Mollusc. pl. 35, f. 4. —ReEve, Conch. Systemat. vol. ii. pl. 161, Silay s Testacella scutulum, SowERBy, Genera Shells, Testac. f. 3 to 6.—TuRTON, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 28, f. 19.—J. D. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 229, f. 41, d. e. — ReEve, Conch. Syst. pl. 161, f. 3 to 6. = Luis, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 224, f. 39. & haliotoides, CANTRAINE, Mem. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 97. This animal is elongated, granulated above, grooved along the right side, of a general yellowish, tawny, or reddish hue, sometimes grey. The upper tentacles are rather long, the head small, the body increasing in bulk poste- riorly, the tail steep and abrupt, and the foot marginated. The shell, which is tolerably strong for its size (its length rarely, if ever, exceeds the third of an inch), is of a subau- riform shape, but ranges from rounded oval to subtrun- cated oval; it is flattened and covered with a brownish ash-coloured epidermis nearly smooth, or at most, concen- trically subrugose ; the vertex is acute, prominent, and subspiral ; the pillar, which is very broadly dilated, and somewhat twisted above, contracts rapidly below. The aperture is bluish white, and decidedly broader above than below ; its external margin at first slopes very slightly outwards in a nearly straight line, and then forming a rather obtuse angle, inclines inwards with a gentle arcua- tion: the angle is very evidently below the level of the vertex. This is peculiarly a southern species. It occurs in the Channel Isles, where it was first noticed by Mr. Lukis. Mr. Sowerby found it in a garden at Lambeth, and it has 28 TESTACELLIDA. since been observed in several localities south and west of London, especially in Devon. It occurs also in the south of Ireland, where it was taken by Dr. Ball at Youghal, and by Professor Allman at Bandon. SPURIOUS. T. Mavucer, Ferussac. Testacellus Maugei, Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 10, 12.—Mrtver, Ann. Philos. new ser. yol. ili. (1822), p. 380.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p- 257. — Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 27, f. 18.—J. D. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 229, fig. 4], f. 9 (from Ferus.). — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 5, pl. 3. f. 18 (as spurious). —SowERBy, Genera Shells, Testac. f. 7 to 10.—Rxxve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 161, f. 7 to 10. A native of Teneriffe, dec. ; introduced by Miller, who found it in Nursery Gardens near Bristol. 29 HELICID. Tue-snails are provided with spiral, often turreted, rarely depressed, or expanded shells, which, however, is never operculated. In the deficiency of operculum the animal, when hybernating, closes the orifice with a membranous epiphragm, perforated for the admission of air. ‘The head is well developed and furnished with retractile tentacula, the two upper ones always prominent and bearing the eyes at their extremities. These tentacles are always cylindrical. The British Helicide and other tribes of our testaceous pulmonifera have formed the subjects of so many essays and monographs that we do not deem it necessary to treat of them at the same length, or to enter into details of their habits to the same extent that we have done in our account of marine mollusca, in order to keep our work within proposed limits, already considerably ex- ceeded. VITRINA. DraparNnavp. Shell thin, translucent, oblong or suborbicular, of few whorls, the last ample, the spire depressed; aperture rounded or oblong, large, lunate, entire; peristome thin ; columella imperforate. Animal bulky, large for the shell, lanceolate ; head with four tentacula, the lower pair short ; mantle ample, 30 HELICIDA. thick, reflected upon the shell, furnished with a lobe on the right side under the spire; tail obliquely truncated ; edge teeth of tongue aculeate. V. eettucipa, Miiller. Plate CX XXI. fig. 8, 9, 10, and (Animal) Plate I. I. I. fig. 2. Helix pellucida, MistLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 15.—PxENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p- 188?—Sueparp, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 169, animal. Vitrina 4, Drapar, Tabl. Moll. p. 98; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p- 119, pl. 8, f. 34 to 37. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 267.— Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 31 (ed. Gray, p- 120), f. 21.— ALprerR, Mag. Z. and B. vol. ii. p. 105. — Macait. Moll. Aberd. p. 94. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 54, pl. 17. f. 6, 7, 12. — Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 78, pl. 3, f. 3 to 6. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 728.—GuSRIN, Iconog. R. A. Moll. pl. 5, f. 3.—Duzsu. Enc. Méth. Vers, vol. iii. p. 1133. Helix diaphana, Poirer (not Drap. Tabl.), Coq. Fl. et Terr. Aisne, p. 77. Helicolimax major, FreRus. Essai, p. 43. Helix elliptica, BRown, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 525, pl. 24, f. 8 (read in 1815). » Draparnaldi, Cuvier, Régne Anim. vol. ii. p. 405. Vitrina major, C. Prrir. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 47, note. Limacina pellucida, var. B, HARTM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 246. Helicolimax Audebardi, Frrus. Tabl. Syst. Moll. p. 21; Hist. Moll. pl. 9, f. 5. 5 pellucida, BLAInv. Dict. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxii. p. 255. Vitrina Audebardi, C. Preir. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 55. » Draparnaldi, JErrReys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 326.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 493. » Miilleri, Juvrrrys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 326. » Dillwynii, Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 506 (changed from elongata, p. 327). Shell small, transversely elliptic, oblique, extremely thin and transparent, very highly polished, ranging in colour from oil-yellow to pea-green (in the latter case less di- aphanous, and lined internally with subnacreous white), quite smooth, except near the distinctly impressed suture which is margined by a threadlike indentation, and cre- nated, though at times obscurely so. Shape of the disks, VITRINA. 3h or upper and lower surfaces, not circular, but semi- oval. Whorls three and a half, rapidly enlarging, simply and moderately convex; the spire scarcely elevated, ending obtusely. Body very large in proportion, filling about five-sixths of the length, rather broadly rounded at the periphery; the convex curvature of its surface more abruptly declining below than above. Mouth lu- nate-oval, rather broader than it is long, capacious, usually occupying two-thirds of the height, four-sevenths of the breadth, and almost half the central area. Outer lip very greatly projecting, simple, acute, arched, sloping down and leaning over above, subarcuated and vastly receding below. Pillar lip thin, slanting so as to form a con- tinuous curve with the basal edge, very briefly reflected at the axis, but not forming a distinct perforation. Length an inch and three quarters; breadth three inches and a quarter. In the broad yellow variety, the spire is pre-eminently depressed, and the mouth peculiarly ample; in the less pellucid pea-green variety the contrary conditions more frequently prevail. The animal is usually only partially retractile, of a bluish grey colour, sometimes tinged with yellow; two pale violet lines run down the rather short upper ten- tacula and along the neck, but soon fade away. The lower tentacles are short and slightly violet. The mantle is reflected on the lip of the shell, and behind, beneath the spire, has a lobe-like process. The tail projects be- hind the shell, and is suddenly and obliquely truncated. This pretty little snail is common in all parts of the country, among moss, under stones, &c. Norr.—Turton having obtained a shell which he supposed to be the Helia brevipes of Draparnaud’s “* Mollusques,” copied the figure (Manual L. and F, W. 32 HELICIDA. Shells, f. 50, from Drap. pl. 8, f. 30, 31) and part of the description (p. 65), but subsequently (p. 142) referred his specimen to the young of Vitrina. His drawing of V. elongata (Manual, f. 22) is likewise derived from the same source (Drap. pl. 8, f. 41), the French species not being a native of this country. ZONITES. Gray. Shell spiral, more or less subdiscoid ; spire of many whorls, depressed, thin, polished; mouth lunate, entire, peristome thin ; columella perforate. Animal bulky, but not over-large in proportion to shell, lanceolate ; head with four tentacles, the lower pair short; mantle thickened and slightly reflected ; tail obliquely truncated ; edge-teeth of tongue aculeate. We adopt this genus, in the sense given to it by Mr. Gray, with a restriction, however, since we include in it only the hyaline species of that author. It forms a connecting link between Vitrina and Helix, but is more nearly allied to the former than to the latter. This has been proved by the observations of Mr. W. Thomson, on the dentition of those snails, to which the name Zonites has been applied. ‘‘ From the very similar character of the edge-teeth in Zonites alliarius, cellarius, nitidulus and radiatulus (whose tongues greatly resemble each other),” writes Mr. Thomson, ‘“‘I am induced to believe that they should come in between Vitrina and the true Helices, for while their edge-teeth show no appearance of bifurcation, the heel to the apex may possibly be looked upon as an approach towards it. Their sagittate central tubercle corresponds with that of Vitrina, and a similarly- shaped central tubercle in Helix fulva connects them with the true Helices, which have a simple aculeate tubercle. Zonites radiatus (so called) is a true Helix.”* * Annals Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. vii. p. 91. ZONITES. 33 Z. ceczarius, Miller. Flat, transparent, and pale yellowish horn-colour above, opaque white beneath, very shining, nearly smooth ; whorls five, or five and a half; umbilicus moderately large. Plate CXX. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (Animal) Plate H. H. H., fig. 3. Felix cellaria, MtiuLeR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 28. — Axper, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 37; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p- 108.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 17, f. 59, 60. —Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 71.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 42, pl. 2, f. 39, 40.— RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 70, f. 22; and pt. 8, p- 36, f. 527. — Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p- 203.—BiInnEy, Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. pl. 26, f. 2. —Goutp, Invert. Massach. p. 180, f. 104. — Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 54.— CuHemn, (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 517, pl. 84, f. 8, 9, 10.— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 112. lucida, Puyy. Hutchins Dorset, p. 47 ?—Mont. Test. Brit. p. 425, pl. 23, f. 4 (not vars.). — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 340, —Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, f. 40. nitida, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117, pl. 8, f. 23 to 25.— FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 (not note). », itens, MATon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198, pl. 5, f. 7.— Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 22, in part. — Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 52; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 55.— ALTEN, Erd und Flusskonch. Augsburg, p. 58, pl. 5, f. 10. Oaychilus cellaria, Firzine. Syst. Derz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. Polita 3 HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella cellaria and Draparnaudii, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. Zonites cellarius, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 170, pl. 4, f. 40.— Macaiu. Moll. Aberd. p. 88. ” ” Shell depressed, flattish, somewhat pellucid, glossy, but not polished, pale horn-colour with sometimes a light greenish tint, passing into opaque white on the under surface, almost smooth yet with indistinct longitudinal striule near the sutures. Whorls five or five and a half, flattened yet deeply defined, enlarging gradually yet not slowly. Spire scarcely raised, apex blunt. Aperture VOL. IV. EF 34 HELICIDA. obliquely crescent-shaped, manifestly descending at its base, below the general levels of the disk, not quite so high as broad, equal in width to nearly half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base not much rounded, more distinctly wrinkled than the upper surface; umbilicus moderately large, exposing the second whorl. Diameter two-fifths of an inch. Although Miiller describes the animal as ‘ Limax totus albus,” that is not the usual appearance of it, especially when taken in the fields. It is of a bluish-white hue with dark violet head, neck, and tentacles. The upper tentacles are long and slender, and bear the eyes within a pale space at their swollen tips. The foot is marginated. The tail slightly exceeds the shell and is gently truncated obliquely at its extremity. This species is universal through the British Isles, living in houses, under stones, in drains, and among grass. Z. auuiarius, Miller. Resembling cel/aria, but much smaller, more convex, of only four volutions, not so pallid, merely opaque white near the umbilicus. Plate CXX. fig. 5, 6. Helia alliaria, MitLER, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. p. 379. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 837 ;—Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 108. —Turron, L. and F. W. Shells, p. 56, f. 39, (very badly).—Brown, LIllust. Conch. G. B. p. 52.—Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, Ne. 508, pl. 83, f. 10, 11, 12.—L. Przir. Monog. Helig. vol. i. p. 90. » glabra, SrupER in Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. 215.—Cuarrent. N. Denksch. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 13, pl. 1, f. 22 (Hyalinia). —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 36, f. 528. » alliacea, Jnvrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 341. ZONITES. 35 Helix nitens, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xiv. p. 160. , Setida, Srark, Elem, Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 59. » lurida, SrupER, Verz, Schweiz. Conch. (not synon.) fide Charp. ? ,, tenera, Hartm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 232. Polita glabra, HexD, in Isis, 1837, p. 619. Helicella ,, Brcx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. » alliaria, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. Zonites alliurius, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 168, pl. 4, f. 39.— Mace. Moll. Aberd. p. 91. Shell rather small, convex yet depressed, highly polished, thin, transparent, clear yellowish, or yellowish horn-colour, changing into rather opaque white towards the middle of the lower disk, almost smooth, or only faintly striated. Spire very little raised. Volutions four, not convex but deeply defined, not rapidly enlarging; the last broad, flattened, and not bending much forward. Aperture not very oblique, crescent-shaped, rather broader than high, about equal in width to half the total diameter. Peri- stome thin, simple, not reflected. Base rounded at the sides, umbilicus deep. Diameter about a quarter of an inch. It is smaller and more convex than cellaria, with its aperture less obliquely inclined, and its basal opacity less manifest. Its bright clear and transparent colour distinguishes it from nitidula. The animal resembles ce//aria and the rest of this sec- tion in shape, but differs in colour, being of a general deep violet or black hue, paler only on the sole. It is remark- able for secreting a mucus that gives out a pungent odour of garlic. It is universally diffused through the British Isles, living in very various localities, common in gardens and greenhouses, and frequent under stones on sandy dunes. It is found also at a considerable eleva- tion on mountains, living under stones even upon their summits. 36 HELICIDA. Z. nrriputus, Draparnaud. Depressed, not highly polished, dull waxen yellow above, par- tially opaque white beneath, smooth ; umbilicus decidedly large. Plate CXX. fig. 8, 9, 10. Helix nitidula, Dravar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117.—Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239. —Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 840, not var. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 88.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 52. —Ferrus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 213 (Helicella). — RossmMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, f. 24 and pt. 8, p. 26, f. 526. — Krynicxt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 208. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, No. 512, pl. 83, f. 20, 21, 22.—L. Prem. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 93. Oaychilus nitidulus, Firzine. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. Polita nitidula, Hep, Isis, 1837, p. 216. Felicella ,, Bucx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. Zonites nitidulus, GRAY, Manual L. and F.W. Shells, p. 172, pl. 12, f. 136.— Maceru. Moll. Aberd. p. 89. Shell not very large, depressed, more convex above than below, not lustrous but with a slight resinous gloss of an uniform dull brownish amber or wax-colour above, becoming paler below and changing into opaque white underneath towards the mouth and umbilicus, obscurely sub- striolated lengthways, otherwise smooth. Spire very little raised, apex obtuse. Whorls four and a half to five, a little rounded, rather broad, not abruptly enlarging; the last rather wide but not depressed, rather bending down- wards towards the aperture. Mouth obliquely crescent- shaped, broader than high, not equal in width to half the total diameter, very considerably projecting beyond the penult whorl. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base not much rounded, concave centrally, umbilicus rather large, profound. ZONITES. BW) Diameter about three-eighths of an inch. The animal is, according to Mr. Alder, of a dark lead- colour, darker than cellarius. It is not so common, but is probably much more widely distributed than usually supposed. It inhabits shady places, under stones. Z. purus, Alder. Small, depressed, smooth, whitish and transparent both above and below ; body whorl decidedly broader than the preceding turn ; outer lip acute ; umbilicus rather large. Plate CXXI. fig. 5, 6. Helix nitidula, var. DRAPAR. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117, pl. 8, f. 21, 22, — JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 340, 511. —C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 45, pl. 2, f. 35. 55 itidosa, Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 214 (no descr.) — RossMAssL. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 71, pl. 1, f. 23.— Krynickt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 205. » erystallina, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 ? » pura, ALpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 37; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 108.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 59, f. 43 (badly magnified).— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p» 32.— Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 511, pl. 83, f. 17 to 19.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol.i, p. 96 (not yar. A). » viridula, MENKE, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, p. 127. » Jlenticula, Hetp, Isis, 1837, p. 304. Polita nitidosa, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella ,, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. Felix electrina, Gouup, Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 423, pl. 22, f. 2.— Invert. Massach. p, 183, f. 111. Zonites purus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 171, pl. 4, f. 43.—Maceiz. Moll. Aberd. p. 92 (probably). Shell small, depressed, transparent, moderately shining, thin, white or occasionally very pale horn coloured, of an uniform tint, not becoming opaque underneath, almost smooth, or at most obscurely wrinkled by the lines of 38 HELICIDA. increase. Spire very little raised; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, moderately broad, gradually but not abruptly enlarging, but little convex, somewhat oblique, well defined, the last shelving. Aperture very oblique, rounded, crescent-shaped, broader than high, nearly as wide as half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base a little flattened, umbilicus deep, rather large. Diameter about the fifth or the sixth of an inch. The animal is white with two black cervical lines. It varies in being darker. The cloak is white speckled with black (Alder). It is most frequent in woods in the north of England, where it was first noticed by Mr. Alder in the neighbourhood of Newcastle. Z. rapratuuus, Alder. Very small, depressed, shining, of a transparent, pale amber colour, rarely white, on both disks, regularly striated ; whorls at most four, flattened at their junction with the inner ones ; body whorl decidedly broader than the preceding turn ; um- bilicus moderately large. Plate CX XI. fig. 1. Helix radiatula, AupER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38; and vol. ii. p. 340.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol, xvi. p. 511. —Tuompeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 55.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 53. Zonites radiatulus, GRAY, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 173, pl. 12, f. 187.— Macart. Moll. Aberd. p. 91. Helix pura, var. B. Prete. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 96. Small, depressed, thin, transparent, shining, of an uni- form brownish amber-colour or fulvous horn-colour (rarely pure white), not becoming white or opaque underneath, with regular sharply cut longitudinal stria upon the su- perior disk, which are much arcuated, numerous but not ZONITES. 39 crowded, and obsolete upon the base. Spire much de- pressed, apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, moderately broad, decidedly but not abruptly enlarging, distinctly defined, peculiarly though slightly flattened near their upper suture, moderately convex below. Aperture very oblique, rounded crescent-shaped, manifestly broader than high, nearly equal in width to half the total diameter, its lower portion far below the general level of the base. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Circumference well rounded. Base a little flattened ; umbilicus rather large at the commencement but much contracted by the penult whorl. Diameter about the sixth of an inch. The animal, according to Alder, is black. This species occurs among moss in woods and under stones. It is most frequent in the north and east of England, but has a very general distribution and is common in all provinces of Treland and Scotland. Z. nitipus, Miiller. Depressed, much shining, transparent and brownish fulvous on both disks ; whorls four and a half to five, of moderate en- largement ; suture profound, umbilicus large. Plate CXX. fig. 4, 7. ? Helix Hammonis, StRbM. Acta Nidross. vol. iii. p. 435, pl. 6, f. 16. » nitida, MiuuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 32.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 389. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 72.—Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 108, pl. 24, f. 30, 31.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 94. » nitens, GMELIN, Syst. Nature, p. 3633. » lucida, DRapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 103, pl. 8, f. 11, 12.— Gray, Medical Repository, 1821.—AxpeEr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 56, f. 38. — THomrpson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 33.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G, B. p. 52.—C. Prxtr, Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 19.—RossmMAssv. AQ) HELICIDE. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, pl. 1, f. 25.— Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 207. — Cuar- pent. N. Denks. Schweiz Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 13. 2 Helix tenuis, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 913. 4» succinea, STUDER, in Coxe Tray. (Hartm.) Oaychilus lucidus, Frvzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. Tanychlamys lucida, Benson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 89. Polita » He p, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella nitida and succinea 2 Buck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. Zonites lucidus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 174, pl. 4, f. 38.— Macert. Moll. Aberd. p. 90. Shell rather small, rather depressed, thin, transparent, glossy, of an uniform brownish fulvous hue, not exhibiting any trace of opacity on the lower disk, longitudinally striolate, spire a little raised, rather obtuse at the apex. Whorls four and a half or five, gradually and not abruptly enlarging, moderately convex, well defined ; the last broadly rounded and not contracted at the circumference. Aper- ture roundish crescent-shaped, rather broader than high, not quite equal to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, basal edge arcuated, base some- what rounded, a little produced anteriorly, umbilicus decidedly large, displaying the second volution, diameter rather above a quarter of an inch. The animal is dark. This snail is not uncommon under stones in shady places. Z. excavatus, Bean. Small, transparent and fulvous above and below, much shin- ing, regularly striated; whorls very slowly enlarging, so that the body is scarcely broader than the preceding turn ; umbi- licus peculiarly capacious. Plate CX XI. fig. 2, 3, 4. Helix ewcavata, BEAN, in Alder’s Catalog. L. and F. W. Shells (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38).— ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. yol. vi. ZONITES. 41 p- 34.—Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 9, 10. —L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 98. FTeliv nitida, var. a, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 339, 511. » lucida, var. 2 Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 57. Zonites excavatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 175, pl. 12, f. 138. Shell small, rather depressed, sub-orbicular, thin, trans- parent, polished, of an uniform fulvous yellow, or yellowish horn colour, not opaque beneath, with distinct longitudinal striz or wrinkles, spire a little raised, apex blunt. Whorls five, moderately convex, or even slightly rounded, well defined, very slowly enlarging ; the last scarcely exceeding the penult, but little descending, and more shelving below than above. Aperture rather small, rounded, crescent- shaped, scarcely broader than high, in width not more than equal to two-fifths the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, base well rounded, umbilicus very large, displaying all the superior volutions. Diameter scarcely a quarter of an inch. The animal is lead-coloured (Alder). In Yorkshire, Northumberland, Durham, and other counties in the North of England and South of Scotland, are its favourite loca- lities. It has been taken near Cork in Ireland by Miss King, and at Clifden in Galway (W. Thompson). As yet it has not been noticed out of Britain. Z. crysTatuinus, Miiller. Minute, nearly flat, shining, white, transparent ; body scarcely broader than the preceding turn; mouth lunate ; umbilicus small. Plate CX XII. fig. 1, 2. Helix erystallina, MULLER (not Fleming), Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 23. — Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239.—JxErrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 341.— Atprr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. Northumb. yol. i. p. 36. — Turron, Manual L. and F. W. VOL, IV. G 42 HELICID A. Shells, p. 58, f. 42. — Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 7.—Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 118, pl. 8, f. 13 to 20.—C. PFrEIF. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 46, pl. 2, f. 86.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 13 (Hyalinia). — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 37, f. 531. — Moretert, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 55.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 555, pl. 88, é f, 27 to 30.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 59. Helix eburnea, HAnrM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 234. eristallina, Furus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 223 (Helicella). — Minter, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822), p. 379. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 87. » vitrea, BRowN, Edinb. Journ. Nat. and Geogr. Se. vol. i. pl. 1, f. 12, 13, 14.—Isis, 1832, p. 11. Discus erystallinus, Frvzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 99. Polita erystallina, Hexp, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella ,, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. Zonites crystallinus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 176, pl. 4, f. 42.— Macert. Moll. Aberd. p. 92. 9 Shell very small, orbicular, flattened, thin, of an uniform pellucid white, with a slight tinge of green, polished, smooth, or very slightly striated, not opaque beneath. Spire scarcely raised, apex obtuse. Whaorls five, defined, yet scarcely convex, very narrow, enlarging very gra- dually ; the last but inconsiderably broader than the penult, and not shelving above, so that the circumference is broadly rounded. Aperture nearly as high as it is broad, obliquely crescent-shaped, not quite equal in width to half the total diameter, produced beneath the basal level. Peristome acute, simple, not reflected. Base convex, umbilicus small, profound. Diameter not much exceeding the eighth of an inch. The animal is white, with fine dark lines running along the neck and tentacula. This pretty little snail is widely distributed in all parts of Britain; but owing to its minute- ness is apt to be overlooked: it should be sought for in damp places, under stones and among moss. HELIX. 43 HELIX. Linnzvs. Shell spiral, opaque, or translucent, solid or thin, more or less globose, in some discoid, smooth, or sculptured, surface variously coloured, but seldom covered with a polished epidermis. Mouth lunated, thickened within, simple or toothed, peristome frequently reflexed. Animal moderately large in proportion to shell, head with four developed tentacles, mantle not reflected on shell; tail lanceolate and never truncate; foot often ample ; tongue with the edge-teeth serrated. H. averra, Born. Subglobose, wrinkled lengthways, uniform brownish-green : mouth extremely large. Plate CXVI. fig. 7. Gauott. pl. 1, f. Helix terrestris, FORSKAEL (teste Beck), Desc. Anim. It. Orient. » perta, Born, Mus. Ces. Vind. p. 387, pl. 19, f. 20.—Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 127, pl. 11, f. 129——Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. vol. vii. Helix, No. 1, pl. 1, f. 1 to 4. —L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 25. ,», Neritoides, Cunmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 150, pl. 138, f. 1204, 1205. », Naticoides, DRAPAR. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 92, pl. 5, f. 26, 27.— Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 15; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 11, f. 17 to 20.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vili. p. 85.— Briartnv. Man. Malacol. p. 460, pl. 40, f. 6. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 1, f. 285 (pt. 2, f. 156, animal).—Kisrer, in Chemn. Conch. (ed. 2), p. 24. Cantareus ra Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 64. Cenatoria Pn HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Pomatia aperta, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 44. Shell rather large, imperforate, globular, or ovate- globose, inflated, very thin, not distinctly pellucid, with 44 HELICIDA. irregular longitudinal fold-like striz, which are, some- times, partially confluent, or connected by short branches, clothed with a closely adherent, and more or less shining epidermis of a yellowish olive colour. Spire very short ; body extremely large; apex blunt. Whorls four mode- rately rounded, rapidly enlarging; the last not distinctly deflected. Aperture higher than broad, obovate, equal in width to two-thirds the total diameter of the shell, rather suddenly contracted above by the arcuation of the penult whorl. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, slightly edged with white, much arcuated below, its di- lation upon the produced pillar very slight; a rather obscure shelly coating connecting the two lips in the adult. The animal is very large for the shell; its colour is brownish grey with dusky tentacula. A large foreign example measured an inch and an eighth in length, and an inch and a fifth in breadth. It finds a place in the “ British Fauna” on account of a specimen found in Guernsey, in 1859, by Professor E. Forbes, and deposited in the British Museum. It is common in the south of France. H. aspersa, Miiller. Obliquely subglobose, beneath the epidermis pale fawn- coloured, with four (usually interrupted) chocolate-brown bands. Plate CX VI. fig, 1. Kworr, Délices des Yeux, pt. 4, pl. 27, f. 3. Helix grisea, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247 (badly described). — Gmexin, Syst. Nat. p. 3649.—Brumati, Conch. Monfalcone, p. 24. » spersu, MiLiEr, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 59.—Monv. Test. Brit. p. 407.— FLeMinG, Brit, Anim. p. 263. —Jxerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p, 328.—Turvron, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 52, HELIX. 45 f, 35.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 128, pl. 5, f. 35, —Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 20. — Macain. Moll. Aberd. p. 80. — Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 5, 13, 17, 18.—CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 130, f. 1156, 1157, 1138 b. — Ferus, Prodrom. Moll. No. 51; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 18, 24, f. 3.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viil. p- 32.—RossmAss-. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 55, f. 3; and pt. 5, p. 5, f. 294. — Cuarpenr. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 6—Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 67. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab, Helix, No. 9, pl. 3. f. 6, 7.—L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 241. Helix hortensis, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 136, pl. 84, f. 129. — Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 131.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. » variegata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat p. 3650. Cenatoria aspersa, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Cochlea vulgaris, Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 20, f. 1. — Turron, Conch. Diction, p- 80.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 34, f. 126. — Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 72, pl. 4, f. 1. Helix lucorum (not of authors), PuLTENrY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset. App. p. 48. Pomatia adspersa, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 44 (no descr.). . (Monstrosities), Born, Mus. Cees. Vind. pl. 13, f. 10, 11.—CueEmn. Conch. Cab, vol. xi, pl. 211, f. 2092, 2093. — Ferus. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 19, f. 1, 2. Shell imperforate, obliquely conoid-globose, thin, sub- opaque, or semi-transparent, covered with small inden- tations, clothed with a yellowish olivaceous epidermis, beneath which the surface is whitish, or pale fawn- coloured ; adorned with chocolate-brown bands, that are sometimes confluent, sometimes obsolete; of these there are usually three on the penult whorl, and four on the body, which are interrupted by wavy linear whitish or pale- coloured streaks; more rarely the shell is pale yellow, and very slightly banded. Spire strongly wrinkled lengthways, short, conoid, about one-third to one-fourth the height of the body; suture oblique; apex blunt. Volutions four to four and a half, moderately convex, rapidly en- larging, the last swollen, and abruptly deflected. Aper- ture nearly ovate; very slightly lunate, as high as, or 46 HELICIDA. higher than, broad, about half as wide as the total diameter; peristome white, thin, expanded, slightly re- flected, much dilated upon the pillar, which is oblique and only slightly arcuated. Diameter nearly an inch and a half. Scalariform and sinistral varieties are some- times met with. The animal is roughly granulated, of a general greenish grey, mottled with minute white or yellow opaque specks, darker about the head and neck, and there striped with a pale band. This handsome but commonest of snails is found uni- versally throughout the British Islands, and owing to its being an article of food in some countries, or else a supposed remedy for pulmonary affections, has been trans- ported and distributed by the agency of man to all parts of the world. It is especially abundant in the neigh- bourhood of gardens. H. pomaria, Linneus. Solid, globose, coarsely wrinkled lengthways, most minutely striated in a spiral direction, pale tawny, with rufous bands. Plate CX VI. fig. 2. LisTER, Hist. Conch. pl. 48, f. 46. Helix pomatia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244.—Prnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iy. p. 134, pl. 84, f. 128. — Putrenry, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 84.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 405.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vill. p. 201. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 20, f. 14.— Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 54.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 329, 506.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 259.— Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 44, f. 34.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 135, pl. 4, f. 34. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 6, 12, 14. — Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1138 a—Srurm. Deutsch. Fauna, see- tion 6, pt. 1, pl. 13, 14.—Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. p. 87, pl. 5, f. 20.—Frrus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 31; Hist. Nat. HELIX. 47 pl. 21, f.1 to 5; pl. 24, f. 2.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 31. — C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 4, p. 25, pl. 2, f..9.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 54, f. 1, 2,79. — Sowerrsy, Conch. Man. f. 268. — Curmn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, pl. 5, f. 5, 6. — L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 234. Cochlea pomatia Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 67, pl. 4, f 14. Cenatoria ,, HeEtp, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Helicogena , Hanrrn. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 98, pl. 29, 30, 35. (Monstrosities), Miter, Verm. pt. 2, p. 113 (H. pomaria and H. scalaris).— Born, Mus. Ces. Vind. pl. 13, f. 21, 22.—CHEmn. Conch. f. 908, 909, 910, 1139.—Drapar. Moll. France, pl. 5, f. 21, 22.—C. Prezrr. Deutsch. Moll. pt. 3, pl. 2, f.1, 2, 3, 8, 9.— Fervs. Hist. Moll. pl. 21, f. 7, 8, 9. Shell large, globose, solid, with coarse longitudinal wrinkles, and very minute and spiral striule, that are generally distinct on the upper turns, and obsolete below, whitish or pale tawny, with not clearly defined spiral rufous or tawny bands (usually three broadish and a narrower sutural zone upon the body-whorls, the two upper of which are visible upon the penult whorl). Spire rarely more than one-third the length of the body, which is of considerable magnitude; apex blunt. Volutions five, moderately convex ; suture distinct, generally oblique. Aperture lunate-oval, or of a short and somewhat curved pear-shape, higher than broad, more than equal in width to half the total diameter, white except at the margin, where it is brownish or of a pale liver-colour ; columella arcuated. Peristome thickened, dilated and callous upon the columella, so as to partially conceal the umbilicus; diameter nearly two inches. The animal is of a general brownish-grey, speckled with whitish and brown granulations. This snail is pre- eminently termed ‘“ edible,’ not because it is better for cooking than its allies, but on account of its having been more sought after as food, its large size attracting the lovers 48 HELICIDA. of such dainties. There is a general belief, that it was introduced into England, where it is entirely confined to the southern counties, living chiefly upon cretaceous soils, It appears, however, to be a true native. H. arsusrorum, Linnzus. Brown, closely marbled, with small linear paler markings, usually one-banded ; outer lip white and reflected. Plate CXV. fig. 5, 6. Helix arbustorum, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1245. — PENNanT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 135, pl. 84, f. 180.—PutrEney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monrt. Test. Brit. p. 413.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 136.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. viii. p. 202. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 2, f. 6.—Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 56.—JEerrreys, Trans, Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 329.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 264. — Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 35, f. 25. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 137, pl. 3, f. 25.— Tuomprson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 23. — MAcaIt. Moll. Aberd. p. 81. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 44, pl. 16, f. 16, 20, 21, 22, — Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 88, pl. 5, f. 18.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. und Land Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 24, pl. 2, f. 7, 8.—FxErus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 40; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 27, f. 5 to 8; and pl. 39, B. f. 3 (animal). — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 51. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 56, f. 4, 78; and pt. 5, p.5, f. 297. —CuarPEnNT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 5, pl. 1, f. 2.—Preur. Weigm. Archiv. Nat. 1841, pt. 1, p. 217.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 323, pl. 57, f. 4 to 9.—L. Prxrr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 339. 2 ,, Gothica, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 770. Cochlea unifasciata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 75, pl. 17, f. 6. Helix Xatartii, Farin. Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. ii. (1834), p. 122. — Ferus. Bull. Zool. 1835, p. 41. Arianta arbustorum, Breck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid, p. 41. — Harr. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 15, p. 140, pl. 43. Heliv Wittmanni, ZAwAvzKY, Rossmissl. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, iis Cafe » lpesiris, ZrEGL. in Rossmissl. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, {. 297 b. HELIX. 49 (Monstrosities), Farus. Hist. Moll. Terr. pl. 29, f. 1, 2, 8.—Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pl. 73, f. 1 to 8.— Woop, Index Test. Suppl. pl. 7, f. 6 (HZ. turgidula). Depressed globular, not very thin, subopaque, glossy, with extremely delicate, longitudinal wrinkles, which are chiefly evident at the suture, and minute undulating spiral stri, rich brown, closely marbled with small linear yel- lowish, or paler opaque spots, which are usually confluent and angular; and almost always girt with a single darker brown narrow fillet, which winds along the base of the upper volutions, and displays itself rather above the mid- dle of the body-whorl. Spire more or less raised, but variable in amount of elevation. Whorls six in number, convex and well defined, the last one rounded ; axis per- forated, umbilicus almost concealed. Aperture rounded- lunate, broader than high; peristome white, thickened within, strongly reflected, rather constricted behind, and a little dilated at the umbilicus. Fair-sized specimens average, for the most part, three quarters of an inch in diameter, and eight lines in height, but vary considerably in their proportions ; occasionally the ground colour is pale olive, and the specks opaque white. The animal is roughly granulated, and of a dusky greenish hue, often very dark, or nearly black, becoming paler and greyish on the margins of the foot. It is generally distributed throughout woods, and among damp gardens in all parts of the British Isles. It is remarkable for extending its range to a higher altitude on mountains than any other of our larger Helices. In the Alps it nearly approaches the snow line. The examples taken in such localities are comparatively small and stunted. VOL. IV. H 50 HELICIDA. H. Cantrana, Montagu. Depressed globular, semitransparent, bald when adult, pallid above, rufous below and towards the lip, periphery not angu- lated ; outer lip edged within ; umbilicus moderately large. Plate CX VI. fig. 8, 9. Helix Cantiana, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 422, and Suppl. p. 145, pl. 23, f. 1.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 197.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 21.— Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 261.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 144, pl. 3, f, 26.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 15 to 17. —Curmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 89, pl. 16, f. 19, 20.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 133. ? ., crepuscularis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 5, pallida, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 157, f. 2. » Carthusiana, DRAPAR. (not Miller), Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 102, pl. 6, f. 833 —Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 36, pl. 3, f. 26.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 336, 508.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 62.—C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 26, pl. 6, f. 2, 3. —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 36, f. 364. Theba = Risso, Hist. Nat. l'Europe Mérid. vol. iv. p. 74. Fruticola ,, HE p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Bradybena Cantiana and Brunonensis, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. py le Shell depressed, globular, rather thin, bald when adult, pale and hispid when young, with a kind of resinous lustre, of a pallid flesh-colour or pale reddish white above, more rufous below and near the outer lip, frequently with a pale band in the middle of the whorl, and always paler towards the suture, sometimes entirely white; surface a little uneven, and pitted with slight transverse depres- sions, faintly wrinkled with irregular longitudinal striole that are more distinct above than below. Spire not much elevated. _Whorls six, rounded, of rather quick increase, the last ventricose and not at all carinated, not deflected HELIX. De at its termination. Aperture reddish, nearly lunate, equal in breadth to half the basal diameter, rather inferior in height. Peristome acute, very little reflected, a little dilated upon the columella, its internal rib white or pale rose-coloured. Base convex; umbilicus deep but rather small, not concealed by the pillar lip. Diameter about three quarters of an inch. The animal is of a general greyish hue, becoming darker on the head and neck, where it is tinged with brown. It is chiefly to be found among brambles and by hedges in the district around London and the counties to the south of the Thames. It has been taken in the west of England. ‘The Irish recorded locality is very doubtful. H. Carraustana, Miller. Rather small, depressed, whitish, bald; mouth margined within by a milk white rib; umbilicus minute. Plate CXVI. fig. 5, 6. Helix Carthusiana, MUtLeR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 15.--Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 37, f. 27.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 146, pl. 8, f. 27. — Brown, Lllust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f£. 49, 50, 51. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 90, pl. 16, f. 21, 22. — L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 132. », nitida, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. p. 103, pl. 127, f. 1130, 1131. » nemoralis, var. BB. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 2 Carthusianella, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 101, pl. 6, f. 31, 32, and pl. 7, f. 3, 4. Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 61. —C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 25, pl. 6, f. 1.—Krynicxr, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 183.—RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 37, f. 366. — Morexer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 62. » Gypsii, Ferus. Journ. Physiq. xc. 300 (for Gibbii). » Olivieri, var. y. Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 255.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 25, pl. 6, f. 4. » rufilabris, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. vol. xvi. p- 509. 52 HELICID&. Heliw zenobia bimarginata, Gray, Medical Repository (fide Gray). Theba Charpentieri and Carthusianella, Risso, Hist. Nat. l'Europe Mérid. vol. iv. p. 76. Monacha Carthusianella, Fvrz1nc. Syst. Verz. Erzh, Weichth. p. 95. Fruticola i Hx p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Bradybena Carthusiana, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 19. Shell rather small, depressed, sub-globular, rather thin, a little translucent, bald, rather shining, of a whitish horn colour, usually tinged more or less distinctly with rufous near the termination of the last whorl, where it is ob- scurely marked with a paler subcentral band; surface nearly smooth or obsoletely striolated, usually covered with minute indentations which are sometimes obsolete. Spire very little raised, usually mammillary, the first whorl or two being comparatively prominent. Volutions five and a half but little convex, compact yet rather quickly enlarging towards the last whorl, which is well rounded at the circumference, somewhat deflected at its termination. Aperture broadly lunate, broader than high, fully equal in width to half the total diameter, with an internal approximate whitish rib, which is clearly dis- tinguishable externally. Peristome acute, somewhat ex- panded, reddish or liver-coloured, becoming straightish at the base, reflected over the very small umbilicus so as partially (rarely entirely) to conceal it. Base rather rounded. Diameter not quite half an inch ; more frequently three- eighths only in English specimens: the smaller forms are usually the more transparent and elevated. The animal is pale, slightly brownish in the neck ; the mantle is speckled with black and yellow. This is one of our extreme south-eastern species, being found only on the chalky downs of Kent and Surrey. HELIX. 53 H. nemorauis, Linneus. Depressed-globose, imperforated when adult, with or without coloured bands, not marbled ; outer lip reflected ; pillar lip callous, retiring. Plate CXV. fig. 1 to 4. Helix nemoralis, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247.—PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4. vol, iv. p. 135, pl. 84, f. 126.—PuLttrEeney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 48.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. pl. 13.—Monr, Test. Brit. p. 411. Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 206.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 21, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 19. — Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 59. — Gray, Annals of Philos. vol. x. (1825), p. 152. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 264.—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 329. — Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 33, f. 23. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 132, pl. 3, f. 23. — Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 22. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10.— CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1196, 1198. —Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 94, pl. 6, f. 3, 4, 5.—FErus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 56; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 32, 4. f. 2; and pl. 33, pl. 34, pl. 39, a. f. 3, 4 (Helicogena) animal. —Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 53.—Srurm. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 2, pl. 6.—C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 27, pl. 2, f. 10,11; and pt. 3, pl. 2, 3. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 57, f.5; pt. 5, p. 6, f. 298; pt. 8, p. 26, f. 494.— GuERIN, Iconog. Moll. pl. 6, f. 7.—CHarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. p. 7, pl. 1, f. 5 (Eryptomphalus). — Moretet, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 68.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 276. » hortensis, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 57.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 412. —Ftrmuine, Brit. Anim. p. 264.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 330.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 34, f. 24. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 130, pl. 3, f. 24.—Macein. Moll. Aberd. p. 82.—Brown, Hust. Conch. G. B. p. 44, pl. 16, f. 11, 15, 19. — CHEN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1199 to 1201.— Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 95, pl. 6, f. 6. — Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 57; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 35, pl. 36, pl. 39, B. f. 2 (Helicogena), animal. Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 54.—C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 29, pl. 2, f. 12, 13; and pt. 3, pl. 2, 3, 4.—Srurm. 54 HELICIDA. Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 2, pl. 7.— RossmAss.. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 59, f. 6; and pt. 5, p. 6, f. 299, 300.—GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 172. Cochlea fasciata, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 76,) pl. bj tho dy, ds 4nOstes los Helix hybrida, Porrer, Coq. Terr. et Fluy. Aisne, p. 71.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 132, pl. 11, f. 130.— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 206.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 44. pl. 18, f. 27, 28. 4. fusca, PorrEet, Coq. Fluy. et Terr. de l’Aisne, p. 71. ,, mutabilis, HArrm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 242. Helicogenu nemoralis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 60. “; libellula, Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 62, pl. 3, f. 21.* Helix cincta and quinquefasciata, Sunp. Trans, Linn, Soe. yol. xiv. p. 163. Cepea nemoralis and hortensis, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Helicogena hortensis and hybrida, Bec, Index Moll. Mus, Christ. Frid. p. 39. Tachea es Lracu, MSS. Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 24, plague. Helix subglobosa, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 485, f. 7. — Cuar- PENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837). 5 lucifuga, Zercu. in Hartm, Erd und Sissw. Gast. vol. i. p. 191, pl. 70. ( Monstrosities), CoEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 109, f. 924 (ed. Kiist.), Helix, pl. 12, f. 3, 4. —C. Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, pl. 2, f. 6, 7.— Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 28, . f. 10; pl. 32, a. f, 25 pl.34, £8, 95 pl. 36, £ 10; 11,12. Shell moderately large, sub-globose, rather strong, sub- opaque, rather glossy, more or less wrinkled by the lines of growth, and most minutely and undulatingly striolated in a spiral direction, extremely variable in colouring, sometimes banded, sometimes of an uniform tint, but never mottled, marbled, nor otherwise variegated. Spire some- what raised but never equal in height to the body whorl. Volutions five, moderately convex, clearly but not pro- foundly defined ; the last wide and broadly rounded, and deflected at its termination. Aperture rudely crescent- shaped, somewhat angulated below, broader than high, occupying rather more than half of the total diameter, Peristome reflected, thickened internally ; outer lip arcu- ated ; columella lip callous and nearly straight ; the lips and parietal surface of the aperture of a lighter or darker HELIX. 55 chocolate brown in the typical variety, occasionally white or rose-coloured. Base much rounded, projecting near the pillar lip, quite imperforate when adult, slightly um- bilicated when young. The most ordinary colours of this snail are yellow, brownish-drab, and flesh-colour, with from one to five zones of chocolate brown, or more rarely with two bands of the latter hue, occupying so large a surface as to leave only a linear portion of the ground-colour between them, another narrow one just beneath the suture, and a third broad zone in the middle of the lower disk. An extremely common form has only a single dark sub-central band (edged sometimes with white) which runs along the base of the lesser volutions. ‘To specify the minor variations would be tedious, so numerous are they, not only in arrangement of colouring, but also in size and elevation or dilatation of the general form. The interior of the mouth is generally pale or whitish, but the more darkly painted shelis often exhibit a tinge of violet. We have followed Pfeiffer, Deshayes, &c., in re-uniting hortensis and hybrida to the typical nemoralis, not being able to detect any peculiarity in individuals of the dark- mouthed form, which is not likewise represented in the white-mouthed variety, between which extremes the hy- brida is the connecting link. The usual diameter is about seven-eighths of an inch. The animal is of an olivaceous yellow except on the neck and upper part of the head, where it is banded by dark brown with a pale linear stripe down the centre. The tentacula are dusky above. The mantle is pale sul- phur-yellow. Almost everywhere among the British Islands in gardens and fields, often very abundant and beautifully variegated in the neighbourhood of the sea, 56 HELICID®. H. prisana, Miiller. Whitish, with numerous more or less interrupted linear coloured bands on the larger whorls ; mouth moderately large, usually pink edged; outer lip margined within ; pillar lip partially overlapping the umbilicus. Plate CXV. fig. 7, 8. Helix Pisana, Misuier Hist.Verm. pt. 2, p. 60.—FiEemine, Brit. Anim. p. 259. —Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28.—Coucn, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 46.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 158, pl. 4, f. 30.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 50, pl.17, f, 27, 29, 33, 35, 38.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 57. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p- 34, f. 359; and pt. 10, p. 15, f. 614.— Moreter, Moll. Portugal, p. 70.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 128, pl. 22, f. 1 to 6; and pl. 37, f.1 to 12.— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 152. 9 20naria, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 137, pl. 85, f. 133. », petholatu, Oxrvi, Zool. Adriat. p. 178. » cingenda, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 418, pl. 24, f. 4. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 195, pl. 5. f. 6.—Dorset Catalog. p- 53, pl. 18, f. 5.— Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 49; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 39, f. 30. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 333, 508. »5 rhodostoma, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 56, pl. 5, f. 13, 14, 15. » strigata, var. Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 911. Theba Pisana, Risso, Hist. Nat. "Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 73. — Becr, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 14. Helia albella, FLeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 260, immature, teste Fleming. » Alboranensis, WEBB and BerTHELOT (teste Beck), Moll. Canar. Xerophila Pisana, HELD, Isis, 1837. ELuparypha rhodostoma, Hart. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 204, pl. 79, 80. Shell sub-globose, a little depressed, moderately strong, sub-opaque, rather glossy but not highly polished, almost smooth, of a squalid or cream white, rarely without mark- ings, usually with more or less numerous very narrow spiral bands of chestnut or chocolate brown, that are fre- quently interrupted, or a few of them apparently com- HELIX. Se posed of short oblique streak-like spots, occasionally con- fluent. Spire moderately raised, but depressed above ; the apex blunt and dark brown or blackish. Whorls five to five and a half, convex, moderately broad, the last deep, a little flattened above, not deflected, broadly rounded at the peritreme. Aperture broadly lunate, occupying at least half the total diameter, nearly as high as it is wide. Peristome thickened internally and more or less tinged with rose-colour (pale or whitish in a variety) only reflected upon the columella, where it half conceals the narrow umbilicus. Base well rounded. Diameter about three-quarters of an inch. There are usually two contiguous bands, sometimes confluent, on the centre of the base, with their outer edges feathered or streaked obliquely. The animal is large, of a yellowish-grey colour, with long purplish upper tentacula and dusky lines along the neck at their bases. The tail is depressed and pointed, and considerably exceeds the shell. This is one of our local and western snails, having been observed hitherto only in Cornwall, South Wales, and the south-east of Ireland. It is plentiful where it occurs, as at Dublin. H. vireata, Da Costa. Depressed, turbinate, smooth, banded; bands not linear; upper whorls for the most part with only a single zone above the suture, mouth usually livid red ; outer lip edged internally. Plate CX VII. fig. 10. - Helix zonaria, var.? Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 85, f. 133, A. probably. » virgata, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 79, pl. 4, f. 7.-—PuLTENEy, Hutchins, VOL. IV. I 58 HELICIDA. Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 415, pl. 24, f. 1.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 195.—Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 7. — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 49. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xvi. pp. 334, 508. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 40, f. 31. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 261. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 160, f. 31.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49, pl. 17, f. 42, 43, 44.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 129, pl. 22, f. 15, 16, 19, 20.— L. Prem. Monog. Helic, vol. i. p. 157. Helix variabilis, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 84, pl. 5, £11, 12.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 58. — C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 28, pl. 6, f. 10, 13.— Puiipri, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 182. — RossMAssL. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p. 31, f. 3856.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 16.— Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 72. 2 ,, ericetorum, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1194, 1195. » zonaria, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. p. 65. » subalbida, PorreT, Prodr. Coq. Terr. et Flay. Aisne, p. 83. ,, striata, BRarp, Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 36, pl. 2, f. 5, 6. , Pisani, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 911. Xerophila variabilis, Huxp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Theba virgata, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ, Frid. p. 14. var. Helia monilifera, MENK®E, Synopsis Mollusc. ed. 2, p. 22. VAR. 4, Zerverit, Michaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 26, pl. 14, f. 20, 21. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, f. 354 d; and pt. 9, p. 7, f. 565, 566. Xerophila * Hex, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Theba A Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 12. Shell of a somewhat depressed, turbinate form, moder- ately strong, nearly opaque, not polished, smooth or faintly striated, adorned with chocolate-coloured or rich dark brown spiral bands on a white ground, frequently with a rather broad band winding along the base of the lesser volutions, and continued just above the middle of the body whorl, with three or four additional narrow bands of the same hue upon the basal region of the shell, which are occasionally confluent, and one or sometimes two of them broken into streaks or spots. Spire somewhat. raised ; HELIX. 59 apex brown or horn-coloured, a little blunt. Whorls five to six, rather convex, gradually increasing, the last a little deflected. Aperture rounded, lunate, generally about equal in breadth to half the basal diameter, not quite so high ; dirty red or purplish liver colour, usually with a whitish thread-like elevation surrounding it. Peristome acute, not reflected, except upon the columella, Base de- cidedly convex, umbilicus deep but not large. This species varies very much in size; half an inch is the diameter of our larger specimens, but individuals measuring three quarters of an inch are likewise recorded. The diversities of colouring which it exhibits are very remarkable ; among them we may reckon a dark brown variety with a single white band, an opaque white one with transparent, colourless zones, Ne. The animal is pale on the sides, purplish on the neck and head. This snail is found in prodigious numbers on many chalk and limestone districts, and on sandy places in their neighbourhood. It also affects the neighbourhood of the sea. Though local, it occurs in most parts of Britain, the north of Scotland excepted. It is widely diffused through Central and Southern Europe. H. caperata, Montagu. Depressed, pallid, brown ; banded, with regular close-set raised wrinkles ; body slightly angulated at the periphery ; mouth very small ; outer lip edged with white internally ; umbilicus mode- rately large. Plate CXVII. fig. 7. Helix caperata, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 430, pl. 11, f. 11.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 196.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 20.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p- 51. — FLemine, 60 HELICID A. Brit. Anim. p. 262. —Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 335.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 42, f. 32.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 162, pl. 4, f. 32.— Macein. Moll. Aberd. p. 84. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49, pl. 17, £. 37, 39. — Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 21. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 132, pl. 22, f. 11 to 14.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 167. Helix striata, Drar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 106, pl. 6, f 18, 19.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 75. — C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 51, pl. 6, f. 23. — RossMAsst, Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p. 28, . B54. ,. intersccta, PoIrRET, Coq. Paris, p. 81 ?—Brarp, Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 39, pl. 2, f. 7.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p- 61? erenulata, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 895. Xerophila striata, HEvD, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Theba intersecta, Buck, Index Moll. Mus, Christ. Frid. p. 12. Shell rather small, depressed-globular, not very thin, scarcely at all shining; not translucent, of a squalid white, cream colour, or cinereous, with spiral bands of various shades of brown, which are frequently interrupted, and vary much in number and intensity; the body in general adorned with a subcentral, and for the most part broadish band (either interrupted or entire), which winds along the base of the lesser volutions likewise ; besides which from three to five fillets, at times rather indistinct ones, encircle the lower disk; occasionally the shell is brown, with a white edging below the dark upper band, and is speckled underneath with white; entire exterior marked length- ways with crowded costellar wrinkles. Spire a little raised ; apex rather blunt, darkish or pellucid. | Whorls six, convex, tolerably broad, not suddenly enlarging; the body not deflected, more or less subangulated at the circumference. Aperture abbreviatedly lunate, only equal to two-fifths the total diameter, nearly as high as broad. Peristome, strongly ribbed internally with white fulvous HELIX. 61 or pinkish flesh-colour, acute at the edge, only reflected near the columella, where it is dilated, but does not at all conceal the perforation. Base moderately convex ; umbi- licus deep, large at its commencement, but contracted by the penult whorl. About three-eighths of an inch is the ordinary diameter; one of our larger specimens measures more than five lines. The animal is pale grey; silvery and slightly brown on the summit of the neck, which has a dusky band on each side passing on to the dusky tentacles. The sides of foot and the tail, which is short, are very pale. It is most common on and in the neighbourhood of calcareous soils. It occurs abundantly also in some trap districts, and Mr. Macgillivray notices the only locality for it near Aberdeen as being an old granite wall. It is local, but widely diffused, occurring very abundantly in the south. It is, however, an inhabitant of all our dis- tricts. H. ericerorum, Miiller. Depressed, semitransparent, not regularly striated, banded with brownish yellow ; mouth small; outer lip acute, not edged with colouring matter ; umbilical region capacious. Plate CX VII. fig. 4. PetiverR, Gazophylae. pl. 93, f. 16. Helix Ttala, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1245 (from type). » ericetorum, MisiuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 33. — Pu_TeNry, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 347, pl. 24, f. 2. — Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 151, f. 2. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. viii. p. 194.—Dorset Catalog. p- 53, pl. 20, f. 8—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 49.—FLEM- inc, Brit. Anim. p. 260.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 338. — Turtr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 54, f. 37.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 163, pl. 4, f. 37.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 30.— 62 HELICID. Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 50, pl. 17, f. 21, 23, 34 (ericitorum). — Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1193.— Férus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 281.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 60.—C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 38, pl. 2, f. 23.—RossmAss_. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 67, f. 17; and pt. 8, p. 33, f. 517.— Krynick1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol, 1x. p- 190.—Cuarprnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 12, pl. 1, f. 18. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 131, pl. 22, f.21 to 26.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 163. Helix striata, MUuuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 38 (teste Beck), dead. 4 albella, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 132, pl. 85, f. 122. erica, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 53, pl. 4, f. 6. 4 nivea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3639 (dead). » cespitum, b, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, pl. 6, f. 16, 17.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 2, p. 39, pl. 2, f. 24, 25. Oxychilus ericetorum, F1rzinG. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. FHellicella 33 Risso, Hist. Nat. ]’Europe Mer. vol. iv. No. 155. Theba “i Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 13. Xerophila “6 HE Lp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Helix dubia, HARTMANN. Depressed, moderately firm, subopaque or semitrans- parent, indistinctly striated above, wrinkled below, some- what glossy, whitish or pale horn-coloured, with generally a yellowish brown band winding along the base of the smaller volutions, and running at some little distance from the suture upon the body-whorl. This principal fillet is sometimes obscure or entirely wanting, and in a rare variety it is interrupted and dispersed over the upper side of the whorls in transverse streaks; generally also there are from four to six narrower and less conspicuous spiral bands below the primary one. Spire scarcely raised ; apex brown or horn-coloured; whorls six, moderately convex, gradually increasing, the last cylindrical and more or less sloping downwards at its termination. Aperture small, roundish, only exhibiting the external colouring, not much interrupted by the penultimate volution, rather HELIX. 63 longer than broad. Peristome thin, and not reflected, the columellar portion somewhat dilated, margins approximate. Umbilicus very large and deep, displaying three or four of the volutions. The diameter is generally four-fifths, occasionally five- sixths, of an inch, whilst the height rarely attains to four lines. In some of the smaller varieties the spire is more elevated than in the typical forms. The animal is pale, greenish or greyish, darker on the neck and head. This snail prefers calcareous soils, and is in many places abundant on sandy shores, especially near the sea. It is widely diffused through the British isles, ranging to the north of Scotland. H. osvotura, Miiller. Orbicular, of an uniform brown; spire concave; umbilicus spread ; peristome reflected. Plate CXVII. fig. 1, 2, 3. Helix obvoluta, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 27.—Linpsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol, xvi. p. 765.—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 510. —Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 139, pl. 11, f. 131. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 13, 14.— Férus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 107; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 51, f. 4 (Helicodonta).— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 63.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas, Moll. pt. 1, p. 41, pl. 2, f. 28. — Biarny. Man. Malacolog. p. 461, pl. 40, f. 7. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 69, f.61.— Dxsx. in Férus. Hist. Moll. p. 16. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. pl. 64, f. 13, 14, 15.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 413. »» trigonophora, LAM. Journ. Hist. Nat. pl. 42, f. 2. Helicodonta obvoluta, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 65. Trigonostoma obvolutum, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 98.—Harrm. Erd und Siisswas. Gasterop. pt. 1, p. 14, pl. 6. Gonostoma Fe He xp, Isis, 1837, p. 915. Vortex obvoluta, Bac, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 29. 64 HELICIDA. Shell orbicular, depressed on both sides, tolerably strong, more or less glossy, umber-brown, not variegated, a little opaque, somewhat wrinkled (especially above), obscurely hispid, more evidently so below than above; neither keeled nor much rounded at the circumference, but a little subangulated above. Spire concave ; apex depressed. Whorls six, narrow, rounded, deeply defined, very slowly enlarging ; the penult rather prominent ; the last but little deflected, scarcely at all dilated, constricted towards the mouth, where by its abrupt indentation rather above the middle it forms a somewhat toothlike projection upon the inner margin of the outer lip. Aperture somewhat tri- gonal or foot-shaped, nearly as high as it is broad, not equal in width to half the total diameter of the shell. Peristome reflected, often rather broadly so, paler than the general tint, and frequently of a pinkish hue inside ; basal edge straightish, lateral edge not arcuated. Umbi- licus very large, but much contracted by the penult whorl. Diameter about five lines ; height only two. The animal is dusky, the head and neck nearly black, the foot pale. This curious snail is very rare in Britain; abundant in the more hilly parts of central Europe. Hitherto it has been found only among moss at the roots of trees in Ditcham Wood, near Brenton, Hants, and for some distance on the northern side of the chalk escarpment of the South Downs. Its presence in Britain is ques- tionably indigenous. ey | HELIX. 6? H. wapicipa, Linneeus. Depressed orbicular ; circumference of the body sharply cari- nated ; peristome white, and reflected. Plate CX VI..fig. 3, 4. Helix lapicida, Linn. It. Oel. et Gothl. p. 8; Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241. — Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 182, pl. 84, f. 121.—Put- TENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. 11. pl. 39, f. 2.-—Monv. Test. Brit. p. 485. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 187. — Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 20, f. 9. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 140, pl. 5, f. 51. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 9, 10, 11.—Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 88, pl. 126, f.1107.—Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 111, pl. 7, f. 35, 36, 37.—F&rus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 150; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 66, f. 6 (Helicella).-—C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 40, pl. 2, f. 26, 27. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p- 63, f. 11. —CHarprnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i, (1837), p. 9, pl. 1, f. 7, 8 (Carocolla). — Moreter, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 57. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 120, pl. 20, f. 10, 11; and pl. 38, f. 30, 31.—L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 370. 5, acuta, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 53, pl. 4, f. 9—JEFFREys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 344, 512. » finis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3621. Carocolla lapicida, LAM. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 148.—FLEMING, Helicogona ,, Latomus an Lenticula,, Chilotrema 4, Brit. Anim. p. 258.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, proOste ol. Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 66. Firzine. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 97. Hexp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 28. Telia Rhenana, HARTMANN. Shell depressed, lenticular, fully as convex below as above, most delicately shagreened, very sharply carinated upon the middle of the body-whorl, thin, slightly trans- parent, not polished, yellowish, horn-coloured, or pale rufous with alternating darker stains of deep chestnut. Whorls five, slightly convex, moderately broad, gradually VOL. IV. K 66 HELICID ©. enlarging; the last suddenly deflected near the aperture ; apex blunt. Aperture somewhat oval, much broader than high, occupying about three-sevenths of the total diameter. Peristome white, united, not appressed upon the body, slightly notched by the termination of the keel, below which it is arcuated, retiring, reflected, and a little thick- ened. Base most prominent immediately around the deep and widely open umbilicus, thence sloping to the carina. The diameter is usually three-quarters of an inch. The animal is of a general dusky hue, with dark brown stripes running along the neck and on to the tentacula, both upper and lower. The sides of the foot are pale brown or greenish. The tail is slender, but rather obtuse, and scarcely extends beyond the shell. This very peculiar snail is locally distributed in Eng- land, and to be sought for in limestone and chalky districts. It oceurs abundantly in the south-eastern coun- ties, and in Derbyshire. It is not found either in Ireland or Scotland. It ranges northwards to Sweden, and south- wards to the Pyrenees. H. rurescens, Pennant. Depressed, bald, rufous, subangulated and whitish at the peri- phery ; outer lip remotely edged with white internally ; umbili- cus moderately large. Plate CX VIII. fig. 4, 7. Helix clandestina, Born, Mus. Cees. Vind. (teste Hartmann). rufescens, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 134, pl. 85, f. 127 (badly). -— Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 80, pl. 4, f. 6. — PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 420 (not young), pl. 23, outer f. 2.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 167, f. 1.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 196 (not young). — Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 6. — Turtr. Conch. Diction. p. 52 (not young). — JEFFREYS, ” HELIX. 67 Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 337. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 37, f. 28. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 156, pl. 3, f. 28. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 46, pl. 17, £47, 53. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 87, pl. 16, f. 13 to 16.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 141. ? Helix turiurum, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. » Altenana, KixExs, Test. Tubing. (teste Férus. ) » corrugata and clandestina, W. Hart. in Neue Alpina, i. p. 256. » circinata, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 12.—Ferrus. Prodrom. Moll, No. 268. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, f. 12 a; and pt. 7, f. 422. » montana, C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 33, pl. 6, f. 10.— CHarprEent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 11, pl. 1, f. 17 (Helicella). Fruticola cireinata, Hep, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Bradybena rufescens and circinata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. ‘Trichia cireinata clandestina, HartM. Erd und Siisswas. Gast. 1, p. 125, pl. 38. var. Helix celata, SruDER, Schweiz. Conch. — CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 11, pl. 1, £. 13.—Dexsu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 219. Bradybena celata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. 3 Helix montana, StupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 12. 5 striolata, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 28, pl. 6, f. 8. » circinata var. montana, RossMASSL. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, f. 126, and pt. 7, f. 423. >» 7rufina, Parreys in Pfeif. Symbole, pt. i. p. 39. Parreysit, FirzinGER, Verz. Erzh. Weichth. Shell depressed, never hispid, rather thin, and a little translucent, coarsely striated lengthways, rather dull, in general of a reddish horn-colour, but ranging in tint from almost white to rufous brown, colouring usually disposed in alternate darker and lighter shades, subcarinated upon or above the middle, the angulation rendered more appa- rent by being of a paler tint. Spire (in the more typical form) scarcely raised; apex not particularly blunt. Whorls six, moderately convex, not abruptly enlarging ; the last neither deflected above, nor sinking at its termina- tion below the general level of the base. Aperture nearly crescent-shaped, broader than high, about equal in breadth 68 HELICID®. to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, usually dark liver-coloured within, edged inside with a remote white rib, slightly expanding above, reflected below, dilated upon the columella, where it is subarcuated and rather oblique. Umbilicus large and profound. Diameter half an inch; specimens of three-quarters of an inch in diameter have been recorded, but are not common. <A smaller, stronger, and more globular form exists in the north, with a more elevated spire, and a paler style of colouring both externally and internally. The animal is grey upon the head and neck, with dark or brownish bands; its tentacles are long, the sides of the foot are pale yellowish white. The foot itself is narrow, and terminates in an acute tail, which does not project beyond the shell when the creature is crawling. This snail is most abundant, and the specimens finest in limestone and chalk districts. In the south of Eng- land and Ireland it is very common, more so than in the northern parts of the British islands. H. uisproa, Linneeus. Reddish horn-coloured, more or less depressed ; outer lip edged below with white internally ; umbilicus moderately large. Plate CX VIII. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (animal) Plate G.G.G. f. 1. Heli« hispida, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244.—Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 58, pl. 5, f. 10.—PuxnrEnny, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.— Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 151, f. 1—Dorset Catalog. p- 54, pl. 21, f. 10.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 238.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 57, f. 41.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 154, pl. 4, f. 41.—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 27,—Macerniiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 85.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48, pl. 17, £. 40, 46.— Mirer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 73.— Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 20, 21, 22,—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 73.—C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und HELIX. 69 Susswas. Moll. pt. i. p. 36, pl. 2, f. 20.—Krynicxi, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 180.— RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 7, p. 2, f. 426, 427.—Cuemn. (ed. Kist.) Conch. Cab, Helix, no. 634, pl. 98, f. 19, 20, 21.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 148. Helix rufescens, young, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 145, pl. 23, inner fig. 2.— Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 52, — Fremine, Brit. Anim. p- 261. » sericea, C, Prxir. Deutsch. Land und Siiswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 34, pl. 2, f. 17. — Atprr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340, teste Alder.— Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 153. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 48. » concinna, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 337, 510.— ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 154, pl. 12, f. 135. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 124.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48. 5, plebeium, JerrReys, Trans. Lin. Soc. yol. xvi. p. 510. Helicella hispida, Vitzing. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 96. Fruticola hispida, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Helix depilata, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 155, pl. 12, f. 135.*—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49. Bradybena hispida, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. Shell small, thin, semi-transparent, not very lustrous, varying in shape from depressed subglobose to depressed suborbicular, with delicate short and rather deciduous hairs, rufous horn-colour, varying in intensity, sometimes a little variegated by the stage of growth being indicated by darker shades, not granular, more or less strongly wrinkled lengthways, occasionally subangulated, and in that case with an obscure pallid spiral band upon the angulation. Spire a little raised; apex more or less blunt. Whorls five or six, moderately convex, not rapidly enlarging ; the last not ventricose, nor distinctly deflected. Aperture small, crescent-shaped, usually more or less depressed, and consequently broader than high, not equal in width to half the total diameter. Peristome acute, neither reflected nor patulous, ribbed with white internally, 70 HELICIDA. especially near the base, which is a little disposed to expand, rather straight, and occasionally forms an angle with the short columellar lip. Base rounded; umbilicus profound, of a moderate size. Var. depilata. Bald, usually more depressed, whorls more rounded, peristome more thickened, columella angu- lation usually more distinct. Var. concinna. Thicker, hairs few and very deciduous, the umbilicus more displayed, columellar angulation in general more distinct. Diameter about the third of an inch. The animal is bluish-white, very pale on the sides of the foot, and on the rather short tail. The neck and summit of head are dark brown; the tentacles are pale- bluish, smooth, and not over long. It is abundant on waste places, by hedges, and under stones in all parts of the British Isles. H. revevtata, Férussac. Depressed-globular, very thin, olivaceous, downy ; whorls four, the last large in proportion ; outer lip acute ; a small umbilicus. Plate CXIX. fig. 1, 2, 3, Heliw (Helicella) revelata, Firus. Prodrvom. no. 273.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 152, pl. 11, f. 183. — Coucn, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 47. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 48, pl. 17, f. 38, 4, 5. — Micnaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 27, pl. 15, f. 6, 7, 8.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 88.—CuHEMN. (ed. Kiister) Conch. Cab. p. 188, pl. 34, f, 5—8.— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 65. 5» badiella, Z1nGL. (teste Anton.) Helicella revelata, Buc, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. Shell depressed-globular, thin, transparent, somewhat HELIX. | glossy, yet not polished, of an uniform greenish olive colour, with rather indistinct longitudinal wrinkles, which are partially concealed by the short and scattered hairs, that clothe the entire exterior. Spire short ; apex obtuse; whorls four, well rounded, moderately raised, rapidly enlarging, the last swollen. Aperture rounded crescent- shaped, as high as broad, occupying about one half of the total diameter. Peristome simple acute, spreading and a little reflected near the umbilicus, which is small but deep. Base rounded. Diameter a quarter of an inch. The animal is said to be grey above, yellowish on sides and foot, with dusky head and tentacula and a dark band on each side of neck. This is one of our rarest snails. Guernsey (E.F.); on hills near Torquay (S.H.); Magavissey (Couch) and Pendennis (Cocks, Benson) in Cornwall; Devon (Bel- lamy). Mr. Lowe of Nottingham has lately sent us specimens found by himself at Stanton-on-the-Wolds, a very anomalous locality. H. sericea, Draparnaud. Depressed globular, pallid, transparent, closely downy ; spire more or less raised ; umbilicus decidedly small. Plate CXVIII. fig. 5, 6. Helix sericea, Drav. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 16, 17.— JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 833.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 38, f. 29.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 82.—F Hrus, Prodr. Moll. no. 272 (Helicella). —RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 7, p. 2, fi 428, 429.—Krynicx1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moseou, vol. ix. p. 186. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 636, pl. 98, f. 25, 26.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 145. 5, hispida, Mont. (not Linn.) Test. Brit. p. 423, suppl. pl. 23, f.3.—MaTon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198 (in part). — FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 261. i2 HELICIDA. Helix globularis, JnFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 507. Monacha sericea, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 95. Fruticola, 4, Hen, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Helix granulata, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberl. vol. i. p. 39; vol. ii, p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 151, pl. 3, f. 29. Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48. sericea, var. CHEMN. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, pl. 99, f. 16, 17, 18. 99 Shell small, decidedly thin, transparent, subglobose, rather shining, of a more or less pallid fulvous horn-colour, everywhere densely clothed with very delicate down-like hairs, which when partially abraded cause the surface to appear somewhat shagreened or granular, very faintly and irregularly striated. Spire rather elevated, being only about a third less high than the body; apex rather blunt. Whorls five or six rounded, rather quickly but not ab- ruptly enlarging, tolerably broad; the last well rounded at the circumference, devoid of any pale band. Aperture crescent-shaped or abbreviatedly lunate, broader than high, nearly equal in width to half the total diameter, not produced at the base greatly beyond the general level. Outer lip acute, very slightly ribbed internally with white ; columellar lip dilated and somewhat reflected over the very small umbilicus. Base rounded. Diameter nearly the third of an inch. The animal is pale yellowish white, grey about the head and tentacula. The mantle is speckled with black, giving a peculiar mottled aspect to the shell. This species is widely distributed, but rather local. We have found it most abundant in the neighbourhood of wet, mossy rocks. It is perhaps more frequent in the west and south than elsewhere. HELIX. 73 HH. vamentara, Jeffreys. Minute, conoid-globose, with longitudinal membranaceous lamellze that are not spinous ; mouth lunate. Plate CXVII. fig. 8, 9. Fleliv lamellata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 333, 507.— Gray, Manual L, and F. W.Shells, p. 150, pl. 5, f. 48.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p.26.—Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p- 86.—Browy, Illust- Conch. G. B, p. 47.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, no. 179, pl. 38, f. 13, 14.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. yol. i. p. 51. Scarburgensis, BEAN, MSS. cited by AtpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. Northumb. vol. i. p. 36, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii.—Tunrr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 62, f. 48.— ALpzErR, p- 189.—A. MUiurer, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg. 1838, pt. 1, p- 208, pl. 4, f. 4. —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. viii. p. 37. seminulum, RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. f. 533. ” ” Shell minute, conoid-globose, nearly as high as broad, thin, a little transparent, not polished, but usually with a satin-like gloss, of an uniform pale yellowish horn-colour ; adorned with rather close and numerous longitudinal mem- branaceous lamine, which do not shoot into spinous pro- cesses. Spire raised, about the same height as the body- whorl; apex rather blunt. Volutions five or six, well rounded, strongly defined, gradually and not abruptly en- larging. Aperture depressed, narrow crescent-shaped, not projecting much beyond the preceding whorl, broader than high, scarcely equal to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple (destitute of an internal rib), not reflected except very slightly upon the pillar lip. Base tumid, rather suddenly shelving in the middle round the deep but small umbilicus. Diameter the tenth of an inch. The animal is pale grey. This curious little snail was formerly supposed to be WOL EV. L 74 HELICIDA. peculiar to Britain, though now, however, proved to be a German species also. It lives among moss in woods, and is most abundant in the north of England. It is widely distributed in Ireland. H. acureata, Miller. Minute, with oblique longitudinal membranaceous lamellze, that project in a series of prickles around the lower volutions : mouth about as high as it is wide. Plate CX VII. fig. 5, 6. Helix aculeata, Mistuur, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 81.—F.LEmine, Brit. Animals, p- 262.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382, 507.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 149, pl. 4, f. 33.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 25.—Maceiziiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 86.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B, p. 47, pl. 17, f. 1. —Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 82, pl. 7, f. 10, 11.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 24, pl. 4, f. 24, 25.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 79.—RossMASssL. Iconog. Land und Siissaw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 536.—Duruy, Moll. du Gers, p. 15.—Morexexr, Moll. Ter. et. Fluy. Portugal, p- 72.—CueEmn. (ed. Kist.) Helix, no. 178, pl. 33, f. 11,12. —Prerir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 50. », spinulosa, Licurroot, Philosoph. Trans. 1786, p. 166, pl. 2, lower com- partm.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 429, pl. 11, f. 10.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 201.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 23.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 55; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 43, f. 33.— Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 69. Trochus terrestris, var. DA Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 36, probably. Teba spinulosa, LeAcH, MSS. (cited by Turton, &c.) » Granatelli, Brvon. (filius) in Occhio 1839, no. 9, f. 2. Tuticola aculeata, Hevp, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Shell minute, globose-turbinate, thin, semitransparent, not lustrous, of an uniform yellow or brownish horn- colour, covered with an epidermis, which rises upon the lower whorls in regular obliquely longitudinal riblike la- mine, which shoot out above into somewhat lanceolate or spinous foliations, cresting, as it were, the upper portion of the middle of the whorls with a spiral row of membrana- HELIX. CS ceous prickles. Volutions four, rather broad, not rapidly increasing, ventricose, much elevated, deeply separated. Spire raised. Aperture rounded, of nearly equal width and height, about equal to half the basal diameter, produced below beyond the general level of the base. Peristome very thin and acute (an internal rib in aged individuals only), slightly expanded, only reflected at the columella. Base rounded; with a moderately large and deep umbi- licus. Diameter about the tenth of an inch. The animal is bluish or greenish grey, darkest on head and neck. Of all our minute species this is the most singular and beautiful. It lives among moss in woods, and is widely distributed through the British isles. H. ruztva, Miiller. Trochiform, minute, smooth, almost imperforated. Plate CXVIII. fig. 809. Helix fulva, MiuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 56. ?—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 61, f. 47.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 148, pl. 5, f. 47.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 2.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 8], pl. 7, f. 12, 13.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 23, pl. 2, f. 2.— T.am (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 78.— Krynicni, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 167.—RossmAssu. Iconog. and Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 535.—Duruy, Moll. du Gers, p. 15.—More er, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 72.—CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 212, pl. 30, f. 22, 23, 24.—L. Preir. Monog, Helic. vol. i. p. 30. Trochus terrestris Listert or var. a, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 35, probably. Helix trochiformis, Monr. Test. Brit. p. 427, pl. 11, f. 9.— Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 54.— Maron and Rack, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 200.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 331, 507. » nitidula, ALTEN, Erd u. Flusskonch. Augsburg, p. 53, pl. 4, f. 8. » trochulus, Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 916.— Maceriiiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 85. 76 HELICIDA. Helia chersina, SAY, Journ. Acad. Sc. Nat. Philadelph. vol. ii. p. 156.—BINNrEy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 416, pl. 26, f. 3.—GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 185, f. 105. » trochilus, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 260. » Mortoni, Jerrreys, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 332, 507. » Mandralisci, Bivon (filius) in Giorn. lett. no. 198, f. 6. Cornulus fulcus, FirzinGeR, Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 94. Polita fulva, Hein, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Petasia trochiformis, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 41. Minute, globose-turbinate, thin, pellucid, glossy, all but perfectly smooth, not downy, of an uniform brownish or yellowish horn-colour; whorls six, convex, very narrow, well defined; spire in the typical form elevated (in the variety Mortont it is depressed, both sides being there of nearly equal convexity) ; apex rather obtuse. Base promi- nent in surface, yet slightly flattened, with a minute in- cipient umbilicus in the young, which is entirely concealed g by the reflection of the columella in the adult, Aperture narrow, depressed lunar, ordinarily equal to half the basal diameter ; peristome acute, simple, not reflected, except upon the columellar lip. Diameter nearly the sixth of an inch. Beneath a very powerful lens, the base of this tiny shell exhibits most exquisitely fine spiral striole. A smaller and darker variety, in which this sculpture is more than usually distinct, has been indicated by Mr. Al- der. Generally speaking the more humid is the habitat, the darker and more lustrous will the specimens prove. The animal is grey. It inhabits woods among moss, and is widely diffused.* * The Trochus terrestris of Pennant (Brit. Zool, ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 128, pl. 80, f. 108, copied Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. pl. 14, f. 80, 81, the 7. terrestris tertius of Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 36) appears to us to be a rude representation of this species, but has been referred by some to the Cwrocolla elegans of Lamarck, which is anative of Southern Europe. “I ~] HELIX. H. rusca, Montagu. Depressed subglobular, almost imperforated, not minute, trans- parent, umber-coloured, wrinkled ; outer lip acute. Plate CXIX. fig. 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 4. Helix fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 424, pl. 13, f. 1.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 209. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 61.— FiLxemMinG, Brit. Anim. p. 264.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 331, 391, 507.—Turr. Manual L., and F. W. Shells, f, 36.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 147, pl. 4, f. 36.— THomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 24. — Brown, IlIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 47, pl. 17, f. 25, 26.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 34, f. 132.— L. Preir. Symb. Helic. pt. 2, p. 28. -CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, no. 204, pl. 29, f. 17, 18, 19. — L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 33. », subrufescens, MitLER, Ann. Phil. New Series, yol. iii. (1822) p. 379 (fide Gray).—F Leming, Brit. Animals, p. 259 (from Miller). Zonites fuscus, Maceitiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 93. Shell rather small, extremely thin, almost membranaceous, of an uniform shining and transparent amber colour, not opaque underneath, of a depressed subglobose shape, adorned with longitudinal foldlike wrinkles. Spire a little elevated; apex rather blunt. Whorls five, convex, rapidly enlarging ; the last swollen, obscurely subangulated at the circumfer- ence, not deflected. Aperture rather large, crescent-shaped, decidedly broader than high, more than equal in width to half the total diameter, occupying half at least of the entire length. Peristome arcuated above and below, thin, sim- ple, not reflected, except upon the short and somewhat perpendicular columella. Base rounded, not distinctly performed. Diameter scarcely three-eighths of an inch. The animal is pale yellowish grey, with bluish tentacles ; a pale dusky line runs from each tentacle on the neck, but soon fades. There is a bluish purple line across the 78 HELICIDA. forehead. The upper tentacles are rather long; the foot is bulky, rapidly declining and acute behind, scarcely ex- ceeding the shell. The whole surface of the body is gra- nulated ; there is no separate central row of granules upon the neck. So far as known this well marked and delicate snail is peculiar to the British islands. It is found in bushy places in many parts of England and Ireland, often creeping upon brambles. H. puncuenyua, Miiller. Minute, depressed, white; mouth nearly circular; its edge flatly reflected. Plate CXIX. fig. 8, 9, 10. Helix pulchella, Miiuxer. Hist. Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 30.—JEFrREys, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 343.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 63, f. 49.—Forses, Malacol. Monensis, p. 9.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 14], pl. 5, f. 49. — Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28.—Maceintiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 87.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 45, pl. 14, f. 76.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 112, pl. 7, f. 30 to 34.—Lam. Anim. s. vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 76.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. vol. i. p. 43, pl. 2, f. 82.—Krynicx1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 174. —Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p- 8 (Chilostoma).—Dexsu. in Fer. Hist. Moll. p. 21, pl. 69, E. f. 12 to 17.— Binney, Boston Jl. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p- 375, pl. 9, f. 2. — RossmAssr. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 7, p. 5, 6, f. 489, 440.—GouLp, Invert, Massachus. p- 176, £. 102.—C. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 365. costata, MULLER, Verm. Ter, et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 31.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p- 263.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. vol. i, p. 43, pl. 2, f. 31.—L. Prrrr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 366. 5 paludosa, WALKER, Test. Minut. Rar. f. 23.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 440, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198, pl. 5, f. 5. crenella, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 441, pl. 13, f. 3. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 45, pl. 14, f. 78, 79. » mnuta, Say, Jl. Acad. Philadelph. vol. i. p. 123. 5, erystallina, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. 11. p. 909. Turbo Helicinus, Ligutroor, Philosoph. Trans. vol. lxxvi. (1786) p. 167, pl. 3, upper compartment.—Da Cosra, Brit. Conch, p. 59. ” ”° ———— HELIX. 19 Turbo paludosus, Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 19, f. 25.—Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 228. Chilostoma pulchellum, Firzinc Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 98. Corneola pulchella, Hun, Isis, 1837, p. 912.—W AKER, Testacea minuta rariora, f. 23. Cireinaria pulchella, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 23. Shell minute, suborbicular, rather depressed, tolerably strong for its size, not very transparent, white or corneous white, not variegated or banded, either smooth or with longitudinal membranaceous costella. Spire scarcely at all raised ; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half, moderately convex, profoundly defined through their rather abrupt inflection at the suture, not particularly narrow, for the most part gradually enlarging, but rather abruptly di- lated at the termination of the last whorl, which is well rounded at its circumference, not distinctly or only slightly deflected. Aperture almost circular, as high as it is broad, margined by a broad and flattened solid opaque white peristome, which is expanded above and reflected below ; lips contiguous, not free all round, but connected on the columella by a layer of white shelly matter. Base rounded ; umbilicus large, exposing the upper volutions. Diameter the ninth of an inch. With every disposition to defer to the authority of the illustrious Pfeiffer, whose knowledge of the Helices is most comprehensive, we are unable to discern any permanent characters by which the ribbed variety may be distinguished from the smooth one, so as to maintain its position as a distinct species, in which light it has been regarded by Miiller and others. The animal is milky white. It lives under stones, on walls, and on the ground, often in dampish places. It is very generally diffused through- out the British Isles. Both varieties inhabit wet and dry localities indifferently. 80 HELICIDA. H. rorunpara, Miiller. Flattish, with crowded costellar strize, for the most part radi- atingly spotted with chestnut; umbilical opening peculiarly large ; mouth lunate. Plate CXIX. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 2. Helix rotundata, Mttuuer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 29.— Tur. Conch. Diction. p- 53.—FLEeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 260.—JEFrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 342, 511,—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 30.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 17, f. 14, 18, 19, 20, 24.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 114, pl. 8, f. 4 to 7.—F rus. Prodr. 196; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. pl. 79, f. 2, 3, 4 (Helicella)—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vill. p. 74.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p- 44, pl. 2, f. 33, 34.—CuarpeEnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 12 (Delomphalus). — Krynicxt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 210.— RossmAssz. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 7, p. 13, f. 454. — More er, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 55.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, no. 153, pl. 24, f. 14, 15, 16.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 105. radiata, DA Costs, Brit. Conch. p. 57, pl. 4, f. 15, 16. — Mon. Test. Brit. p. 432, pl. 24,f. 3.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 199. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 20, f. 15, 16.— Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 53.—Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 59, f. 44.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 32. f. 11. » Turtoni, FLEm1nG, Brit. Animals, p. 260. Discus rotundatus, FrvzinG. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. Oester. p. 99. Patula rotundata, Hew, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Euryomphala rotundata, Bec, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. Zonites rotundatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 165, pl. 5, f. 44.— Maceituiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 88. 3” Shell small, depressed, nearly equally convex on both sides, not polished, thin, semitransparent, yellowish horn- colour or reddish grey, so alternating with chestnut as to present the appearance of numerous narrow ray-like streaks of the latter hue diverging from the central axis ; longitudi- nally sculptured throughout with crowded but strong and regular costellar stria. Whorls narrow, from five to six HELIX. 81 and a half, of very gradual increase, depressed, deeply defined, the last somewhat angulated, but not particularly deflected. Spire merely convex. Aperture small, usually occupying two-fifths of the base, rather depressed, but nearly as high as it is broad, lunate. Peristome simple, acute, not reflected. Base convex, excavated by an ex- tremely large and profound umbilicus which exhibits the superior volutions. The spire in the variety Turtoni is quite flattened. <A transparent and colourless variety is occasionally, though rarely, to be met with. Ordinary diameter a quarter of an inch. The animal is bluish, with dusky neck and tentacles. Up the sides of each upper tentacle runs a dusky line fading away on the neck. ‘The foot is short behind, tapering and not truncated at the end. The relations of this animal are with the typical Helices, and not with the group Zonites. This species is found under stones abundantly in all parts of the British Isles. H. umeriicara, Montagu. Small, dark brown, unpolished, merely wrinkled ; whorls five, of slow increase ; umbilicus large ; mouth small ; outer lip acute. Plate CXXI. fig. 7, 8. Helix umbilicata, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 434, pl. 13, f.2.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 200.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 24.— Tur. Conch, Diction. p. 54.— FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 (not note),— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 342. —Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 31.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p, 51. s rupestris, CHEMN. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. pl. 89, f 82 to 35, 40 to 43.— Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 86.—Draparn. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 82, pl. 7, f. 7, 8, 9.—F rus. Prodrom. 201; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 80, f. 2, 3.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 60, f. 45.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim, s. VOU, IV, M 82 HELICID@. Vert. vol. viii. p. 79.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 22, pl. 4, f. 22, 23.— Harr. in Sturm’s Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 8, pl. 2.—RossmAsst. Iconog. L. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 534. —Morerer, Moll, Ter. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 72. Turbo Myrmecidis, Scaccui, Osserv. Zool. vol. i. p.11 (teste Philippi). Zonites umbilicatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 166, pl. 5, f. 45. Pyramidula rupestris, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 95. Patula rupestris, HELD in Isis, 1837, p. 916. Euryomphala umbilicata, and rupestris, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. Delomphalus rupestris, Hart. Erd und Siissw. Gast. i. p. 120, pl. 37, f. 1, 2, 3. x saxatilis, HARTM. Erd und Siissw. Gast. i. p. 122, pl. 37, f. 4,5, 6. Helix spirula, VILLA, Dispos. Syst. Conch. p. 56. » aliexa, ZiEGL. in Pfeif. Symbol, pt. 1, p. 39. Minute, depressed-turbinate, rather thin, slightly pellucid, not polished, of an uniform dark umber-brown, or reddish- chocolate colour, with concentric rugose striule. Whorls nearly five, convex, profoundly defined, of gradual increase; the last not suddenly deflexed. Spire but little elevated, apex rather obtuse. Base rounded, with a rather large and very profound funnel-shaped umbilicus. Aperture small, not usually much exceeding one-third of the basal diameter, rather broader than high, somewhat rounded ; peristome simple, acute, not reflected. At most the tenth of an inch in diameter; its height varies owing to the spire being capable of greater or lesser elevation. The animal is dusky, and nearly black upon the head and tentacles. It is abundant in many localities on the faces of rocks and walls, or under stones in dry places. It shows a pre- ference for calcareous soils, but is not confined to them, and delights in crawling upon lofty and exposed places, as long ago observed by Montagu. HELIX. 83 H. pyeamaa, Draparnaud. Resembling the last, but minute, paler, more transparent, more depressed, composed of four turns at most; the mouth less circular. Plate CX XI. fig. 9, 10. Helix pygmea, DraP. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 114, pl. 8, f. 8, 9, 10. — Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (not described). — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 343.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 61, f. 46.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 18, f. 48*, 49.— Férus. Prodr. Moll. no. 200; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 80, f. 1 (Helicella).—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 86.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 21, pl. 4, f. 20, 21.— CuHarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 12 (Delomphalus). — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 8, p. 37, f. 532. — Morever, Molij. Ter. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 55.— CuEmn. (ed. Kust.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 564, pl. 89, f. 24 to 27.—L. Prexir. Monog. Helic. vol. i, p. 97. minuta, STUDER in Coxe, Travels. Kirbii, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv. p. 163 (probably ).—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 512. Discus pygmeus, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 99. Patula pygmea, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Euryomphala pygmea, Bucs, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. Zonites pygymeus, Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 167, pl. 5, f. 46. — Maceiutiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 323. ” ” Shell very minute, convex, thin, of an uniform pale and hardly transparent brownish horn-colour, with extremely delicate, but regular, longitudinal striz, of a silky gloss ; spire very short and small, the convexity being equal on both sides of the shell; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, moderately broad, not rapidly increasing, deeply defined, convex. Aperture rather small, roundish, crescent-shaped, about equal in width to two-fifths of the total diameter, almost, if not quite, as high as it is broad, Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base much rounded ; umbilicus large and profound. 84 HELICIDA. Diameter less than one line. Distinguishable from umbilicata by its greater depression, lesser number of volutions, and by its less circular aperture. The animal is paler than the last. It inhabits wet places among dead leaves in ditches and by springs, and is consequently often overlooked on ac- count of its minuteness. It has been observed in many localities in all three kingdoms, and diffused in such a way that we cannot doubt of its being really a common shell. Mr. Jeffreys, who has bestowed peculiar attention upon the extremely obscure species of Walker and Adams, considers the three following to be the fry of shells belonging to this genus: the fourth, likewise, is supposed by Montagu to be the fry of a land shell. Helix resupinata, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. f. 24, from which Monv. Test. Br, 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 203, Turt. Conch. Diction. p.57.—Turbo resupinata, FLEMING, Brit. Anim, p. 300.—Delphinoidea resupinata, Brown, IIl. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 45, 47. s, globosa, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. f. 25, from which Monv. Test. Brit. p. 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viil. p. 203.—Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 57.—Turbo globosus, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 300.— Spira globosa, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 34, 37. » reticulata, Wax. Test. Min. Rar. f. 26, from which Monv. Test. Brit. p- 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 203, Turr. Conch, Diction. p. 57.— Turbo reticulatus, FLem. Brit. Anim. p- 300. —Spira reticulata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 38, 39. » courctata, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. pl. 1, f. 80, from which Monr. Test. Brit. p. 444; Mar. and Rack. Tyans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 204; Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 57.—Turbo coarctata, Fium. Brit. Anim. p. 800.— Spira coarctata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p: 20, pl. 8, f. 43, 52. HELIX. 85 SPURIOUS. H. rerresrris, Chemnitz. Trochus terrestris, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 122, f. 1045.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 111.—Monv. Test. Brit. p.287.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Lin. Soe. vol. viii. p. 157.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 55. Helix elegans, Guu. Syst. Nat. p. 3642. — Fiemine. Brit. Anim. p. 260.— RossmAsst Iconog. L. and F. Moll. pt. 6, f. 345, 346.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 179. A native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, which * Donovan figured, because he considered it identical with the ter- restris of Pennant. This last we believe to have been intended for the fulva of our work, H. uimpara, Férussac. Helix limbata, Firus. Prodr, Moll. no, 253 (Helicella)—A.tprEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106.—Gray, Manual L. and P. W. Shells, p. 143, pl. 11, f. 132. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 18, f. 29, 30. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 88. — RosmAssL, Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p- 35, f. 362. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 16. — CuHEmMn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix no. 94, pl. 17, f. 15, 16.—L. Pree. Monog. Helic. yol. i. p. 139. Fruticola >» Hex p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Bradybaena ,, Buxcx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 18. A continental species published as indigenous on the authority of Sowerby ; who had taken specimens near Hampstead. The species, though sought for, has not again been found, and its discoverer believes it must have been accidentally introduced with foreign plants. 86 HELICIDA. BULIMUS. Scoport. Shell spiral, produced, oblong, ovate or turreted ; smooth or rough, not shining or glassy; aperture entire, longitu- dinal ovate, simple or toothed ; columella entire ; peristome simple or expanded. Animal exactly similar to that of Helix, and having a similar dentition. The large and beautiful assemblage of land-shells in- cluded under the genus Bulimus is separated from Helix more on account of general habit than because of pos- sessing distinctive characters of much importance. Our few British species, all of small size and ordinary aspect, are easily enough distinguished generically, but among exotic forms there are many, the true position of which, whether in Bulimus or in Helix, is a matter of doubt. The distribution of the Bulimi has been made the subject of a valuable and interesting memoir by Mr. Lovell Reeve. B. acurus, Miiller. Turreted-conical, white or clear brown, often with dark mark- ings. Body whorl comparatively short. Plate CX XVIII. fig. 5, and (animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 6. Helix barbara, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241 (probably). » «cua, Mitier, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 100.— Get, Syst. Nat. p. 3660. —Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 956.—F rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 378 (Cochlicella). Turbo fasciatus, PENNANT. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 131, pl. 82, f. 119. — Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 91.— Monr. Test. Brit. p. 346, plas te. dle Helix cretacea, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 190, pl. 136, f. 1263. Bulimus «cutus, BRuG. Encycl. Meth. vol. i. p. 323. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 265, — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 346. — Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 185, pl. 6, f. 67.— BULIMUS. 87 Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 110.—Coucn, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 49. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 37, pl. 14, f.18.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 77, pl. 4. f. 29, 30-—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 234. —C. Prrir. Deutsche Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 35, pl. 7,f. 1.—Puuviprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 140; vol. ii. p.112.— RossmAssu. Icon. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 41, f. 378. — CantTraine, Malac. Med. p. 134. — Kisrer, Chemn. Conch. p. 31, pl. 11, f. 9 to 12.—Moreter, Moll. Portugal, p. 73.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 214. Bulimus articulatus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 284.— DELEs. Rec. Coquilles, pl. 28, f. 8. » turritella, ANDRZ, Krynicki in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, yol. vi. p. 415. Turbo turricula Maroceana, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. xi. p. 280, pl. 209, f. 2063, 2064. Helix bifasciata, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49. —- Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 210. — Dorset Catalog. p- 55, pl. 18, f. 8, 10.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 63.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 154. Bulinus variabilis, HARTM. in Sturm Fauna vi. pt. 6, pl. 12; Neue Alpina, vol. i. p- 223. Cochlicella meridionalis and turricula, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. vol. iv. : p- 78, pl. 3, f. 26. Bulimus fasciatus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 84, f. 67. Cochlicellus acutus, Buck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 63. Bulimus litoralis, BRumMat1, Cat. Conch. ter. Monfale. p. 34, f. 9. Shell turreted-conical, thin, not polished, at most glossy, very variable in colouring, usually variegated with very numerous longitudinal (often partially confluent) wavy streaks or veins of opaque whitish, and semitransparent brown (either hue preponderating), the latter ranging in tint from pale ash to dark chocolate ; sometimes minutely speckled all over with these lines; as frequently as not with an additional narrow brown zone running from the upper corner of the aperture to the lower third of the outer lip, more rarely with an adjacent interrupted band above it, sometimes with a broad band occupying the entire middle portion of the body whorl, and winding along the lower half of the principal smaller volutions; the painting at times, though rarely, almost obsolete. Surface pecu- 88 HELICIDA. liarly and rather irregularly indented lengthways with broad corrugations that correspond in some degree with the coloured markings, so that under a lens, the exterior reminds one of the cutting of a cameo. Whorls nine or ten, of slow longitudinal increase, convex or a little rounded, separated by a well-marked but simple and but little slant- ing suture, tapering to a much attenuated, yet not acute, apex. Body not filling more than a third of the dorsal length, a little ventricose; its basal declination rounded, and usually more or less abrupt. Mouth devoid of sculp- ture, of an abbreviated oval or ovate shape, that is well rounded below, and rather suddenly contracted (not gra- dually peaked) above. Outer lip simple, acute, regularly arcuated throughout. Pillar lip filling more than half the length of the aperture, straightish, and rather broadly re- flected above, so as to partially conceal the narrow sub- umbilicus. Usual length half an inch, with a breadth of two lines and a third, but these dimensions are often exceeded, especially in foreign examples. Animal stout and rather short, dusky on the head and neck, with darker lines passing to the four tentacula ; sides of the body and tail yellowish-white. The posterior extremity does not extend much, if at all, behind the body whorl. There is a dark line down the centre of the fore- head. The upper tentacles are rather thick and clavate, the lower ones very short. This pretty snail is gregarious in its habits, local in its distribution. It is most abundant near the sea, and in the western districts, especially on sandy or limestone soils. Abundant in the Channel Isles and on the waste lands of Dorsetshire (on chalk, Purbeck, Portland stone), Devon, and-Cornwall, South and North Wales, Lancashire, the Isle of Man (on sand and limestone, never on slate), parts BULIMUS. 89 of the west of Scotland and Hebrides. Local in Ireland, but found from the Giant’s Causeway to Youghal; com- monest in the eastern districts, and occasionally occurs inland (W. Thompson). B. Lacxuamensts, Montagu. Elongate-conoid, with a blunt apex, chocolate-brown ; surface shagreened. Plate CKXVIII. fig. 6. Bulimus montanus, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 65; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 22.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 80, f. 62. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, pl. 14, f. 22, and pl. 18, f. 14.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 235.—Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 3, pl. 6.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 8, f. 10. — RossmAssz. Icon. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 86, f. 41, and pt. 6, p. 46, f. 386.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 14, pl. 2, f. 2 (Bulimulus)— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p- 120. Helix Lackhamensis, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 394, pl. 11, f. 83.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 212.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 64. — Dmuw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 953.— Index Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 148. », sylvestris, STUDER, in Coxe, Travels (Hartm.). 5, buccinata, ALTEN, Erd und Fluss Conch. Augsburg, p. 100, pl. 12, f. 22. » obscura, SCHRANK, Fauna, iii. 273. Bulimus obscurus, HArtM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222. » Montacuti, Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 345, 512. Lackhamensis, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 265.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 181, pl. 6, f. 62. a En Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 71. Ena montana, Luacu, MSS. (cited by Turton). — Harr. Erd und Siissw. Gast. vol. 1. p. 75, pl. 20. ” Shell elongated-conoid, tapering gradually to a blunt apex, rather thin, more or less glossy, somewhat trans- lucent, of an uniform chocolate or brownish hue, very finely, and rather indistinctly, wrinkled lengthways; be- neath the lens visibly, though minutely shagreened. Whorls VOL. IV. N 90 HELICID&. quite seven, simply convex, of rather slow but regular longitudinal increase, profoundly divided by a simple and not much slanting suture. Body filling about two-fifths of the dorsal length ; its basal declination rounded but rather abrupt. Mouth unarmed, suboval, being semielliptic below, and obliquely acute above, occupying barely three- eighths of the ventral length, livid or reddish brown, changing to white near the outer edges. Outer lip not very prominent, rather narrowly reflected or expanded, projecting a little at first somewhat obliquely, and without much convexity, then moderately arcuated. Pillar lip broadly reflected, almost perpendicular, filling at least one half the length of the aperture, flanked by a conspicuous umbilical chink. Ordinary length six lines and a half; breadth three limes. The animal closely resembles that of Bulimus obscurus, but is rather paler. This is one of our rarest and most local land shells. It is found only in the southern counties of England, occur- ring in limited localities, usually in wooded districts, Essex, Kent, Surrey (Professor Bell finds it at Selborne), Wilts, Somerset, and Gloucestershire. It is abundant in many districts of Germany, France, and Switzerland. B. ogscurus, Miller. Yellowish brown ; in shape like the last but smaller ; surface not shagreened ; mouth with white lips. Plate CX XVIII. fig. 7. Turbo rupium, Da Cosva, Brit. Conch. p. 90 (from List. An. Angl. pl. 2, f. 8, very badly). Helia obscura, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3661.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 391, pl. 22, f.5.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 212, pl. 5, f. 11.— Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 19, f. 17 (not well). — . BULIMUS. 91 Torr. Conch, Diction. p. 64.— Avren, Erd und Fluss. Conch. Augsburg, p. 98, pl. 12, f. 21.—-Ditw. Recent Shells, vol. ii, p- 953. Bulimus obscurus, Drav. Moll, Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 23.— SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 166. — C. PFEIF. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 3, f. 11.— FLEminG, Brit. Animals, p. 265.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 345.-Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 81, f. 63,—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 183, pl. 6, f. 63.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 109.— Macaintiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 98. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, pl. 18, f. 13, and pl. 14, f. 21. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pl. 6, p. 46, f. 387.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 14, pl. 2, f. 1 (Bulimulus).—Porro, Malac. p. 54.--Morener, Moll. Portugal, p. 73.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 124. » hordeaceus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii, p. 236. Bulinus obscurus, B, HARtM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222; in Sturm’s Fauna, sect, vi. pt. 8, pl. 1. Ena obscura, Leacu, MSS. (cited by Turton). —Bzck, Amtl. Kiel. 1846, p. 122. Merdigera obscura, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 917. | Buliminus obscurus, Breck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 71. The shell so closely resembles the preceding as not to require a separate detailed description. It is only, how- ever, about half its size, being usually three lines and a half long, and from a line and three-quarters to a line and a half broad. The shape is more cylindraceous, the penult volution being almost equally as wide as the body, so that whilst in Lackhamensis the tapering commences from the body, in this species it usually seems to originate from the next turn only. The whorls are decidedly more rounded, and not perceptibly shagreened; the mouth is rather shorter; the lips quite white (not merely blanched at the edge), and the outer one more arched in the middle, and rather more disposed to expand. ‘The external colouring is of an uniform yellowish-brown; but an albino variety is occasionally taken. The animal is somewhat rugose, dark grey or brownish 92 HELICIDA. above, mottled with nearly black irregular spots, which become fainter on the paler sides, where they fall into rows. The sole of the foot is pale grey. ‘The upper ten- tacles are somewhat clavate, the lower ones short. Pro- fessor Macgillivray remarks that when crawling, it carries its shell at an angle of about 50°, and directed backwards a little to the right; when at rest the shell is directed to an angle of 45°. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux remarks that the young of this species do not arrive at their last stage of growth before the first month of their second year. This Bulimus is found under stones, on old walls and ruins, and on trees in woods. It is widely distributed through the British Isles, extending to the north of Scot- land. In many districts, however, it is local, and is not unfrequently found chiefly in those parts where there is a limestone soil. Note.—It is just possible that the obscure and undetermined Helix stagnorum of Pulteney (Hutchins, Dorset, p. 49) may be intended for this species; we know not where else to notice it. It is thus described :— Ovate-oblong, whitish, sometimes brown; about three lines long; subturreted. Volutions six, minutely striated, or rather wrinkled obliquely, in the transverse direction. Aperture ovate, bordered with a white edge. Inhabits plants in moist places by rivers and brooks, and in woods in Dorset.” SPURIOUS. B. Guapatoupensis, Bruguiere. Helix ewilis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3668 (merely from figures). Bulimus Guadaloupensis, Bruc. Enc. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 313. Helix detrita (not Miller), Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49. —Monvr. Test. Brit. p. 8384.— Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 217. — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 56. —Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 66. Limnea ,, FF LeMinG, Brit. Animals, p. 273. Bulimus exilis, L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 223 (and his synonyms). lt is manifest that a great part of the description of the H. BULIMUS. . 93 detrita * of British writers, a shell introduced by Pulteney on the authority of Mr. Bryer, as from a pond in Dorsetshire, was derived from the common West Indian Bulimus, jigured by Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. vol. iv. f.1224) ; yet the statement that British spect- mens are not banded, but of a somewhat transparent light horn colour, renders it not improbable that the original specimens, although at the time considered identical with the banded shell, were specifi- cally distinct. Of their spuriousness, however, there can be no doubt. The figure in the Dorset Catalogue (pl.19) ts too rude for recognition, and that of Montagu (pl. 11, f. 1) ts by no means satisfactory ; both, however, might pass for B, Guadaloupensis. Probably Turton’s drawing of his Limneus detritus was copied from Montagu’s ; assuredly it bears not the least resemblance to the shell described by him (not declared to be indigenous, but only pur- chased for such), which he states to have three brown bands on the first whorl, to have rather tumid volutions, and “in size and jigure” to “answer exactly to the H. Bontia of Chemnitz” (vol. ix. ay. 1216, 1217. B. Goopauu, Miller. Helix Goodalli, MtttER, Ann. of Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822) p. 381. Bulimus ,, Gray, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. ix. p. 414; edit. Turt. Man. p- 6, f. 61, as spuriousx—FLemine, Brit. Animals, p. 266.— L, Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 159 (with synonyms). » clavulus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 79, f. 61. — ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 110. From Guadaloupe, &c. ; introduced by Miller, who had found it in some pine-beds at Bristol. It is one of the most widely-dis- tributed of land shells. B. pecotiatus, Linneus. Helix decollata, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, p. 1247. Bulimus decollatus, Bruc. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 326. —Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 77, f. 60.—FLEMING, Brit. Anim, p- 266.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii, p. 152 (with synonyms). * The B. detritus of Pfeiffer’s monograph is figured in Kenyon’s paper on British Shells, but only as illustrative, not as indigenous. ‘The species was erroneously imagined by Férussac to be the Helix detrita of British writers (Gray). 4 94 HELICIDA. An inhabitant of the South of Europe and Asiatic and African shores of the Mediterranean ; introduced into our Fauna by Dr. Turton from the species having bred in a hot-house in South Devon, into which no foreign mould was known to have been admitted ; the colony is now extinct. B. pura, Linneeus. Helix pupa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1248. Bulimus tuberculatus, Tur. Zool. Journ. vol, ii. p. 363, pl. 13, f. 45 Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 81, 142, f. 64. pupa, L. Prev. Monog. Helic. vol, ii. p. 128 (with synonyms). ” A native of Sicily, Greece, Algiers, de. ; introduced by Dr. Turton as from Worcestershire. B. Guitpineu, Pfeiffer. Bulimus articulatus (not of Lamarck), Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 85, f. 68. Bulinus signatus (not of Wagner in Spix), Sowersy (as of Guilding), Conch. Illust. Bulim. f. 57. Bulimus Guildingii, L. Prute. Symbole, pt. 2, p. 115.— Rexve, Conch. Icon. vol. vy. Bul. pl. 64, f. 445. A West Indian shell, asserted by Turton to have been taken in the vicinity of Penzance, in Cornwall. Mr. J. E. Gray, in his “ Introduction” to Turton’s Manual, considers tt to form but one species with the formosus and cylindrus (which last name has priority) ; in the recent Monograph of the genus, by Reeve, how- ever, the three shells are figured as distinct. J. venrricosus, Draparnaud. Bulimus ventricosus (not Bulla ventricosa, Chemn.), Draparn. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 78, pl. 4, f. 31, 32. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 86, f. 69. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 12, f. 69 (as spurious). 5, ventorsus, L. Prxtr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 215 (with synonyms). A native of the South of France, &e.; introduced into our Fauna by Turton, who evidently mistook a variety of acutus for it as Cornish. His figure appears to be copied from Draparnaud. PUPA. 95 PUPA, LAMARCK. Shell spiral, produced, cylindrical, terminating abruptly and obtusely ; whorls numerous, narrow; mouth oval or lunate in the greater number of species, toothed within ; peristome usually reflexed or thickened. Animal short, stout, acute behind, its upper tentacles developed, its lower ones short or almost obsolete. The very small dimensions, or rather apparent absence, of the lower tentacles in certain Pupe, led to their being constituted into a genus under the name of Vertigo. Our native species are all small shells, some of them minute. P. umprmicata, Draparnaud. Of a shortened cylindrical shape ; wrinkles indistinct; peri- stome broadly and flatly reflected. Plate CX XIX. fig. 7. Turbo cylindraceus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 89, pl. 5, f. 16. Bulimus muscorum, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334 (partly). Turbo s Putt. Hutchins. Dorset, p. 46 (in part).—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 80 (probably).—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 335, pl. 22, f. 3—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 182 (in part). — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 51, pl. 21, f. 16 (pro- bably).—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 220, f. 73. Pupa umbilicata, Drav. Tableaux Moll. p. 58; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p- 62, pl. 3, £39, 40.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 856.—Turvr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 97, f. 78.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 19, pl. 7, f. 78. — Tompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 111. — Macaiiriv. Moll. Aberd. p. 99. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, pl. 18*, f. 39, 39*.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p- 179. — Cuarrent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p- 15. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 15, f. 327.— Brumati, Monfalc. p. 38.— Porro, Malac. p. 66.—Canrrainez, Malac. Med. p. 143.— Puiniprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 114.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 40.— 96 HELICIDA. KUstTer, p. 22, pl. 3, f. 10, 11, 12.— More.er, Moll. Portugal, p. 74.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 329. Helix umbilicata, FGiRrus. Prodrom. 474 (Cochlodonta), Pupa muscorum, FLEMiNG, Brit. Anim. p. 268. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 39 (probably), pl. 18*, f. 38, 38*. Pupilla umbilicata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 64. Eruca 45 Swarnson, Malacology, p. 334. Stomodonta umbilicata, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 53. Pupa bidentata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 39, pl. 14, f. 6 (probably). Shell small, oblong-cylindrical, or subcylindrical, but distinctly tapering, thin, somewhat pellucid, pale olivaceous brown, or fulvous horn-coloured, shining, indistinctly strio- late, and chiefly so near the sutures. Whorls six or seven, rounded, distinctly though gradually enlarging; the last about equal to two-fifths of the entire length; apex more or less blunt. Aperture obliquely semi-oval, nar- rowed, and angular below (or anteriorly), usually (there exists an edentulous variety) provided with a laminated or angular tooth closely adjacent to the junction of the outer lip with the body, and often connected with, and sub- parallel to the former. Peristome broadly and flatly re- flected, especially at the columella, unarmed, white or stained with rufous. Columella longer than the space between it and the outer lip. Base compressed, broadly perforated ; umbilicus bounded by a kind of rib-like fold. Length the ninth of an inch ; breadth the twentieth of an inch. Da Costa, as usual, whilst regarding this species as the muscorwm of Linnzeus, endeavoured to substitute a name of his own selection. In this species and in Pupa anglica, Mr. Alder was first to observe that a spiral ridge or lamina runs around the columella, and another in the centre of the upper side of the whorls, whilst they are crossed by small flat transverse lamine like rudimentary partitions. The structure is not PUPA. 97 present in the adult whorls, and has some relation to the young stage of the animal. The animal is rather stout, with long upper tentacles, and very short but distinct lower ones. Its colour is pale blue, deepening to dark grey on the neck and head. The sides of the foot are steep, and, as well as the sole and tail, very pale and nearly white. This is the commonest of all our native Pupas, occurring everywhere under stones, among moss, on walls, and about hedges, woods, and sand-banks. It is present in all our provinces and outlying islands, and is found high up on mountains, as well as on low grounds, and on the verge of the sea-shore. It is a widely-distributed species, extend- ing throughout Europe and into the north of Africa. P. muscorum, Linneeus. Outer lip margined externally by a strong rib-like callus ; teeth parietal, if any. Plate CX XIX. fig. 8, 9. Turbo muscorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. —Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. p. 61, pl. 123, f. 1076. — Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 878. Helix a, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 105.— Fiérus. Prodr. Moll. p- 475 (Cochlodonta). Bulimus ,, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334 (partly). Pupa marginata, Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 58; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. de France, p. 61, pl. 3, f. 36 to 38. — Fiemina, Brit. Anim. p. 268.— Torr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 98, f. 79. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 196, pl. 7, f. 79. — Mac- GILLIV. Moll. Aberd. p. 99. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 39, pl. 18, f. 33, 34. —C. Pru. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 59, pl. 3, f. 23, 24. Turbo chrysalis, Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 220, Pupa muscorum, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 180. — NiLuson, Moll. Sueciz T. et Fl. p. 49.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 57, pl. 3, f. 17, 18, and pt. 3, p. 61.— Waener, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 165, pl. 235, f. 4109 VOL. IV. oO 98 HELICIDA. to 4112.— Drsu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 405, — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 83> f. 37, and pt. 5, f. 323. — Porro, Malac. p. 62. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 40. — Kistrr, p. 12, pl. 2, f. 1 to 5. — L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 313. Pupa unidentata, C. Pre. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 58, pl. 3, f, 19, 20. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 39, pl. 18*, f. 40 (probably). — CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 15. », bidentata, C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. i. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 21, 22 sis Alea marginata, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 357. — SOWERBY, Conch. Manual, f. 292. Turbo a SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 155. Jaminia muscorum, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meér. vol. iv. p. 89. Pupilla marginata, LEAcH MSS. (cited by Turton). » muscorum, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 84. Torquatella marginata, HED, Isis, 1837, p. 919. Stomodonta sy MeErmeEtT, Moll. Pyren. p. 53. Pupa badia, AvAms, Boston Jl. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 331, pl. 3, f. 18. Shell cylindrical, small, moderately strong, yellowish brown, or chestnut coloured, not much shining, indistinctly striolated. Whorls six or seven, short, a little rounded, well-defined; body about equal to one-third the entire length; apex blunt. Aperture small, nearly semicircular, with generally a small tubercular denticle (there exists an edentulous variety) deeply seated on the body whorl, about half way between the columellar and the outer lip. Peri- stome scarcely reflected ; outer lip not denticulated, simple, margined externally by a strong white rounded callus or rib. Pillar lip somewhat reflected, with a small subumbilicus lying behind it. Columella for the most part shorter than the inner wall of the aperture. Length the ninth of an inch; breadth about half a line. The species is recognised as the original Turbo muscorum by an examination of specimens in the Linnean cabinet. The animal is slenderer than the last, very dark blue black upon the neck, head, and upper tentacles, darker PUPA. 99 lines running along the back from the latter organ. The sides and tail are white, the lower tentacles are very short, appearing only as prominences. This Pupa is widely distributed, though not quite so general as the last. It has been found in every well- searched district. It is, perhaps, especially prolific on calcareous soils, and lives in similar situations with P. umbilicata. P. Aneuica, Férussac. Dextral, not very minute; whorls six or seven, not much rounded ; peristome very thick, flatly reflected ; mouth with five teeth. Plate CX XIX. fig. 6. Vertigo Anglica, F&rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 64. —Turtr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 102, f. 82. — Poriez and Micuaup, Galerie Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 195, pl. 20, f. 1, 2. Turbo Anglicus, GRAY, in Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, f. 12. Pupa ringens, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. xvi. p. 856, 514. » Anglica, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberl. vol. i. p. 33.—Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 195, pl. 7, f- 82. — THomp- son, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 112. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, pl. 18, f. 35, 36.— MoreE.er, Moll. Portugal, p. 75.—L. Prrir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p, 351. Shell small, oblong-cylindraceous, but distinctly tapering above, perforated, moderately strong for its size, obscurely striolate, rather opaque, chocolate brown, with usually a more or less distinct paler band at the base of the body, yet sometimes of an uniform pale horn colour. Whorls six or seven, regularly enlarging but little rounded; the last occupying more than one-third the length of the shell, and compressed at its base in front; suture but little oblique; apex rather obtuse. Aperture resembling in general shape the lobe of the human ear, obtusely rounded, and not much attenuated below; peristome very thick, flatly reflected, more or less tinged with liver colour ; the FOO HELICID®. shelly matter between the two lips on the penult whorl very thinly spread. A somewhat tubercular projection on the inner edge of the outer lip, conjointly with a conspi- cuous curved and remarkably prominent laminar parietal tooth, which is united to the outer lip by a callus, almost isolates a small portion of the aperture; there is a second, but smaller and more deeply-seated parietal lamina, a strong columellar one, a remote inferior palatal one, and a basal denticle, which is very far within the aperture, making in all five teeth. Length very nearly two lines; breadth not quite half that measurement. The animal is described by Mr. Alder (who has given an interesting account of the internal structure of its shell in his Memoir on the Land and Fresh-water shells of Northumberland) as being of a dark lead colour above, white below. This species, though usually regarded as more especially belonging to the North of England districts, is probably a member of our Atlantic fauna, and of southern or south- western origin. Mr. F. D. Lukis finds it in great abun- dance on the south coast of Guernsey; and Mr. W. Thompson records it as occurring in north, south, east, and west of Ireland, though not general. The same active naturalist has found it in the south-west of Scotland. The naturalists of Newcastle have found it in several localities in the Northumberland district, where it occurs in moss, and under stones, but is scarce. It was first taken in the neighbourhood of Scarborough, by Mr. J. S. Miller. PUPA. 101 P,. secatze, Draparnaud. Not minute, dextral ; mouth with seven or eight teeth. Plate CX XIX. fig. 5. Pupa secale, Drav. Tableau Moll. p. 59; Hist. Moll. Terr, et Fluy. France, p. 64, pl. 3, f. 49, 50.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 355.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 177.— C. Pruir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 14. — WAGNER in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 171, pl. 235, f. 4119. — Desu. Encycl. Méth. vol. ii. p. 401.—Kiisrmr, p. 44, pl. 6, £. 3, 4, 5. — RossmAss. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 13, f. 317. — Coarpent, N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 16 (Chondrus).—SoweErsy, Conch. Manual, f. 518.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 42. — Morever, Moll. Portugal, p. 74. — L. Pree. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 341. Turbo juniperi, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 340, pl. 12, f 12.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 182.— Dorset Catalog. p. 51, pl. 19, f. 11*.— Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 219. — Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 877. » cylindricus, Harr. in N. Alpina, vol. ii. p. 212. Chondrus secale, Cuvier, Regne Anim. (ed. Voigt) vol. iii. p. 89. — Harrm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 7, pl. 4.— Harrm. in Neue Alpina (var. a). Helix cylindrica, SruDER in Coxe, Travels. Torquilla secale, SruDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 19.—Firzina. Verz. p. 107, —Beck. Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 86. Felina » Frus, Prodrom. Moll. 488. Jaminea 4, Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. vol. iy. p. 89. Vertigo » TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 101, pl. 7, f. 81. Pupa juniperi, FLeminG. Brit. Anim. p. 268.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 197, pl. 7, f. 81.—Brown, Mlust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, yo WES tie Ue Granaria secale, Hed, Isis, 1837, p. 918. Stomodonta ,, Mermut, Moll, Pyren. p. 51. Shell subeylindrical, but distinctly attenuated above, of a dull brown, or pale chocolate-brown, but little pellucid ; not very thin, with fine oblique longitudinal costellar strix. Whorls from seven to nine, regularly but very gradually enlarging, the upper ones but little convex, the lower more rounded ; last whorl short in proportion, com- 102 HELICIDA. pressed at the base, exhibiting externally near the mouth, in the shape of three or four spiral white lines, the traces of the internal lamine; apex of the spire not particu- larly obtuse. Aperture semi-oblong, rounded below, some- what squared above, not occupying quite one-third the length of the shell, furnished with seven or eight tooth-like folds, of which three are upon the outer lip, with generally a smaller very deep seated one above them, two on the columella, and two are parietal. Of these last, the anterior or lower is the smaller and the deeper seated ; whilst the posterior is large, conspicuous, external, adjacent to, and connected by a callus with the outer lip, and often provided with an additional denticle above it. Peristome white, acute, not broadly expanded, but re- flected over the umbilical chink. Length from a quarter to the third of an inch; breadth not much more than a third that measurement. The animal is rather more elongated than its allies ; it is blackish-brown above, pale beneath ; the lower tentacles are very short. This is in the main a southern species, though found in limestone localities throughout a great part of Eng- land. It occurs in the Channel Islands, is very abundant on the chalky and limestone districts of the south and west of England, and is plentiful on the limestone of Kendal, in Westmoreland ; it is not found in Scotland, nor in Ire- land; it isa widely distributed continental] shell. When young it invests its shell with mud, a coating which usually, but not always, is dispensed with when it arrives at its full growth, PUPA. 103 P. epentuta, Draparnaud. Minute, cylindrical ; wrinkles indistinct ; mouth toothless ; outer lip simple, not reflected. Plate CX XX. fig. 1. Pupa edentula, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 59, pl. 3, f. 28, 29. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 33.— FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 269. — Turron, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 99, pl. 7, f. 80. — Cuanpenr. N. Denks, Schweiz. Ges. Nat. p. 15 (Sphyradium). Helix exigua, SrupER, in Coxe, Travels (teste Hartm.) Vertigo edentula, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 89.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 199, pl. 7, f. 80.— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 113. — Macerntv. Moll. Aberd. p. 101. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 36*.—C, Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 42, pl. 7, f. 28, 29.—Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72.—Porro, Malac. p. 67.—HeELp, in Isis, 1836, p. 277.—RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 28, f. 646. » nitida, FiRuS, Prodrom. Moll. p. 68. Helix Offtonensis, SHEPPARD, Trans, Lin. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 155. Jaminia edentula, Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 89. Turbo edentulus, Woop, Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, Turbo, f. 14 (young). Alea nitida and revoluta, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. pp. 358, 515. Vertigo lepidula, HELD, in Isis, 1837, p. 307. Alea edentula, Brcr, Ind. Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. Stomodonta edentula, Murmert, Moll. Pyren. p. 54. Shell small, more or less perforated, cylindraceous, but tapering towards the apex, very thin, transparent, glossy, of an uniform horn colour, finely and rather indistinctly wrinkled lengthways. | Whorls six or seven, rounded, deeply divided by a but slightly slanting suture, de- cidedly short, the height being considerably less than half the breadth; antepenult whorl often broader than, and always nearly, if not quite, as wide as the penult mouth, quite as long as it is broad, somewhat quadrant-shaped (the pillar being almost at right angles to the parietal portion of the inner lip), usually not occupying more than 104 HELICID®. a fourth of the entire length, and filling rather more than half the basal width, devoid of any teeth or lamine. Lips disunited, the outer one more or less arched, not strength- ened by any external rib or callosity, neither dilated, nor folded back; pillar lip not much curved, oblique at the edge, broadly reflected above. Length rather more than the tenth of an inch. The animal is dark grey above, paler beneath ; its lower tentacles are almost obsolete. It is widely diffused, but local, though occurring in the three kingdoms and in the Isle of Man (T. Hincks). It is found chiefly among grass and dead leaves in woods. Mr. C. C. Babington has observed it in great abundance in Lanarkshire on the under surface of the frond of Aspidia in autumn (Lowe). P. minutissima, Hartmann. Minute, cylindrical ; with distinct close-set raised wrinkles ; mouth edentulous ; outer lip scarcely at all reflected. Plate CXXX. fig. 2. Pupa muscorum, Drap. (not Turbo muscorum of Linn.) Tableau Moll. p. 56 ; Hist. Moll. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 26, 27.—Cuarpernr. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges, Nat. vol. i. p. 15 (Sphyradium).—More er, Moll. Ter. et Fl. Portugal, p. 74. »» minutissima, HARTMANN, Neue Alpina, vol, i. p. 220, pl. 2, f. 5.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 38, pl. 7, f, 12, 138.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 84, f. 38.— Porro, Malacol. p. 62. — Dxsu. in Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 189.—Dupuy. Moll. Gers. p. 39. — Kisrer, pl, 13, f. 27, 28. — L. Pre. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 306. Vertigo cylindrica, Firus. Prodrom. 2.—ALpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. North- umb. vol. i. p. 40; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.— Gray, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 200, pl. 12. f. 140. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 38. Pupu obtusa (not Drap.), FLumine, Brit. Anim. p. 269. PUPA. 105 Alea cylindrica, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 359. Vertigo muscorum, Micuaup, Comp. Draparn. Moll. France, p. 70. » pupula, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 308. Alea minutissima, Beck, Ind. Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. Eruca muscorum, Sw Anson, Malacol. p. 334, Vertigo minutissima, GRAELLS, Cat. Mollus. Espag. p. 7. Stomodonta muscorum, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 55. Shell minute, thin, cylindrical, only slightly lustrous, semitransparent, of an uniform pale yellowish umber co- lour, closely wrinkled lengthways with rather oblique raised lines. Whorls five and a half, short, much rounded, of slow longitudinal increase, deeply divided by a simple and scarcely slanting suture: apex obtuse. Body merely filling about a third of the dorsal length; its basal de- clination more or less abrupt. Mouth unarmed, occupying a fourth only of the ventral length, of a somewhat roundish-oval figure, being bluntly angulated above, rounded and much receding below. Outer lip very narrowly and thinly reflected, not thickened in- ternally, jutting out rather abruptly for a short space, straightish in the middle, arcuated below. Pillar lip sub- trigonal, rather broadly reflected, curved anteriorly, but straightish above, where it runs almost at right angles to the scarcely slanting parietal portion of the inner lip. Umbilical chink conspicuous. Length not one line ; breadth not quite two-fifths of a line. The animal is rather slender, dark and streaked with black on the neck and tentacles, white on the sides and tail. The lower tentacles are almost obsolete. This is one of our rarest British Pupa, though common enough upon the Continent. The first record of it as a native species is the account of it by Dr. Fleming under the name of Pupa obtusa ; to him it was communicated in 1813, from Fifeshire, by Mr. Chalmers, of Kirkaldy. VOL. IV. P 106 HELICIDA. It was not re-discovered for many years, until noticed by Mr. Jeffreys on Durdham downs, near Bristol, and among the debris of Salisbury Crags, at Edinburgh, where it is not rare, by one of the authors of this work. <A specimen was communicated as collected in Skye, by our lamented and talented friend, the late Mr. Macaskill. It is strangely local and confined in its distribution. P. pyemaa, Draparnaud. Dextral, very minute, smooth, or nearly so; whorls five, rounded ; mouth with four or five teeth. Plate CX XX. fig. 4, 5, 6. Pupa pygmea, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 57; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 60, pl. 3, f. 30, 31. — FLemine, Brit. Animals, p. 268. — Lam. Anim. s, Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 190. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 41.—Puiviver, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 221.— L. Prizr, Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 862 Turbo sexdentatus, junr., Mont. Test. Brit. p. 337. Vertigo quinquedentata, and quadridentata, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. Pupa quinquedentata, and pygméa, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219. Helix Isthmia cylindrica, GRAY, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (no descrip- tion). Vertigo pygmea, F&Rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 64.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 103, f. 883.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 201, pl. 7, f. 83.—Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 114.—Browny, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 37. —Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 71.—C. Freie. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. i. p. 72, pl. 3, f. 47, 48. —WaGneER, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 176, pl. 235, f, 4125.—Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p- 18.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p- 29, f. 648.—GrakE zs, Cat. Moll. Esp. p. 7. Alea vulgaris, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 359. Vertigo alpestris, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot, vol. ii. p. 112 (locality only); Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 202, pl. 12, f. 141. Alea pygmea, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. Stomodonta pyymea, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 55. Shell very minute, cylindraceous-subovate, subperfo- PUPA. 107 rated, tolerably strong for its size, smooth, or very nearly so, glossy, a little translucent, fulvous brown. Whorls five, rounded, rather large, increasing with moderate ra- pidity ; spire perceptibly attenuated; apex minute. Aperture scarcely one-third the length of the shell, almost semi-oval, not angularly produced beneath, armed with four or five deeply seated teeth, of which one is parietal and situated half way between the two lips, two are palatal, one columellar, and the fifth, which is very obscure and minute (often, indeed, obsolete), lies at the base of the aperture. Peristome reddish, thickened, re- flected but not broadly expanded, the outer lip very slightly indented ; lips united by a thin callus. The variety alpestris (fig. 6) differs from the more typical form (f. 4) of pygmea, in its somewhat olivaceous yellow or fulvous colouring, its greater transparency, its ‘more elongated cylindrical shape, and somewhat narrower teeth, of which latter four alone are present. The animal is rather stout and very active ; dark grey above, pale below, with stout upper tentacles, and nearly obsolete lower ones which have the aspect of sessile knobs. This little shell is widely distributed, and perhaps the most common of the Pupas of the Vertigo section. It may be taken in numbers by laying a piece of old wood upon the grass at nightfall, and examining it in the morning, when the Pupas will be found adhering under- neath a log. It occurs in all three kingdoms, and in most of the outlying islands. The variety a/pestris occurs in Cumberland and Northumberland, and other northern counties. Mr. Gough observes that at Kendal it is chiefly found on slate. 108 HELICIDA. P. sussrriava, Jeftreys. Dextral, very minute, striated ; whorls much rounded; mouth with six teeth (four alone are easily perceptible) of which two are parietal. Plate CX XX. fig. 3. Turbo seadentatus, Mon’. Test. Brit. p. 337, pl. 12, f. 8 (not young) ; Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn, Soc. vol. viii. p. 183.—Turr. Conch. Diction, p. 221.—Driniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 879. Vertigo sexdentata, TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 84.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 14, f. 8. Pupa 55 Axper, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 34. Alea substriata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 515. Vertigo 4, AxpEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.—Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 202, pl. 7, f. 84. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 114. Pupa mA ApER, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 339.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 363. Vertigo curta, Hxxp, Isis, 1837, p. 304. Shell minute, cylindraceous, or oblong-cylindraceous, somewhat glossy, a little translucent, tawny, or yellowish horn-coloured (more rarely of a pale olivaceous tint), regu- larly striated longitudinally and rather obliquely. Whorls nearly five, well rounded, rather high, enlarging moderately and with tolerable regularity, the penult bulging a little beyond the others; spire obtuse. Aperture rather sinu- ated, obliquely subpyriform, occupying rather less than one- third of the entire length of the shell, slightly expanded and margined, somewhat indented externally a little above the middle, armed. with six deeply seated and mostly pli- ciform teeth, of which two are parietal (lying on the space between the outer and pillar lips), two columellar, and two palatal (or inside the outer lip). Of these, the upper or posterior palatal being very small, and the lower or anterior columellar denticle at times being almost imper- ceptible, four alone are generally visible to lenses of ordi- nary power. Perforation indistinct. PUPA. 109 The animal closely resembles that of the last species. Probably a not uncommon shell, but often overlooked. It was originally noticed in the southern English counties by Mr. Jeffreys who found it near Barnstaple. It occurs in the Northumberland, Westmoreland and Yorkshire dis- tricts, but rarely, and among wet moss. In Ayrshire, in Scotland, and widely distributed in Ireland, though rare (W. Thompson). P, antivertico, Draparnaud. Dextral, minute, smooth ; mouth with from seven to nine teeth and denticles. Plate CX XX. fig. 7. Pupa antivertigo, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 57 ; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 60, pl. 3, f. 32, 33.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 692. — L. Prxrr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p- 361. » vertigo var. «@ and y, Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219. » octodentata, HArTM. do, Vertigo septemdentata, FGirus. Prodr om. Moll. p. 64. — Cuarrent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 18—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. x. p. 28, f. 647. » octodentata, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. » seadentata, C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 71, pl. 3, f. 43, 44. —WaGner, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 175, pl. 235, f. 4124. » antivertigo, MicHaup, Compl. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72. — GRra¥ Ls, Cat. Moll. Esp. p. 7. » pdélustris, Tort. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 104, f. 85.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 204, pl. 7, f. 85. — THomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 114.—Brown, Ilust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 39. Alea palustris, JEFFREYS, Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 360, 516. 5 antivertigo, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. Stomodonta ,, Mermetr, Moll. Pyren. p. 54. Shell minute, ovate-oblong, much shining, dark chestnut brown, or tawny chestnut coloured, smooth, tolerably strong for its size, subumbilicated, well defined. Whorls 110 HELICIDA. five, rather quickly enlarging; the penult more convex than the preceding, and peculiarly large in proportion, being almost equal to the length of the aperture, which latter occupies nearly one-third of the shell; apex obtuse. Mouth somewhat trigonally subcordate, the outer lip being indented by an external sinus which runs parallel to the spire ; with seven deeply seated distinct teeth, and usually two additional denticles, thus distributed: three parietal (or the upper part of the inner lip), three columellar, and three palatal (or on the outer lip), of which the upper palatal, which lies between the indentation and the poste- rior corner, and the lower parietal one are scarcely per- ceptible ; the lower columellar one, which is exactly in the centre of the anterior corner, is likewise smaller than the two above it; the palatal teeth are sublamellar. ~ Peristome slightly expanded, whitish, a little behind which is a broad but rather obscure rib. Base of the aperture produced and angular. Animal blackish-grey ; lower tentacles nearly obsolete. This species was communicated to Dr. Leach as British by Mr. J. E. Gray, who found it on Wimbledon Common, near London, in 1817. It lives in or near marshy places. It is local, but has a wide range. South Wales, on the water flag in marshy ground near Swansea; at Bristol and Bath under ash boughs that have lain long on the ground (Jeffreys) ;. Devon (T. Hincks); Northumberland (Alder); Ayrshire (W. Thompson) ; in localities, both south and north, in Ireland (W. Thompson). PUPA. 1h P. vusmta, Miller. Sinistral, mouth with from six to eight teeth and denticles. Plate CX XX. fig. 8. Vertigo pusilla, MtLuEr, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 124. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 8361, 516.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 205, pl. 7, f. 86. —-Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 115. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 42, pl. 18, f, 41. — Férus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 65. — C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, pl.3, f. 45, 46.—Wacner, Chem. Conch. vol. xii. p. 177, pl. 235, f. 4126. — Micnaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72.— Cuarrrent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Gers. Nat. p. 18.— A. MittyEr, in Wiegm. Archiv. Nat. 1838, pt. 1, p. 211, pl. 4, fig. 5. —Porro, Malac. p. 68. —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 29, f. 649.—Sowerrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 293. Helix vertigo, GMELIN. Syst. Nat. p. 3664. Pupa x5 Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 57; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 61, pl. 3, f. 34, 35. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 191.—H arr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219 (var. B). ‘Turbo vertigo, var. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 365.—Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 183.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 226. Vertigo heterostropha, TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 105, f. 86. Pupa pusilla, L. Pret. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 364. Shell minute, sinistral, of a produced subovate form, transparent, glossy, not distinctly striated, at most only obscurely striolate, somewhat perforated, of an uniform fulvous or pale brownish horn-colour. Whorls five, moderately rounded, well defined; the last compressed at the base, and delicately scrobiculated ‘at the aperture. Spire regularly attenuated; apex rather obtuse. Aperture contracted, semi-oval, rounded beneath, occupying scarcely one-third the length of the shell; peristome thin, whitish, only reflected at the columella, thickened within, and armed with six or seven deeply seated rather solid teeth; of which two (the lower one the larger) are parietal, two are palatal, or on the outer lip (the lower again the larger), and the remainder, of 112 HELICID A. which that near the middle of the pillar is the more con- spicuous, are either columellar or basal. An eighth den- ticle is stated to occasionally exist upon the pillar lip. Animal dark grey above, pale at the sides and foot ; its lower tentacles almost obsolete. It lives among damp moss in wooded places, and is a local species, though not uncommon in the southern and eastern English counties. South Wales (Jeffreys). Mr. Alder records it from Northumberland, and Mr. Gough finds it usually upon slate in Westmoreland. Mr. W. Thompson notes it as very rare in Ireland, having been found only near Belfast by Mr. Hyndman and _ himself, and at Miltown Malbay in Clare by Professor Harvey. P. Venerzu, Charpentier. Sinistral, mouth with less than six teeth or denticles. Plate CX XX. fig. 9. Turbo vertigo, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 363, pl. 12, f 6 (not var. p. 365) copied, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. vili. p. 183 (mot var.) Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 226 (not var.) and Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 880. Vertigo angustior, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p- 361. — ALpzER, Mag. Z. and B, vol. ii. p. 112.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 205.—Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 42, pl. 14, f. 9. Venetzii, CHARPENT. Denks. N. Schweiz. Gesel. p. 18, pl. 2, f. 11. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 30, pl. 49, f. 650. hamata, Hevp. in Isis, 1837, p. 304, probably. » plicata, A. MiLiEer, Wiegm. Archiv. Nat. 1838, pt. 1, p. 210, pl. 4, f.6. Pupa Venetzii, L. Preie. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 364. bb) ” Shell very minute (not being a single line in length), thin, not much shining, reddish fulvous, or pale umber- coloured, closely but not coarsely striate lengthways. Shape oval, swollen below the middle, abruptly and con- siderably contracted at the base, tapering above, with PUPA. 113 convex lateral outlines, to a very blunt apex. Whorls about five in number, rather short, moderately convex, the penult rather large in proportion to the very short body, which latter barely exceeds it in length, and almost immediately slopes downwards with an abrupt but not planulate declination. Suture oblique, simple, well-pro- nounced. Mouth whitish, very small, filling about a third of the ventral length, bluntly triangular (the angles being rounded off ), appearing somewhat heart-shaped from the abrupt stricture which occurs on its outer lip at about two-fifths of the distance from its upper end, and divides the lip, as it were, into a smaller and larger loop. At this contraction, which produces upon the body externally, a broad and conspicuous spiral indentation, and internally a similar rib-like callus, there springs forth a sharp, curved tooth with an upward inclination, which forms nearly a circle with the first of the two laterally com- pressed and nearly equal sized parietal teeth or lamine, with which the almost horizontal top of the aperture is armed. Pillar projecting into the aperture so greatly as to contract it, and presenting the appearance of a single broad and seem- ingly unarmed plate. Outer lip narrowly reflected, not at all prominent above, but slanting towards the axis almost from its commencement. Umbilical crevice indistinct. The name angustior has priority, but the species was not defined under that appellation with sufficient clearness to ensure identification. A rare shell. Near Swansea (Jeffreys); Cork (Hum- phreys fide Jeffreys) ; Miltown Malbay in Clare (Harvey Jide Thompson). Note.—The P. cinerea of Draparnaud, a native of Southern Europe, cited as British by Gray, in the Medical Repository for 1821 (vol. xv. p. 239), was introduced in error, having been intermixed by Dr. Leach with some shells col- lected at Battersea. (Gray, Manual, p. 13.) VOL. IV. Q 114 HELICIDA. BALEA, PripEAux. Shell spiral, produced, many-whorled, elongated, resem- bling a Clausilia, but having no clausium; mouth ovate or sub-pyriform, plicated, usually with one imperfect fold ; its margins unequal ; columella simple or plicated. Animal closely resembling that of Bulimus. The species of this genus are intermediate in aspect between Pupea and Clausilia. From the former they differ in the unequal margins of the mouth. They are few in number, and very dissimilar in aspect. B. rraeiuis, Draparnaud. Plate CX XVIII. fig. 8, 9. Turbo perversus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. — Prnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4. vol. iv. p. 120, pl. 82, f. 116. — Monv. Test. Brit. p. 355, pl. 11, f. 12; Suppl. p. 131.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 181, pl. 5, f. 2.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 51, pl. 19, f. 11.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 226. Bulimus ,, Portrer, Prodr. p. 57. Pupa fragilis, DRAp. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 68, pl..4, f. 4. —C. Prxrr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 56, pl. 3, f. 16. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 178. — Nits. Moll. Suecize Ter. et Fluv. p. 48. — Desu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 406.—Morevet, Moll. Portugal, p. 74. Clausilia parvula, GART. Conch. Wett. p. 22. » fragilis, Stup. Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 20. — Jzerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 351. — Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 215. —Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 7, pl. 1.—C. Preir. Deutsch. L. and S. Moll. pt. 3, p. 62. Odostomia perversa, FLEMING, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 76. Balea fragilis, Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. i. p. 61.— SowErBy, Conch. Manual, f. 296. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 24, f. 636. » perversa, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 271.—Macai iy. p. 104.—PuHuiierr, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 220. — L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 387. » Jragilis, ALDER, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 87, f. 70.—Brown, II]. Conch. G. B. p. 37. BALEA. 115 Clausilia perversa, CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. 1837, p. 17. Fusulus fragilis, Firzinc. Vers. Ostreich Weichth. p. 105. Balea perversa, GRAy, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 207, pl. 6, f. 70. — Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 115. Clausilia uniplicata, CALCARA, Effem. Sc. et Let. Sicil. p. 82. Stomodonta fragilis, MErM. Moll. Pyren. p. 48. Shell small, sinistral, very thin, fusiform-turreted, of a semi-transparent olivaceous or yellowish horn-colour, with a satin-like lustre, slightly roughened by delicate somewhat irregular, and partially obsolete longitudinal raised wrinkles. Whorls from six to nine, moderately convex, strongly defined; the last rounded at the base ; spire turreted ; apex rather acute for the genus. Aperture from angulated pyriform to rounded pear-shaped; outer lip a little areuated. Peristome thin, simple, slightly reflected upon the columella, where it is white, and forms an incipient subumbilicus; margins united in the aged shell by a thin callus, from whence issues a small parietal lamella ; no other folds ; left lip sinuous above. A third of an inch is about the ordinary length of specimens, although some are occasionally obtained five lines long. The animal of this shell reminds us more of the aspect of a Bulimus (especially of B. acutus) than of a Pupa or Clausilia. It is dusky grey above, striped with a mottled dark band on each side of the neck ; these bands become very dark on the rather stout and long clavate upper tentacula, and send branches down to the very short lower tentacula. The foot, sides and tail are very pale grey. When crawling it carries the shell in a line straight away behind it. This shell is widely, if not quite generally distributed throughout the British Isles. It delights more especially in living upon trees, and may be found in numbers often 116 HELICIDA. lodged under the loose bark. It occurs also in walls and under stones. CLAUSILIA, Draparnaup. Shell spiral, produced, elongato-fusiform, almost always sinistrorsal. Aperture elliptic or pear-shaped, always toothed, and closed in its throat by a testaceous elastic folded lamellar valve or clausium. Animal short and usually broad, obtuse behind, with stout clavate upper tentacula, and very small lower ones. The shells of this genus are equally remarkable for the peculiarities of their shape, and for the curious opercular valve, or rather independent process of the shell closing the throat of their apertures. The majority of species are centralized in south-eastern Europe. C. vaminata, Montagu. Large, smooth, or nearly so. Plate CX XVIII. fig. 10. Helix bidens, MLLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 116.—Srurm, Fauna Deutsch. sect. vi. pt. 2, pl. 9. Turbo ,, CHEMN. (not of Lin.) Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 1, p. 119, pl. 112, f, 960, no. 1. — PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. pl. 81 (no numeral).—GMeELIn, Syst. Nat. p. 3609. Bulimus ,, BruGurers, Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 352.—Porrer, Prodr. Cog. T. et Fl. Aisne, p. 57. Turbo perversus, PULTENEY, Hutchins, Dorset. p. 46, in part. ,. laminatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 359, pl. 11, f. 4. —Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 179. — Dorset Catalog. p. 51, pl. 19, f. 9.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 224, f. 70.—Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 874. Pupa bidens, Drar. Tableau Moll. France, p. 61. Clausilia bidens, DRAP. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 68, pl. 4, f. 3 to 7.— Friemine, Brit. Anim. p. 27].— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 212, pl. 5, f. 53. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 37, pl. 14, f. 12, and pl. 18*, f. 24, 25.—Lam. Anim. CLAUSILIA. LAF s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 252. — C. Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 60, pl. 3, f. 25.—Harrm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 217. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. vol. i. p. 76, f. 29; pt. 7, p. 16, f. 461 to 465, 467.— CuarPeEnt. N,. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 17.—Roru, Moll. Orient. p. 20.—Puivirri1, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 118. Helix derugata, Firzus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 529 (Cochlodina). Clausilia derugata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 354. ~ laminata, Turv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 70, f. 53.—Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 35. — J. Prerr. Monog. Helic. yol. ii. p. 397. es lucida, MENKS, Synopsis Moll. ed. 2, p. 129. » wngulata, Brcx, in Pfeif. Symbole, p. 61. Shell fusiform, highly glossy, rather pellucid, of a rufous or brownish horn-colour, rarely of a transparent greenish white, nearly smooth, but a little striated at the base of the last whorl. Whorls ten to twelve, depressed convex ; spire turreted, apex rather obtuse. Suture distinct, not crenated. Aperture ranging from oval-pyriform to roundish oval; peristome whitish, continuous, margined, and a little expanded, but not reflected, subangulated above, rounded below ; parietal or upper plait small and straightish, lower fold strong, prominent, and much curved, no lunella; four deep-seated palatal folds, of which the upper is by far the longer, and the next very short; a very slight umbilical crevice. Fine specimens measure three quarters of an inch in length, and two lines in breadth. Animal of a general brownish yellow hue, dusky on neck and head, with dark lines leading to the stout upper tentacles. Sides mottled with tawny ; foot slenderer than usual in this genus, but obtuse and expanded behind. This handsome land-shell delights in living among the dead leaves of beech wood, and crawls up the trunk of the beech, a tree which, as remarked to us by Mr. Webster, 118 HELICIDA. is a favourite resort of numerous mollusks such as Limax arborum, Helix lapicida, and other species, Balea and Clausilia; these do not seem tempted merely by the smoothness of the beech, for they reject the sycamore and ash growing in the same woods. Clausilia laminata is in the main a south British form, though found in various districts of both South and North of England, extending from the Channel counties to Northumberland. In Ireland it is rare and local, as at Cavan (T. W. Warren), and Florence Court, in Enniskillen (W. Thompson). C. srericata, Montagu. Greyish brown, ventricose, often with whitish streaks ; the raised striz neither crowded nor granular : mouth with only two plaits. Plate CX XIX. fig. 4. Helix perversa, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluv. p. 118 ? Turbo biplicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 361, pl. 11, f. 5. — Marton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 179.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p- 224.—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 874. Clausilia plicata, Girt. Wetteran Conch. p. 22. a » var. b, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 217. » perversa, C. Perrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, pl. 3, f, 28, » ventricosa, C. Prxir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, pl. 3, f. 29. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 354.— Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. pt. 2, p. 251. » biplicata, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 61, pl. 3, f. 27.—FLEeminG, Brit. Animals, p. 271.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 72, f. 55.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 214, pl. 5, f. 55. — Brown, Ill, Conch. G. B. p. 88.—Forst. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. p. 277, pl. 58, f. 8—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii..p. 469. Odostomia 4, Fuemine, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. Clausilia similis, Montagui, Gray, Annals Philos. 1825, p. 413 (name only). 5 55 CHARPENT. in Rossm. Iconog. pt. 1, p. 77, f. 30; pt. 7, p. 17, f. 168; pt. 11, p. 7, f. 705, 706. — Cuarpent. Cat. Moll. Suisse, p. 17.—Rorn, Moll. It. Orient. p. 20.—RossmAss-. Iconog. pt. 7, p. 17, f. 469. vivipara, HELD. in Isis, 1837, p. 319. CLAUSILIA. 119 Clausilia cordata, Forsr. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 269, pl. 58, f. 1. = vulnerata, Forst. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 270, pl. 58, foros - infuleformis, Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 272, pl. 58, f. 3. = radicans, Forsr. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 273, pl. 58, f, 4. = rostrata, Forsr. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 274, pl. 58, rp vie ¥ quadrata, Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 275, pl. 58, f. 6. Shell fusiform, not very strong, a little transparent, greyish-brown, occasionally streaked with linear whitish or cinereous longitudinal markings, with distinct and numerous well-raised fine costelle, which become rather distant near the mouth, and are neither crowded nor at all granulated. Whorls about twelve, rather flat, but well defined by a profound suture; the last whorl with the basal crest, or external fold, prominent; spire rather quickly attenuated, apex moderately blunt. Aperture subpyriform-oval, or oboval, canaliculated at the base ; peristome continuous, whitish, raised all round, expanded, slightiy produced, sublabiated, the outer lip not simply arcuated, but subangulated below. Upper lamella very distinct, submarginal, nearly adjacent to the outer lip; lower lamella more deeply seated, approaching the pre- ceding as it recedes inwards, not lying low down in the aperture. Lunella, or inner basal lamina thin, but distinct when the shell is held up to the light, as likewise are the two inwardly converging thread-like palatal folds, of which the second, which lies about the middle of the outer lip, is the shorter and stronger. Occasionally two additional minute, short laminar denticles intervene between the folds upon the pillar lip. Usually two-thirds of an inch long, but occasionally three-quarters, 126 HELICIDA. Animal dark-grey. This is a southern species. It occurs around London, and was stated by Miller to exist in the neighbourhood of Bristol. C. puicatuta, Draparnaud. Plate CXXIX. fig. 3. Clausilia plicatula, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 72, pl. 4, f. 17, 18. — Friemine, Brit. Anim. p. 272.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 8353.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll, pt. 1, p. 64, pl. 3, f. 31.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 201.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 79, f. 32; pt. 7, p. 18, f. 471 to 475. —Forst. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. pt. 2, p. 276, pl. 58, f. 7.—L. Pprir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 481. Furbo conversus, ALTEN, Erd und Fliissconch. Augsburg, p. 18, pl. 2, f. 3. Clausilia corrugata ? GArtn. Conch, Wetteran, p. 21. Iphigenia Rolphii, GRAY, Medical Repository, 182] (no description.) Rolphii, Gray, Annals Philos. 1825, p, 413 (no description). — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 71 (ed. Gray), p. 215,f. 54. —Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 38, pl. 18, f. 31. Stomodonta plicatula, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 47. ” ” Shell subcylindraceous fusiform, neither slender nor much elongated (often, indeed, abbreviated), nor transparent, moderately strong, subrimate, umber, or of a reddish chocolate brown, not variegated ; costellar strize close (yet slightly wider than their intervals, which are not appa- rently striated across), fine, only slightly raised. _Whorls ten to thirteen, not particularly convex; spire regularly tapering; apex not peculiarly blunt. Mouth rounded, pear-shaped ; peristome continuous, slightly raised (the edge not appressed above), dilated, and somewhat reflected throughout. Parietal, or upper lamella prominent, reach- ing the edge; pillar fold, or lower lamella, projecting, yet not advancing to the margin; space between the principal folds set with two or three smaller marginal ones; lunella CLAUSILIA. TOE and subcolumellar fold, for the most part, tolerably evi- dent ; a single posterior (subsutural) palatal ridge. Ordi- nary size three-fifths by a full eighth of an inch; but sometimes larger. The animal is very short, thick, and broad, rugosely granulated, of a dead dusky blackish grey, the dark colour broken up into lines and squarish spots as it approaches the paler margin of the foot. Sole of the foot greyish- white, tail broad, linguiform. Upper tentacles stout and clavate, black ; lower ones extremely short, paler. When at rest and protruded, it carries its upper tentacles nearly erect. This description is drawn up from some living examples communicated by our talented friend Mr. W. Thomson, of King’s College. This rare species was first discovered in Britain by Mr. Rolph, who found it in Charlton Wood, Kent. It occurs in other Kentish localities. Hastings, Sussex (Gray) ; Hampshire; Dovedale in the Marsh, Gloucestershire (Beevor, Jeffreys). C. niagricans, Maton and Rackett. Slender, chocolate brown: the raised strie crowded, fine, sub- granular ; mouth small, with three plaits. Plate CX XIX. fig. 1, 2. Strombiformis perversa, young, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 187.* Turbo perversus, PULTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46, in part.— Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. p. 72. »» bidens, (not Linn.) Monv. Test. Brit. p. 357, pl. 11, f. 7. * The shell which Da Costa describes as the adult state of this species appears distinct, and if indigenous, was probably one of our larger corrugated species. He states that it differs from the young in being double or treble the size, with coarser strie, and proportionably stronger in its several parts: he further states, that most have eleven or twelve turns, and some are bidentated, and that the much reflected VOL. IV. R 122 HELICIDA. Clausilia dubia, (A VARIETY) Drapv. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 70, pl. 4, f. 10 2—Auper, Trans. Northumb. yol. ii. p. 339. —Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 216, pl. 12, f. 1483. — Desu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 209? Turbo nigricans, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. viii. p. 180,—Monr. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 181.—Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 51, pl. 19, f, 10.—Turvr. Conch. Diction. p. 225.—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 375. Odostomia nigricans, FLEMING, Ed. Encyel. vol. yii. pt. 1, p. 76. Clausilia roscida, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 20. cruciala, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 20.— CuHarrent. Moll. Suisse, p. 17, pl. 2, f. 9? plicatula, var. b2 and d, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 216. Everettii, Minter, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822) p. 377 (teste Jeffreys, Gray, &c.). perversa, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 271. nigricans, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 351, -— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 116.— Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 217, pl. 5, f. 58. — L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 476. parvula (A vaRIETY), Turt. Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 566; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 75, f. 59.—Jurrreys, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 352, 513. crasula, Poriez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 180, pl. 18, £9 U0ie rugosa, C. Prrtr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, pl. 3, f. 30.—Tourr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 74, f. 58.— AxpER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 111.—Brown, Ilust. Conch. G. B. p. 38. —Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. p: 279, pl. 58; £1.92 obtusa, C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, f, 33, 34. ” Shell cylindraceous-fusiform, usually slender, strong, nearly opaque, with a satin-like lustre, chocolate brown, with, for the most part, short irregular whitish, or ash- coloured streaks or spots; whorls, from seven to eleven (usually ten), in number, flattish, or only moderately outer lip is flat, thick, milk-white, and very broad. From this last character it has been conjectured that it was identical with the Turbo labiatus of Montagu, but the figures given by the two writers are dissimilar ; perhaps, however, Da Costa’s (Brit. Conch. pl. 5, f.15, copied as pl. 21, f. 15, in the Dorset Catalogue), although from its rudeness it is impossible to pronounce with certainty upon it, was drawn from our nigricans, and enlarged to the size of the supposed adult. CLAUSILIA. 123 convex, crowded with fine longitudinal raised strize, which assume a somewhat granulated appearance under the lens, from being closely decussated by almost obsolete spiral lines ; last whorl much contracted near its base, and some- what scrobiculated by the hollows on either side of the rather prominent basal fold ; spire perceptibly attenuated ; apex but little obtuse. Aperture small, pyriform, rather elongated than otherwise, occasionally subcanaliculated at the base ; peristome of a whitish or pale brownish hue, rather strong, elevated, continuous, not broadly reflected. Upper lamina of the pillar-lip, acute, prominent, and near the outer lip; lower lamina more deeply seated, bifur- cated ; an occasional intermediate minute fold. <A distinct lunella or basal fold, a sunken subcolumellar one, a narrow superior palatal one, and sometimes a second running trans- versely from the palatal callus. Scareely half an inch long. Variety dubia (f. 2). Larger, more ventricose anteriorly, brownish ; the lunella and subcolumellar fold more or less obsolete. The animal is rather elongated for its genus, the foot being narrower than in allied forms. It is dark grey, rather mottled and rugose above, paler about the foot and tail. The upper tentacles are stout and clavate, the lower ones very short. This is a universally diffused British and Irish shell, living under stones, on walls, and occasionally in crevices of trees. On chalk downs the smaller variety is common. The large form, dubia, is well known in the north-east of England. Like many other widely distributed land-shells, it is subject to great variation, and has been split up by Continental authors into several spurious species. 124 HELICID. SPURIOUS.* C. siwens, Linneus. Turbo bidens, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. Pun. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p- 46, from type—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol, viii. p. 178, pl. 5, f. 3.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 224. Clausilia papillaris, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 71, pl. 4, f. 13. > bidens, TuRT. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 73, f. 56. A common species in the South of Europe. Pulteney, whose specimen was figured in the “ Linnean Transactions,” mentions i as a Dorset species, but this locality has never been trusted to. For the foreign synonymy see “ Monographia Heliceorum,” vol. ti. p. 453 (Cl. bidens). C. vasiata, Montagu. Turbo labiatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 362, pl. 11, f6.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. viii. p. 180.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. p- 51. — Turr. Conch, Diction., p. 225.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 875. Odostomia labiata, FLEMING, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. Clausilia Pa FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 272.— Jerrreys, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xyi. p. 323, 513.— Tur. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 74, f. 57. Shell fusiform, not slender, nor cylindrical, but much attenu- ated above, and a little swollen at the penult and antepenult volutions ; more or less strong, not variegated, ash-coloured, with extremely fine and numerous raised longitudinal threads that are narrower than their intervals. Whorls nine, flattish, rather broad; the apical coils rounded and smooth. Mouth large, broadly and somewhat squarely oval, the cavity itself obliquely subpyriform: the peritreme free, white, strong, and broadly reflected all round. * The drawing of C. solida, in Kenyon’s paper on British Shells (Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 426, f. 183, m), is merely illustrative, and not avowedly taken from a British specimen. Similarly, the rude representation (fig. 183, /) of what is termed the C. ventricosu of Draparnaud, is merely given from Mr. Kenyon’s belief that it is identical with our biplicata. ZUA. LS Lamellz close, acute, approaching each other internally, the oblique one deep-seated, high up : two posterior palatal threads ; a thick subcolumellar fold. Length two-thirds of an inch, breadth a line and two-thirds. An exotic (? from Malta or the Grecian Archipelago) species, introduced by Montagu, on the authority of a Mr. Swainson, who supposed rt identical with some shells he had seen taken from Hyde Park and Battersea Fields. Our description is taken from Turton’s exanrple. ZUA. LeEacu. Shell spiral, cylindrical, elongate-ovate, smooth, and shining with a vitreous lustre, derived from the polished epidermis. Mouth ovate, peristome entire, simple, thick- ened, but not reflected. Columella imperforate. Animal closely resembling that of /ediv, and having a similar dentition; the central denticle of each series is very minute. The brilliant little shells composing this group, have a peculiarity of habit which entitles them to be kept generically apart from Bulimus as much as Pupa or Balea. Comparatively few species have, as yet, been met with. They represent (in conjunction with the next genus) the Pupine among the Cyclostomide. Z. ctusrica, Miller. Plate CX XV. fig. 8, and (animal), Plate G.G.G. fig. 5. Helix lubrica, MLLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 104.— Monz. Test. Brit. p. 390, pl. 22, f. 6.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. vili. p- 213, pl. 5, f. 12.—Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 21, f. 18.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 64.—F&rus. Prodr. 374 (Cochlicopa). »» subcylindrica, CuEMN. Conch. Cab, vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 167, pl. 135, f. 1235,— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 952. » splendidula, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3655. Turbo muscorum, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. pl. 82, f. 118? Bulimus lubricus, Bruc. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 311. — FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 265.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 82, 126 HELICIDA. f. 65.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 110. — Maceiuv. Moll. Aberd. p. 97. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 75, pl. 4, f. 24.—Lam. Anim. S. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 237.— Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 4, pl. 14.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 17, p. 50, pl. 3, f. 7.— Krynickt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. vi. p. 14.—GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 193, f. 124.—Morexer, Moll. Portugal, p- 73. Bulinus lubricus, HAarrM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222.— Sowxrpy, Conch. Manual, f, 285. Cochlicopa lubrica, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 80. Cionella » JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 347, 513. Achatina » MeEnk®&, Synopsis Moll. ed. 2, p. 29.— AutpER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 210.—MicHaup, Comp. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 51.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. vol. i. p. 88, f. 48.—Brumarti, Monfalcone, p. 30.— Puuiprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 115. Columna » JAN, Catal. p. 5. Styloides lubricus, Firzinc. Syst. Verz. p. 105. Zua lubrica, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 188, pl. 6, f. 65. Shell elongated oblong, the lower portion (extremity excepted) subcylindrical, the upper portion rather slowly tapering to a very blunt and depressed apex ; rather thin, smooth, highly polished, transparent, wholly of a brownish umber, or of a smoky horn-colour (more rarely greenish white). Whorls six, regularly convex, or even a little rounded, of not very rapid increase, divided by a fine yet distinct and moderately slanting suture ; penult turn rarely twice as broad as high, quite as broad, and rather large in proportion to the body, which fills about three- sevenths only of the dorsal length, is narrow, not at all ventricose, has a gradual convex basal declination, and tapers early to a bluntly rounded extremity. Mouth small, only filling about a fifth of the ventral area, and scarcely a third of the total length; of a somewhat lanceolate-oval form, being acutely angulated above, de- void of sculpture. Outer lip regularly areuated, but little AZECA. 137 prominent, especially anteriorly, not expanded nor reflected, but thickened within by a narrow callus, usually reddish or claret colour. Pillar lip narrow, a little strengthened, short, very slightly twisted, most indistinctly subtruncated below. No umbilical chmk. Length, a quarter of an inch ; breadth, rather more than a line. The animal is thick and short, of a general lead-blue hue, darker on the neck and tentacula. The upper ten- tacles are. stout and clavate, the lower ones very short. The foot is acute and short posteriorly, not reaching beyond the bound of the second whorl. A very common and pretty little shell, plentiful under stones, and among fallen leaves, in both moist and dry places, in all parts of the British Isles. It ascends to a considerable elevation among mountains. It has a very wide range throughout Europe. Note—The Buccinum obtusulum of authors (Monv. Test. Brit. p. 250; Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. p. 140; Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 18; Fremine, Brit. Anim. p. 344; Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 4, pl. 4, f. 18) is derived solely from a wretched drawing (f. 59) in Walker’s “ Testacea Minuta,” which may possibly be intended for the fry of this species. AZECA. LeEacu. Shell spiral, cylindrical, elongate-ovate, smooth, and shining with a vitreous lustre, derived from the polished epidermis. Mouth ovate, peristome entire, toothed, thickened but not reflected. Columella imperforate. Animal like that of Zua. This genus is so nearly allied to the last, that it might with convenience be regarded as a subdivision of it. Practically, its characters are easily recognized. The denticulated (and as if ringent aperture) of the shell con- spicuously distinguishes it. 128 HELICIDA. A. rrivens, Pulteney. Plate CX XV. fig. 9. Turbo tridens, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.— Monrv. Test. Brit. p- 338, pl. 11, f. 2; Suppl. p. 125.—Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 181.—Dorset Catalog. p. 51, pl. 19, f. 12. — Laskey, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. i. p. 406, pl. 8, f. 11.— Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 219. Helix Goodallii, Finus. Prodrom. 492, ter. (Cochlodonta). Carychium Menkeanum, C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 70, pl. 3, f. 42. Pupa Menkeana, C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 62, pl. 7,f.7,8. Azeca tridens, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 269.—ALpErR, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 32.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 189, pl. 5, f. 52.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 42, pl. 14, f. 2.—Sowerrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 290. Pupa Britannica, Kenyon, Mag. Nat. vol. i. p. 426, f. 162, n. Carychium politum, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 365. Azeca Matoni, Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 68, f. 52.— Vina, Syst. Disp. p. 20. Cionella Goodallii, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 517. Pupa 5 Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 68, pl. 15, f. 39, 40. —Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 193. Azeca Goodallii, ALDER, Mag. Zoo]. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 110. Achatina 4, RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 33, f. 654. =. tridens, L. PrEir. Zeitschrift Malacozool. 1846, p. 152; Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 277. Shell of a narrow chrysalis shape, being elongated- oblong, subcylindrical in the middle, and tapering at the blunted extremities, suddenly so below, gradually so above ; tolerably firm, but more or less translucent, highly polished, fulvous or reddish tawny horn-colour (rarely of a greenish white), smooth, excepting a few longitudinal wrinkles towards the not-strongly defined simple suture. Whorls seven or eight, merely but equably convex ; the earlier ones very short and of a slow longitudinal increase ; the penult longer; the body short (not much more than half as long as the spire), not at all ventricose, but attenuating immediately with a gradual but decidedly convex declin- AZECA. 129 ation to a rounded extremity. Mouth remarkably small, usually filling only an eighth of the ventral surface, not at all projecting, but leaning rather to the left, obliquely sub- trigonal pear-shaped. Peristome rendered entire by a pale callous rim (that is raised at its edge, excepting at the slightly sinuated upper end of the outer lip), armed internally with a moderate-sized tooth in the middle of the outer lip, a solid blunt one at the anterior end of the pillar, and a projecting lamella or laterally pinched tooth on the parietal portion of the inner lip (just above and sloping towards the opposite labral one); two den- ticles are also for the most part present, one immediately over the lamella, the other half way between it and the columellar tooth. No umbilical crevice. Length, a quarter of an inch; breadth, a little more than a third of the length. In a variety there is a strong additional tooth in the throat beneath the labral one, and one or two more palatal teeth are sometimes visible. The animal is very dark in colour, nearly black above, and resembles closely that of Zua lubrica. This pretty shell, though scarce and local, is, neverthe- less, widely distributed in England, ranging from the southern counties to Northumberland, and occurring, for the most part, in wooded districts, where it is found among moss. It lives in company with the preceding species, but is found much more sparingly. Where it occurs, it is quite as plentiful in the north as in the south, but appears to be rare in the south-west. It is probably most abundant in the northern English counties, whence it may extend into the southernmost Scotch counties, but soon reaches its limits. It does not occur in the Isle of Man nor in Ireland. It is widely distributed on the Continent. VOL. IV. s 130 HELICIDA. ACHATINA. Lamarck. Shell spiral, ovate or elongated, turreted, invested with an epidermis, which is frequently (in exotic species) co- loured, but not polished and shining. Mouth ovate or elongated, canaliculated below in consequence of the trun- cation of the pillar-lip ; peristome simple, never reflected. Animal closely resembling that of the Bulimus. Some of the largest of known land-shells belong to this extensive, though somewhat artificially composed, genus. They are mostly tropical, and often as remarkable for beauty of colouring as for size. In Britain we possess only a single, and that diminutive representative. A. acitcuta, Miller. Plate CX XVIII. fig. 4. Buccinum acicula, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 150. — Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 652. Bulimus » BruGurereE, Encycl. Méth. vol.i. p.311.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 75, pl. 4, f. 25, 26.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. p. 51, pl. 3, f. 8, 9.— CuarpEnr. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. yol. i. p. 13 (Polyphemus). Helix octona, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3653. Buccinum terrestre, Mon’. Test. Brit. p. 248, pl. 8, f. 3. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe, vol, viii. p. 189.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 18. Helix acicula, SrupER in Coxe, Travels (Hartm.).— Férus. Prodrom. 371 (Cochlicopa). Achatina ,, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 304. — FLeminc, Brit. Animals, p. 267. —'Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 89, f. 71.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 191, pl. 6, f. 77.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, pl. 18, f. 12. Puiippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 142, pl. 8, f. 25; vol. ii. p. 115. —CANTRAINE, Malac. Med. p. 138. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 35, f. 658. — L. Preir. Monog. Helic. yol. ii. p. 274. Bulinus ,, Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222. ACHATINA. [32 Acicula eburnea, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iy. p. 81. Cionella acicula, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xvi. p. 348. Columna ,, JAN, Catal. p. 4. Styloidis ,, Frrzincer, Syst. Vers, p. 105. Acicula » Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 79. Polyphemus,, Vitwa, Disp. Syst. p. 20.—GRaAxLzS, Cat. Moluscos Ter. p. 7. Cecilioides ,, Bucx, Amtl. Ber. Vers in Kiel (1846), p. 122. Shell small, slender, turreted-cylindraceous, being a little attenuated below, and gradually tapering above to a very blunt and rounded apex; uniform white, perfectly smooth and shining, very fragile. Whorls six, merely convex, often indeed but slightly so, bemg more or less flattened in the middle, of rather irregular increase, the apical coil being somewhat bulbiform, and the penult volution abruptly elongated. Body filling two-fifths of the dorsal length ; its basal declination rounded, but not sudden. Suture simple, profound, moderately slanting, often appearing marginated, from the transparency of the shell. Mouth lanceolate, devoid of sculpture, not filling two-fifths of the ventral length. Outer lip simple, acute, not prominent, arcuated below, barely convex above. Pillar curved, narrowly truncated at the extremity; the lip appressly reflected: no vestige of an umbilicus. Length a fifth of an inch, nearly quadruple its breadth. The animal is white; its foot is acute behind. The upper tentacula are said to be deprived of eyes. This pretty but minute mollusk lives at the roots of grass, and apparently prefers moist places, though the dead shells are found in many localities rather plenti- fully ; living specimens are comparatively rarely to be met with. In many places, where it is plentiful, it must be regarded as subfossil, and like Suwecinea oblonga appears to have abounded in Britain, towards and after the close of the tertiary epoch. It is distributed at present, though 132 HELICIDA. sparingly, throughout England, and ceases probably in the south of Scotland. It is not found in the Isle of Man. In Ireland it is found in the neighbourhood of Dublin (Mr. Hopkins), and other localities, but is scarce. It is widely diffused on the Continent. SUCCINEA. Draparnaup. Shell spiral, ovate, oblong, or rounded, thin and trans- lucent ; body whorl very large, imperforate, covered with a corneous epidermis. Mouth ovate or oblong, oblique ; peristome thin, disunited. Animal bulky, head with four tentacles, the upper ones stout and inflated, the lower ones very short. Foot very large. Dentition intermediate in character between Helix and Vitrina. The shells of the amber-snails resemble Lymnei in shape; the animal however is very different. Species of this genus are found, for the most part in damp and wet places, all over the world, and bear so close a resemblance to each other, that it is very difficult to pronounce with certainty on the distinctness of many of them. S. purris, Linneus. Spire small, aperture oblique. Plate CKXXI. fig. 1—5. Helix putris, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 376, pl. 16, f. 4. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 168, f. 1. — Dorset Catalog. p. 56, pl. 18, f. 19.— Get. Syst. Nat. p. 3659, — SrurM, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 1, pl. 16.—F rus. Prodrom. Moll. 9; Hist. Moll. pl. 11, f. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 (Cochlohydra). » suecinea, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 97.—Turz. Conch, Diction. p. 67. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 218. — CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 178, pl. 135, f. 1248. SUCCINEA. 133 Bulimus succineus, BRUGUIERE, Encyclop. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 308. 4, limosa, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset. App. p. 48.—DiLiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 966. Suecinea amphibia, DRAPARN. Tableau Moll. p. 55; Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 58, pl. 3, f. 22, 23.—Turr. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 91, f. 73. — Cooper, Mag. N. H. (ed. Charles- worth) vol. ii. p. 477, partly. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 35, pl. 15, f. 41, 42.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 316.— C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 67, pl. 3, f. 36, 37, 38; pt. 3, p. 55. —Brainy. Manual Malacol. p. 455, pl. 38, f. 4. —DEsuH. Annales Sc. Nat. xxii. p. 345 (anatomy).—RossmMAsst. Tconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 9], f. 45.— CuHarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. i. (1837) p. 4. —Swarns. Malae. p. 328, f. 96.—Sowxrsy, Conch. Man. f. 265.— REEVE, Conch. Systemat. vol. ii. pl. 180, f. 3.— Purippt, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 102.— Morexet, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 52, pl. 5, f. 2. Tapada putris, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 11. Amphibina ,, Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 247. Lymnea succinea, FLEMING, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. Succinea putris, FLEMING, Brit. Anim, p. 267 (not var.).—Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 178, f. 73. — Maceituiv. Moll. Aberd. p- 95 (not var.).—L. Prerr Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 514 VARIETY, gracilis. Succinea amphibia, NILLsoN, Moll. Sueciz, Ter. et Fluv. p. 41. a i var, B. Cooper, Mag. Nat. Hist. (ed. Charlesworth) vol. ii. p- 477, in part.—Purirpt, Moll, Sicil. vol. i. p. 142. Helix putris, var, Firxus. Hist. Moll, Ter. et Flav. pl. 11, f. 13 (Cochlohydra). Succinea oblonga, LEAcH (not Drap.) in Turton, Man. Land and F. W. Shells, p. 92, pl. 4, f. 74.—Buan, in Trans. Soc. Nat. Hist. North- umb. vol. i. p. 31. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. pl. 18, f. 21. Aimphibulina putris, var. HARTM. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna. sect. vi. pt. 8, pl. 6, 7. Succinea Pfeiffert, RossMAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 92, f. 46. Gray, Manual.—Puiirri, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 102. — L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 515. ». Levantina, Desu. Expéd. Scient. Morée, Mollusq. p. 170, pl. 19, f. 25, 26,27.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 317. —CantTrRAINE, Mém. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii., and Malac, Méditer. p. 154. » gracilis, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106; Trans. Soc. Nat. Hist. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 389.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 35, pl. 15, f. 34, 35, and var. pl. 18, f. 22, 23. » putris, var. gracilis, Maceiruiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 96. (34 HELICID®. We are induced, by the examination of a large number of examples, collected from various and remote localities, and more particularly by the interesting series kindly communicated to us by Mr. Alder, to re-unite the S. Pfeifieri to this species. It is easy to pick out certain individuals, which unite in themselves all the peculiarities of character from which the variety (for such we hold it) has been regarded as specifically distinct, but a still larger proportion of specimens exist, which, from their mixed characteristics, can be assigned with certainty to neither form; and these connecting links (not mere hybrids, but living in separate little communities) forbid, as we con- ceive, any essential separation of the forms of common Succinea. The shell is very thin, pellucid, glossy or lustrous, and of an uniform tint that ranges from rufous orange, through amber and yellow to pale straw colour. The shape varies from ovate-conic or oval-acute to narrow oblong conic: the surface exhibits neither folds, spiral sculpture, nor reticula- tions, but is more or less manifestly marked with crowded wrinkles of increase. The whorls, whose apex is small, but not acute, are from three to three and a half in num- ber, of rapid longitudinal increase, taper above, rounded below; and in the more produced or slender form, are for the most part planulate or even a little subretuse beneath the strongly pronounced suture, which latter, by the amount of its obliquity and occasional final deflection, modifies greatly the general contour; the slant is least in short- spired ventricose examples. Five-sevenths of the dorsal length, sometimes even four-fifths, more rarely only three- fifths, are occupied by the body-whorl, whose basal decli- nation is more or less rounded and gradual. The aper- ture, which is contracted above, and broadly rounded SUCCINEA. 5 below, ranges from ovate to elongated ovate according to the general shape ; it is moderately large for the genus, fill- ing from half to at most two-fifths of the ventral area. The outer lip does not project abruptly above, and is more arcuated below than above. The pillar lip in the broader examples is moderately arcuated, in the narrower ones is more frequently straightish. Large individuals attain to three quarters of an inch in length. The form amphibia is oval, more or less swollen, and of a more pallid and less rufous yellow than in the succeed- ing variety. Its whorls are typically much rounded ; its suture not peculiarly oblique; and its spire never elon- gated. The mouth is ovate, fills about two-thirds of the length, and does not recede much at the anterior extre- mity. The pillar is more or less curved. In the slender and often compressed Pfeiferi the shape is oblong-conic ; the growth, as indicated by the slanting suture, very oblique; and the colouring, though occasion- ally dirty yellow, oftentimes reddish amber. The whorls (barely three in number) are never ventricose, are flattened above, and rounded below ; their apex is peculiarly minute. The aperture is much elongated, and recedes considerably below : the inner lip is more or less straight. In the variety intermedia, whose aspect presents the modified peculiarities of either of the preceding extreme forms, there are three and a half coils, so that the spire is occasionally more elongated in proportion than in Pfeiferi or amphibia. The animal of the form amphibia is usually pale and often of a yellowish hue, mottled with dusky, and striped darkly down the centre of the neck ; the tentacula are very stout at their bases, and very pale ; the tail is obtuse and expanded. That of the form gracilis is usually much 136 HELICIDA. darker, often bluish black on the neck and sides, with paler foot, tail, and tentacula. Mr. Spence Bate thinks that he has made out some differences in the shapes of the lingual teeth. The animal of the intermediate form is often of a hyaline violet hue, or greenish. All the varieties live in wet places, among herbage on the banks of rivers, and by the side of pools and lakes. ‘They seem to be distributed indifferently throughout the British islands. Our friend, Mr. Pickering, who has paid much attention to the distine- tive features and habits of British land and freshwater shells remarks on some specimens of the two leading varie- ties taken in the neighbourhood of Hoddesdon, Herts, that putris occurs ‘‘on the grass in damp meadows ; gracilis, on aquatic plants and mud by the sides of streams and ditches ; the former may occasionally be met with in the same situations as the latter, but I have never met with gracilis in those in which pufris is usually found, i.¢., in damp meadows. The difference of habitat and the widely different form and character of the two shells induce me to consider them as distinct species, having the same affinity to each other as Limneus auricularius and pereger. Ihave frequently met with gracilis on the plants growing in brackish water in which Assiminea and Rissoa congregate, but never amphibia.” Mr. William Thomson informs us that he finds the slender variety on the stems and leaves of plants at Battersea, which are immersed at every tide. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux observes that the young of Succinea putris attain their majority by the end of their first year. The eggs are globular, yellowish and hyaline, and are found adhering to plants and stones in agglutinated masses. SUCCINEA. toe S. opronea, Draparnaud. Acutely ovate, with ventricose whorls, prominent spine and obovate scarcely oblique aperture. Plate CX XXI. fig. 6, 7. Succinea oblonga, Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 56; Hist. Moll. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 24, 25. —Jrrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 325, 505. — Axper, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106.—Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 317. —C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 68, pl. 3, f. 39; pt. 3, p. 56. —Desu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 20. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 92, f. 47. — CuarpEnT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 3.— L, Prerr. Monog. Helic, vol. ii. p. 516. Helix elongata, F Hrus. Prodr. Moll. 10; Hist. Moll. pl. 11, f. 1, 2 (Cochlohydra). Amphibina oblonga, HARTM. in Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 248. Amphibulina ,, Harr. in Sturm. Deutschl. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 8, pl. 8, 9. Succinea arenaria, BoucHARD-CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. d’Ag. de Boulogne, 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 190.— Porrez and Micuaup, Galerie Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 67, pl. 11, f. 3, 4. Shell acutely ovate, scarcely if at all oblique, thin but not peculiarly so, not much shining externally, pellucid, with inconspicuous crowded striule, but without distinct foldlike wrinkles, of a reddish horn or rufous amber colour, sometimes pale and whitish. Whorls three and a half to four, particularly tumid, abruptly rising from the pro- foundly impressed sutures; antepenult whorl, when viewed from the lower side of the shell, equal to either half or more than half the succeeding one: spire rather elongated for the genus. Epidermis often thick. Aperture sub- ovate or oboval, not oblique, not acuminated above, hardly occupying more than half the entire length of the shell, rounded and not produced, nor attenuated at the base: outer lip arcuated, inner lip moderately sub- arcuated. VOL. IV. Ak 138 HELICIDA. Length scarcely the quarter of an inch. Easily distin- guishable from its smal] size, and short aperture. Animal varying from pale to dusky or quite black, stout, and rather broad, with pale tentacles, and a short ovate foot. This shell appears to have been anciently much more abundant in England than it now is, since we find it contained in considerable numbers in superficial deposits around London, and in the eastern counties. It is rare now, and very local. Mr. Jeffreys discovered it near Swansea. In Scotland it has been found near Glasgow by Mr. Kenyon. In Ireland it has occurred in the south, near Baltimore, to Mr. M‘Andrew, who found it along with Baléa fragilis under the stones of a dry wall, and near Cork to Mr. S. Wright, jun., and Mr. Isaac Carroll. It lives in sandy places, as among dunes by the sea- side, as well as inland. We have found it plentiful be- neath the bark of willows on sandy ground near the sea at Elsinore in Denmark (E. F.). M. Bouchard-Chantereaux, who supposed it to be distinct from the oblonga of Dra- parnaud, observes, that near Boulogne it inhabits the dunes, constantly covering its shell with a viscous secretion, and, in winter, buries itself in the sand. 139 LIMNAAD™. ‘Tu fresh-water pulmoniferous snails constitute a very natural family, the animals of all bearing a great similarity to each other, and being similarly organized. All have short broad snouts, and two tentacula of considerable size, either triangular or subulate in shape, with eyes placed at their inner bases. Their tongues are armed with rows of numerous quadrate hooked denticles. Their shells are very variously shaped, spiral, and turreted, dextral or sinistral, discoid and even patelliform, They have no operculum, They live in lakes, ponds, pools, ditches and, though not so abundantly, in rivers ; occasionally they are found in brackish waters. They crawl on the mud and stones at the bottom, or on water plants, and in warm sunny weather ascend to the surface, and creep, as it were, reversed on the surface of the water, as if the film of water immediately in contact with the air was in a different condition from the fluid beneath, and served as a floor or ceiling, along which these mollusks progress. They lay their eggs in consistent transparent gelatinous masses on the leaves and stems of water plants, or on stones. The characteristic forms of the generic types of this family have undergone very little change in the course of time since the earliest appearance of the group as yet traced. We find Limneade in the fresh-water strata of the oolitic epoch strikingly resembling those which inhabit the pools and ditches of Britain at the present day. 140 LIMNAADA. PHYSA. DrRArARNAUD. Shell thin, spiral, ovate, oblong, subglobose, sinistral, smooth, polished ; mouth with the base entire, the colu- mella more or less contorted. Animal with two long subulate or setaceous tentacula ; eyes at their inner bases. Foot lanceolate. The British species of this genus have been referred to two genera, Physa and Aplecus. The animal of the former has a dilated mantle with lobed edges; that of the latter has a simple mantle. We believe these to be specific, or at best sectional distinctions ; they should at least be re- garded as such until the characters of the animal in the majority of exotic species have been carefully examined. The genus Physopsis differs from Physa as Achatina dif- fers from Bulimus, having the base of the columella trun- cated. It is South African: there are no European species. Fossil Physe, closely resembling existing forms, are common in the Purbeck strata in Dorsetshire. P. rontinatis, Linneeus. Oval: spire very short and obtuse. Plate CX XII. fig. 8, 9. Bulla fontinalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1185.— Punr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 40.—Monv. Test. Brit. vol. i. p. 226; Suppl. p. 96. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 126.— Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 43, pl. 21, f.6.— Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 26.— Dintw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 487. — Woop, Index Testac. pl. 18, f. 37. Turbo adversus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 96, pl. 5, f. 6. Planorbis bulla, MLLER, Verm. Hist. vol. ii, p. 167. Bulinus perla, MiéLLER, Naturforsch. 1781, vol. xv. p. 6, pl. 1. Physa fontinalis, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 54, pl. 3, f. 8, 9.— FreminG, Brit. Animals, p. 276.— Turt. Manual L. and PHYSA. 141 F. W. Shells, p. 127, f. 110. — Jerrreys, Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 379.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 251, pl. 9, f. 110.—Maoei. Moll. Aberd. p. 112.— Brown, III. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 14, f. 5455.— Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 167, pl. 7, f. 7, 8.—Srurm. Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 10. — C, Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p- 94, pl. 4, f. 28.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p- 899. — Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 54. — Purrippr, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii, p. 120.—Kisr. Conch. Cab. i. sect. 17, pl. 2, f. 14, 15, 16.— Canrrainr, Mém. Ac. Sc. Brux. vol. xiii. p,» 163.—Sre1n, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 6. Helix Bullaoides, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. y. pl. 168, f. 2, probably,* from which Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 223. Bulla fulviatilis, Turr, Conch. Diction. p. 27. Limnea fontinalis, SowERBY, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 6. — Reve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 192, f. 8. Shell oval or abbreviated oval, with a very short spire, which only fills about a fifth of the dorsal length, tapers quickly and convexly to its obtuse apex: more or less transparent, extremely thin and fragile, highly polished, smooth or nearly so (yet sometimes with rather strong longitudinal wrinkles), and of a slightly and palely oliva- ceous yellowish horn-colour, becoming pallid in the larger examples. Whorls four to five, simply but decidedly convex, neither angulated nor planulately shelving below the fine suture, which becomes more slanting between the last two turns; superior volutions very short, of moderately fast longitudinal increase ; body ventricose, its basal declination moderately rounded, yet not abrupt. Mouth lanceolate-subpyriform, capacious, filling almost one-half of the ventral area, and from three-fourths to four-fifths of the total length, dilated below, where it projects anteriorly, gradually contracted above by the swell of the body to a very acute curved peak. Outer lip sharp, prominent, subarcuated, not expanded, nor mar- * The expression “ ovate, spire short,” modifies the ideal of the figure, which exhibits a rather more elongated spire, and is narrower than is usual in fontinalis. 142 LIMN AMADA. ginated ; its edge not sinuated, advancing above, receding below. Columella white, narrow, only a little twisted, forming an obtuse angle by its comparative straightness with the obliquely arcuated upper outline of the inner lip. No vestige of an umbilical chink. Size of a large indi- vidual one-third of an inch long, nearly a quarter of an inch broad. The variety acuta is larger, with the spire more elongated, so that the aperture fills only two-thirds of the ventral length. The rare long spired variety (f. 10), may possibly prove a distinct species, and, assuredly, differs as much from the typical form as many of the supposed species of Physe do from each other. Yet in that event, we should be unable to allocate those examples of fontinalis which only differ from the type by the greater projection of their spire.* It is the shell represented by Maton and Rackett, in the Linnean Transactions (vol. vui., pl. 4, f. 1), as B. fontinalis, and is the Physa fontinalis, var. 1, of Gray (Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 251, pl. 11, f. 110, a), and, in all probability, the same species, var. 2, of Brown,+), Ill. Conch. G. B., p. 30, pl. 14, f. 83, 84. It is a narrower shell than the typical form, is more obliquely coiled, and, consequently, has a more produced * The following observation of Mr. Gray, in his excellent edition of Turton’s “ Manual,” merits the attention of every naturalist :—“ Mr. Hinch informs me, the first variety is always found in very small plashes of water, or in water among grass, while the larger one is found in canals or nearly still rivers, which may account for the difference between them; for we haye often been inclined to consider varieties as distinct, because they were found in different situations, whereas the difference of situation may be the only cause of the variation.” + Not his P. acuta, pl. 14, f. 58, 59, which is copied from Draparnaud (Moll. France, pl. 3, f. 10, 11), and has an acute apex and very short spire (p.30). We haye no proofs that that species has ever been found in Great Britain. The erroneous introduction of it occurred through the supposed identity of the ex- amples queried for acuta by Mr. J. Sowerby (one of whose specimens we have figured, with the true P. acuta of the French conchologist. PHYSA. 143 spire. The penult whorl appears peculiarly developed, the apex is decidedly blunt, the aperture fills at times but five-eighths of the total length, and the pillar is short and twisted. The original individuals were obtained from Anglesea, in 1833, but afterwards bred in a water-butt, which unusual habitat may have changed the aspect of their progeny. The animal is of a pale yellowish grey, darkening in in- dividuals to a deep fuscous hue. Its tentacles are long and slender, with conspicuous black eyes at their inner basis. The mantle is highly contractile, and when ex- panded envelopes a great part of the shell, and is divided at the edge into finger-like processes. It is bilobed, the columellar division having more digitations (usually five), than that which is projected over the spire. The foot is obtusely angled in front and pointed behind. It does not appear that there are any essential differences distin- guishing the animals of the different varieties. They all advance with a jerking motion. This pretty mollusk is common in pools, lakes, and ditches throughout the greater part of the British islands, ceasing, probably, only in the extreme north. Both large and small varieties occur in most districts. P. nypnorum, Linneus. Oblong-conical ; spire pointed, elongated. Plate CX XII. fig. 6, 7. Bulla hypnorum, Lixn. Syst. Nat.ed. 12, p. 1182. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 228. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. viii. p. | pl. 4, f. 8. — Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 43, pl. 18, f. 20.— Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 488.—CuHEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 1, p. 34 (in part), pl. 103, f. 883, a, b. — Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 488.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 18, f. 39. 144 LIMN AAD. Planorbis turritus, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluv. vol. ii. p. 169. Helix marmorata, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3665 (from Scurér. Fliise. p. 269, pls) t. 9.) Physa hypnorum, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 12, 13.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 381.— Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 14, f. 60, 61.—Vorrn. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 11. —C. Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 97, pl. 4, f. 29, and animal, pl. 1, f. 12. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 400. —Nixxs. Moll. Suecize Ter. et Fluv. p. 57. — Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 58. — Cuarrenr. Cat. Moll. Suisse, pl. 2, f.12.—Canrr. Mém. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 162.— Gras. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 60, pl. 4, f, 41.—Kissrer, Conch. Cab. i. sect. 17, pl. 2, f. 9 to 138.— Srery, Schneken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 7. Limnea turrita, SowERrBy, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 10.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 192, f. 10. Apleaa hypnorum, FLeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 276. A pleaus is Gray, Manual Land and F, W. Shells, p. 255, pl. 9, f. 1138.— Waker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 54. Shell of a narrow oblong-conic shape, thin, lustrous, smooth, of a dark-yellowish horn-colour, marked occasion- ally at the stages of growth with a ferruginous line. Body sub-cylindraceous in the middle, by no means ven- tricose, with a convex and gradual anterior declination. Spire filling three-sevenths of the dorsal length, of five tapering turns, that are barely convex, of moderately fast longitudinal increase, occasionally white beneath the slanting suture: penult volution rather large, moderately high : apex very blunt, and little elevated. Mouth oblong- lanceolate, being very bluntly (often indeed subtruncately) rounded below, gradually and very acutely peaked above, fillmg rather more than half of the total length, and between a third and a fourth only of the ventral area. Outer lip curling a little inwards, ferruginous at the simple edge, which recedes rather suddenly below, not promi- nently arcuated above, rounded below. Columella white or pink, short, solid, not broad, somewhat raised, not PHYSA. 145 forming a decided angle with the outline above it. No vestige of an umbilical chink. Ordinary size, half an inch (occasionally nearly three quarters) (Mont.) long; two lines and a half broad. A specimen forwarded to us from Ohio as the P. elon- gata of Say (Journ. Ac. N.S. Philad. ii. p. 171) is, except in superior size, precisely identical ; others from Massa- chusetts (Gould, Inv. Mas. p. 214, f. 143) differ only in the volutions being more convex, and of a more olivace- ous cast. The animal is of a deep brown, or nearly black hue, with paler tentacles, which are subulate, slightly com- pressed, and not auriculated at their bases. The mantle is simple-edged, and not reflected over the shell. The foot is lanceolate. _ This species, though generally diffused throughout Eng- land and Ireland, is somewhat local, and in Scotland occurs only in the southern and midland districts. SPURIOUS. P. rivauis, Maton and Rackett. Bulla rivalis, MATon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 126, pl. 4, f. 2.— Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 97. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 26 (in part).—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 488. Aplexa ,, Frenne, Brit. Anim. p. 277. Physa ,, Turv. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 128, f. 112 (copy from Linn. Trans. ). Limnea ,, Sowxrspy, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 9.— ReEve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 192, £9. Physa Soverbiana, D’Orxic. H. N. Cuba, Moll. pl. 18, f. 11, 12 (probably). Aplexus rivalis, Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 21 (as spurious). A West Indian species, introduced by Maton and Rackett, as from Hampshire. The P. Antonii of Kiister’s ‘ Conchilian Cabinet” (i. sect. 17, p. 12, pl. 2, f.7, 8) appears to be most closely allied, if not identical. VOL. Iv. U 146 LIMNEADA, P. acura, Draparnaud. Physa acuta, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 10, 11.—Brown, Ill. Conch. G, B. pl. 14, f. 58, 59 (copied from Drap.).—Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 69, pl. 7, f. 5, 6.—Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, pl. 16, f. 19, 20.— D’OrsiG. Moll. Canar. p. 74. — Desu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 403. — Mermet, Moll. Pyren. p. 70. » subopaca, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 401 (teste Michaud), A southern Continental species, figured by Brown for the P. fontinalis, var. acuta. P. asa, Turton. Physa alba, Turv. Zool. Journ. 1825, vol. ii. p. 363, pl. 13, f. 3; Manual Land and F, W. Shells, p. 128, f. 11.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 521.) » contorta, Micuaup, Bull. Linn. Soe. Bordeaux, 1829, vol. iii. p. 368 (from which Esp. Nouv. Coq. 1829, p. 9, pl. 1, f. 15, 16; Comp. i Drap. Moll. France, p. 83, pl. 16, f. 21, 22). Diastropha ,, Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 16, f. 111, as spurious (no description). Physa fontinalis, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 14, f. 56, 57. A native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, introduced by Turton as from the river Torvin, in Wales. PLANORBIS. MiLuer. Shell spiral, discoid, dextral, of many whorls; aperture elliptical or semi-lunar, margin entire. Animal with a stout, broad, proboscidiform head, flanked by two setaceous, or subulate tentacula, with eyes at their inner bases. Foot short, obtuse behind. ‘Tongue with transverse rows of numerous quadrate uncinated teeth. This very natural genus, representatives of which dif- fering but slightly from species still lving, are found in fresh-water strata of even the oolitic epoch, has preserved its form with great constancy, nor do the members PLANORBIS. 147 which are natives of tropical climates, ditfer materially in general contour and ornament, from those found in tem- perate regions. P. corneus, Linnzeus. Large, stout, with rounded ventricose whorls; upper disk concave, lower plane. Plate CX XVI. fig. 4, 5. Helix cornea, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1243.—PEnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p- 134, pl. 83, f. 126.—Punrenny, Hutchins, Dorset, p. 47. — Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pl. 39, f. 1.— Monr. Test. Brit. p- 448,—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 190. — Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 20, f. 13. — Turr. Conch, Diction. p. 47, f. 52.—CuHemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 93 (in part), pl. 127, f. 1113, 1114.—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 906.— Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 48. Planorbis purpureus, MiLiER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 154 (not var.). 3 similis, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 166 (young). Helix nana, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 133, pl. 83, f. 125 (young). 5, cornu-arietis, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 60, pl. 4, f. 13. Planorbis corneus, DRAp. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 43, pl. 1, f. 42, 48, 44.— FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 277.—JEFFreEys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 383.—Turvt. Conch. Manual, p. 112, f. 95; ed. Gray, p. 258, pl. 8, f. 95. Brown, Lllust. Conch. G. B. p- 31, pl. 14, f. 31, 32, 33—Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 147, pl. 6, f. 1, 2.—Vorru. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 4, pl. 4. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 382. — C. Prerir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 77, pl. 4, f. 3, 4.— Nixs. Moll. Suec, Ter. et Fluv. p. 74. — Biainv. Manual Malacol. pl. 37 bis. f. 3.—Sowxrsy, Genera Shells, Plan. f. 1. — RossmAssn. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 2, p. 14, pl. 7, f. 113; pt. 1, pl. 5, f. 86 (animal). — CANTRAINE, Mem. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 164, — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 4, f. 31. — Durvuy. Moll. Gers, p. 46.—Srern, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 15. Planorbe cornée, CHENU, Traité Elém, Conch. p. 167, f. 541, 542. Shell large, rather strong, glossy, from greyish olive to ferruginous olive (more rarely pallid), not quite thrice as broad as high, with only irregular wrinkles of increase, and very fine close-set spiral strie, that are chiefly appa- 148 LIMN HAD A. rent on the smaller turns. Whorls five, deeply divided, rounded, neither angulated nor planulate on either side, of moderately fast increase. Upper disk much and abruptly sunken in the middle; lower disk flattish. Body about equally broad above and below, not peculiarly contracted towards the mouth; its lower shelve rather the more slanting ; its periphery neither keeled nor obtuse, but well rounded. Mouth rather large, filling about a third of the breadth, of a rounded lunate figure, not particularly ob- lique, quite as high as broad, much receding below, often stained with purplish smoke-colour, very slightly beyond the level of either disk. Outer lip neither expanded, thickened, nor strictured behind, its junction with the pillar arched, not angular. Breadth an inch; height, four lines and a half. Young shells are conspicuously spirally striated, and in that state have been regarded as a distinct species. The animal is nearly black, with a tinge of brown. Its tentacles are bluish-black. When irritated it gives out a purple fluid. This fine species is abundant in canals, ponds, ditches, and slow-running streams in the south-east, east, -and middle of England, but becomes rare and disappears before reaching Scotland. Its northernmost recorded locality is Darlington (Alder.) It is absent from Cornwall and Devon, and is not found in the Isle of Man. Mr. E. J. Lowe has remarked that it attains a peculiarly large size in a dirty ditch at Nottingham, into which a constant supply of warm water runs. Weston-super-Mare (T. Hincks). In Ireland it was first noticed near Maynooth, in Kildare, by Captain Brown. It occurs also about Naas (R. Ball) ; and in Queen’s County (Rev. B. J. Clark). A white variety occurs in the neighbourhood of London, PLANORBIS. 149 P. axzus, Miiller. Small, rather depressed, slightly convex on both disks, whorls with decussating strie, and pilose. Plate CX XVI. fig. 1, 2. Planorbis albus, Mtuter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 164.—Jerrruys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 387.—FLEemuine, Brit. Anim. p. 279.—Turv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 114, f. 97. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 259, pl. 8, f. 197.—Maceitriv. Moll. Aberd. p. 119. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 31, pl. 14, f. 52, 53.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 80, pl. 4, f. 9, 10. — Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 47. — SrEIn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 23. Helix alba, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 459, pl. 25, f. 7. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. vil. p. 192.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 18.— Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 48.—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 909. Planorbis hispidus, Drav. Moll. Ter, et Fluv. France, p. 43, pl. 1, f. 45 to 48.— Brarp, Cog. Paris, p. 159, pl. 6, f. 6, 7.-- Vorrn in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 4, pl. 5.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 887. — Nurs. Moll. Suecie Ter. et Fluy. p. 75. — Kickx, Moll. Brabant. Austral. p. 64. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 57, pl. 4, f. 32. — Mermet, Moll. Pyrén. p. 59. » hirsutus, GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 206, f. 135 ? Gyraulus hispidus, Hany. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 25. Shell small, pale horn-coloured, rather depressed (about thrice as broad as high), very thin, not much _ polished. Upper disk flattish, slightly sunk, quite in the centre ; concavity of lower disk more extended, not profound. Whorls four or five, deeply divided, simply and moderately rounded, of tolerably fast increase, not peculiarly narrow, adorned with fine close-set raised spiral lines that are decussated by still finer and more crowded spiral ones, and are clothed, when recent, with a deciduous pile. Body decidedly broader than high, about equally wide on either disk; its slopes nearly equal; rather narrowly rounded at the periphery, at times assuming a subcarinated appearance 150 LIMN ADA. from the greater prominence of one of the spiral lines. Mouth oboval-lunate, peculiarly receding below, rather large, filling more than a third of the breadth, quite as broad as high, not peaked below, where it projects slightly beyond the level, slightly beneath the level above. Outer lip acute, a little disposed to expand, curving to the pillar without angularity. Diameter a quarter to a fifth of an inch. The animal is variable in colouring. Individuals which we have taken near London, are of a pale ashy grey, with black head and neck, and very pale tentacles; those we have gathered in ditches among the peat bogs in the Isle of Man are of a general reddish-yellow colour, darkening to red on the neck and head, and shining red through the body whorls; and Mr. Spence Bate has communicated a drawing, taken from specimens at Swansea, in which the head, neck, and tentacles of the animal are represented of a brownish white, and the sides of foot and proboscis, of a deeper brown. The colouring of Scottish specimens de- scribed by Mr. Macgillivray, is also somewhat different. It lives on water-plants, especially Potamogeton, and is widely distributed through the British Islands; so ge- nerally, indeed, that any enumeration of localities would be superfluous. P. ciaser, Jeffreys. Small, depressed, not keeled, smooth or nearly so (no spiral sculpture), whorls of rather fast increase, mouth roundish. Plate CX XVI. fig. 8, 9. Planorbis glaber, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 387, teste Jeffreys — Poriez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. p. 211]. mS levis, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 337; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 115. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 261, pl. 12. f. 148. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 121.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 31. PLANORBIS. 151 Shell small, pale olivaceous horn-coloured, depressed, about three or four times as broad as high, very thin and semitransparent, glossy. Both disks, the left more par- ticularly, moderately concave in the middle, the apex rather abruptly sunken. Whorls about four, very deeply divided, rounded, somewhat projectingly so upon the right disk, where the inner slope is much more abrupt, of fast in- crease, smooth, or at most only slightly wrinkled across, Body about as broad as high, equally wide on both disks ; well rounded at the periphery, the slopes tolerably even, the lower, if anything, rather shorter and less convex. Mouth as in albus. Diameter two lines. Mr. Jeffreys having forwarded to us examples of his P. glaber, and the characteristics of the species, agreeing with his published account of the distinctive features be- tween it and albus, we are compelled to adopt the prior appellation. The P. /wvis was published as new, because the specimen of P. glaber given to Mr. Alder by the author of the species, proved to be a variety of albus. The animal is grey, dark about the head and sides of the neck, with pale tentacula, and a rather large foot for its size. Mr. Spence Bate has observed that the teeth have more strongly serrated margins to their hooks than those of albus. This shell is local. It occurs near Penzance (R. T. Mil- let); near Falmouth (Cocks); in Staffordshire and So- mersetshire, and in marshes on the sea-coast near Swansea, Cardiff, and Manorbeer, in Pembrokeshire (Jefireys) ; in ponds at Whitley Quarries, and on Holy Island, North- umberland (Alder). In Ireland it occurs near Belfast (W. Thompson); and at Cork (J. D. Humphreys). 152 LIMNAADSA. P. nautiteus, Linneus. Very small, usually with membranaceous ridges; periphery angulated ; mouth entire, rounded-oval. Plate CKXVI. fig. 6, 7. Helix Nautileus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 464, pl. 25, f. 5. Planorbis imbricatus, MGuLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 165.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 8388.— Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 111, pl. 8, f. 94.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 261, pl. 8, f. 94. — Brown, Iilust, Conch. G. B. p. 31, pl. 14, f. 46, 47, and pl. 18, f. 10.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 44, pl. 1, f. 49, 50, 51. — Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 163, pl. 6, f. 10, 11.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 389.— C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 80. pl. 4, f. 15, 16. — Nixs. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 76. —Harrm. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 14. — Kickx, Moll. Brabant. p. 67. — Meret, Moll. Pyrén. p. 59. Ss cristatus, DRAv. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 44, pl. 2, f. 1, 2, 3.— Harrm.in Stwm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 13.—Merrmert, Moll. Pyrén. p. 60. Turbo Nautileus, Matron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viil. p. 169, pl. 5, f. 4. —Racx. Dorset Catalog. p. 50, pl. 19, f. 16.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 227, f. 78.— Woop, Index Testac. p. 32, f. 162.— Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 882. Planorbis Nautilus, FLEMtNG, Brit. Anim. p. 278. =< Nautileus, Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 51.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 24.—WaLkKER, Testac. Minut. Rariora, f. 20, 21. Shell very small, much depressed, very fragile, not lus- trous, of a slightly olivaceous horn-colour, often invested with a black incrustation, adorned for the most part (for occasionally they are obsolete) with distant subimbricated longitudinal membranaceous rings, or ridges, which are usually more marked on the lower disk, and serrate the periphery by their projection as vaulted scales. _Whorls three, very rapidly developed, profoundly divided, more convex on the lower disk, which is umbilicately hollowed, PLANORBIS. 153 than on the upper disk, which is flat, or has the inner coils a little elevated. Body much less high than broad, nearly equally wide above and below, well rounded on the lower disk, and shelving upwards from thence so as to form a keel-like angulation with the superior flattened surface. Mouth rounded, oval, entire, occasionally detached from the preceding coil, broader than long, filling quite two- fifths of the total width, projecting below the basal level. Outer lip acute, disposed to expand. Diameter from an eighth to a tenth of an inch. The animal is pale-grey. This minute and elegant water-snail may be found on plants in ponds and ditches in most parts of England, Treland, and the south and middle of Scotland. Aberdeen (Macgillivray); Isle of Man (E.F.). P. carinatus, Miiller. Highly polished, smooth or nearly so, strongly carinated, and planulately depressed. Plate CX XVII. fig. 4, 5. Helix planorbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1242 (in part). — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 45.—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 896. Planorbis carinatus, Mittuer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 157.— Fiemine, Brit. Animals, p. 279. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 106, pl. 8, f. 89 (error for 87).— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 262, pl. 8, f. 89.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 32, pl. 14, f. 35, 36, 37.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 36, pl. 2, f. 13, 14, 16.—Vorru in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 3, pl. 5.— Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 150, pl. 6, f. 3.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 383.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 76, pl. 4, f. 5, 6. — Nis. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 81.—Kickx, Moll.Brabant. Austral. p- 65.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 102, pl. 2, f. 60.—Canrrainge, Mém. Acad. Brux. yol. xiii. p. 166.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p- 59, pl. 4, f. 389. —Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 31.—Mermet, Moll. Pyrén. p. 62.—Srer, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 19. VOL, IV. x 154. LIMN/ADZ. Helix carinata, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 451, pl. 25, f. 1. y» planatu, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. viii. p. 189, pl. 5, f. 14° —Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 20, f.18.—Woop, Index Testaceclog. pl. 33, f. 23. Planorbis lutescens, JerFR. (not Lam.) Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 385, changed to disciformis, p. 521 (from type). 5 planatus, Torv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 110, f. 92. Shell of an ashy horn-colour, moderately depressed, the height to the breadth being usually as one to five, more or less translucent, much shining, smooth, or nearly so. Upper disk rather deeply concave in the middle, lower disk flat. Whorls five, deeply divided, of rapid increase, simply rounded on the right disk, convex on the left one. Body decidedly broader than high, more especially on the upper disk, where it is peculiarly large in proportion to the preceding turn (so that a line drawn across it at one-third the circumference from the aperture is more than equal to the diameter of the remaining coils); encircled below the middle, but above the level of the lower disk, by a project- ing keel-like rim, above which the rounded surface does not arch simply to the edge, but shelves towards it. Mouth somewhat rhomboidal, broader than high, rounded above and below, angulated laterally. Outer lip acute, projecting a little above the upper level, and only slightly disposed to expand there, scarcely extending beyond the lower level. Breadth half an inch. In the variety disciformis the middle of the lower disk is almost convex, and the keel in consequence seems more central. The animal is of a pale translucent yellowish hue, dark- ening to brown. This is a local species, but widely diffused in England, and occurring in scattered localities in all our districts, pro- bably becoming more common towards the east and south- PLANORBIS. 155 east. It is generally diffused but very local also in Ireland (W. Thompson), where the variety disciformis occurs at Nenagh, in Tipperary (T. Hincks). It does not reach Scotland. P. marernatus, Draparnaud. Less compressed than. the last species, wrinkled and roughish, not polished, shallowly concave above, flat below, carinated. Plate CX XVII. fig. 1, 2, and (var. rhombeus) fig. 3. Helix planorbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1242 (in part). — Pennant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 133, pl. 83, f 123. — PuLrenry, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p.46.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. viii. pl. 5, f. 13.—Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 14, f. 8, and pl. 20, f. 10. Planorbus umbilicatus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 160.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 384. —-THompson, Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 124. Helix limbata, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 63, pl. 4, f. 10, and pl. 8, f. 8. Planorbis marginatus, DRaparn. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 45, pl. 2, f. 11, 12, 15.— Tur, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 107, f. 87.-— AtpER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 265, pl. 8, f. 87, 88, 90.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 32, pl. 14, f. 39, 40, 41.—Brarp, Cog. Paris, p. 152, pl. 6, f. 5.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 75, pl. 4, f. 1, 2.— Nis. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 80.— Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. Austral. p. 64. — RossmAssi. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 102, pl. 2, f. 59. —Puuirrt, Moll. Sicil. vol.i. p. 145, and pl. 2, f. 119. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 59, pl. 4, f. 38.— Harr. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 33. — Mrermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 62. Helix complanata, Mont, Test. Brit. p. 450, pl. 25, f. 4.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p- 46.— Woon, Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 24.— Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 897. Draparnaudi, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 158 (fide Gray from type in Brit. Museum). Planorbis turgidus, JerrR. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 383. Draparnaldi, JerFR. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 386, 522. rhombeus, TuRT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 108, f. 90. complanatus, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 278.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 108, f. 88 (error for 89).— Dxsx. Lam. Anim. s, Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 390. — CAnrr. ” ” ” 3” 156 LIMNAADA. Mem. Acad. Bruxelles, vol. xiii. p. 163. — Srxin, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 18. MonsrrosiT1&s, Helix cochlea, BRown, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 528, pl. 24, f. 10. — Helix terebra, Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 62, f. 55.—Plan. marginatus, monst. Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 32, pl. 14, f. 38. Shell brownish, or olivaceous horn-colour, usually co- vered with a black or ferruginous coating, not polished, merely a little glossed, moderately depressed (the height of the body, not of the orifice, being for the most part about a fifth, not quite so pellucid as in carinatus, finely, closely, and distinctly wrinkled across, the wrinkles assuming be- neath a powerful lens a somewhat decussated appearance. Upper disk moderately and rather diffusely concave ; lower disk almost flat, but indented in the middle. Whorls five, deeply divided, of moderate increase, not peculiarly narrow, prominently though simply rounded on the upper disk, merely convex on the lower one. Body not so vastly larger than the preceding coil (so that the diameter of the upper internal gyration, measured as in carinatus, greatly exceeds it in breadth), rather wider on the upper disk, about as high as it is broad, with a carinated rim at the periphery that is barely above the basal level; surface above the keel rather abruptly arched (not shelving), below it almost horizontally convex. Mouth bluntly qua- drant-shaped, of about equal height and breadth. Outer lip acute (more rarely slightly thickened within), dilated above, where it decidedly projects beyond the level, neither peaked nor angulated below, where it scarcely, if at all, exceeds the general level. Breadth of a large individual five-eighths of an inch. The keel, which in some examples is continued along the edge of the penult turn, is in others almost altogether obsolete. In the variety rhombeus the shell is higher than a PLANORBIS. 157 usual, with the gyration rather more compact, less concave on the upper disk, profoundly hollowed in the centre of the lower one: the keel being indistinct, the aperture which projects below rather than above is suborbicular. The form Draparnaldi somewhat resembles it, but is pallid, small, and with the keel more central. The animal is entirely dusky, almost black ; the tenta- cles have dark centres and pale linear bases; the foot is thick and obtuse. This species in most districts is the commonest of the genus, and is very widely diffused through almost all parts of the British Islands; so general, that any list of locali- ties would be superfluous. It is absent, however, from Professor Macgillvray’s Aberdeenshire catalogue. It is widely diffused on the Continent. P. vorrex, Linneus. Extremely depressed ; whorls narrow and of slow increase ; the two disks not concave together ; periphery gradually carinated, mouth not angulated. Plate CX XVII. fig. 6, 7, 8. Helix vortex, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1243.—PrEnwn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 183, pl. 83, f. 124. — Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. — Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 75. — Monv. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 454; Suppl. pl. 25, f. 3.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 189.—Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 52, pl. 20, f. 12, — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 46.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p- 914.—Woobp, Index Testae. pl. 33, f. 40. Planorbis ,, Mititer, Verm. Hist. pt. ii. p. 158, var. a, — JErrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 109, f, 91.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 267, pl. 8, f. 91. — Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 125. — Maceiutty. Moll. Aberd. p. 114 (probably). — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 32, pl. 14, f. 44, 45.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fiuy. France, p. 44, pl. 2, f. 4, 5.—Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 154, pl. 6, f. 8, 9.— VorrH in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 4, pl. 6.—C. Prerr, Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 79, pl. 4, f. 7—Nuxss. 158 LIMNHADA. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 79.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vill. p. 8385. — Harr. in Sturm Deutseh, Fauna, pt. 8, pl. 138. — RossmAssz. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p- 104, pl. 2, f. 61.—Canrr. Mem. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 147.— Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 59, pl. 4, f. 34. — STE, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 20. Helix planorbis, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 65, pl. 4, f. 12. Planorbis compressus, Micuaup, Compl. Drap. Moll. France, p. 81, pl. 16, f. 6, 7, 8. Shell rather small, extremely depressed, of a glossy horn-colour, thin and transparent, regularly, closely, yet not very sharply wrinkled across. Upper disk broadly and rather deeply concave; lower disk flat (more rarely con- vex), occasionally, however, it is concave in the middle, in which event the upper disk is almost level. | Whorls usually six (more rarely seven), deeply divided (especially above), well rounded on the superior disk, rather flat on the inferior one. Body broader above than below, not ab- ruptly larger (as in a closely allied exotic species) than the preceding turn, gradually shelving (for the most part with little convexity), so as to form a more or less acute and projecting almost basal keel-like angulation; its upper or sutural slope more or less rounded, and rather sudden. Mouth unarmed, oblique, subcordate, angulated by the keel, decidedly broader than long, usually filling a fifth or rather less of the total width, neither expanded nor stric- tured externally. Diameter from a third to a fourth of an inch. Animal pale yellowish grey, black about the head, and especially between the tentacles, which are very long, pale yellowish grey, and have the eyes at their bases with white spaces. The foot is very short as compared with the size of the shell. Widely distributed in England, though scarce or absent in several districts. It is not included in the lists from PLANORBIS. 159 Northumberland or Cornwall. Dumfriesshire (Dr. John- ston and Sir William Jardine); Aberdeenshire (Mac- gillivray) ; near Dublin (W. Thompson). P. sprroreis, Linneeus. Extremely depressed ; whorls very narrow and of very slow increase ; angulation of the periphery not acutely prominent ; both disks concave ; mouth not angulated, Plate CX XVII. fig. 9, 10. Heli« spirorbis, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 455; Suppl. pl. 25, f. 2.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 191.—Rackx. Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f£. 17.— Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 47. — Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p- 907.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 33, f. 50. Planorbis ,, MU Lier (not Drap.) Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 161. — Fremine, Brit. Anim. p. 277.— Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 115, f. 98.— AtprEr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii, p. 8388. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 268, pl. 8, f. 98.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f. 42, 43.—Brarp, Coq, Envir. Paris, p. 156, pl. 14, £42, 48.—C. Pretr. Deutsch. L. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p.79, pl. 4, f. 8. —Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 385. —Nuss. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 78. — RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 2, f. 61. —Canrr. Mém. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 166. A vortea, var. b. Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 45, pl. 2, f. 6, 7.— Maceitiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 117. a leucostomus, MicHaup (as of Millet) Comp, Drap. Moll. France, p. 80, pl. 16, f. 3, 4, 5 (teste Thompson, from type). Shell very closely resembling vortex, yet scarcely so com- pressed, and with both disks concave. The whorls, which on the inferior disk are much less flattened than in the preceding species, are less thin and transparent, often of a rusty brown, peculiarly narrow, and of still slower in- crease: the wrinkles are nearly obsolete. The body, like- wise, is nearly equally broad above and below, and its shelve being more abrupt and rounded, the basal angula- 160 LIMN ADA. tion, even when marked, does not acutely project. The mouth, likewise, which is still smaller in proportion to the total breadth, is as high as it is broad, and is of a much more rounded shape, not being angulated by a carina. Di- ameter a quarter of an inch. Animal closely resembling the last. In local lists it is difficult, where both species do not occur to separate this from the preceding. P. spirorbis, however, appears to be still more generally diffused, and to have a wide distribution through most districts of the three kingdoms. P. contorrus, Linneus. Whorls closely coiled, narrow, high; upper disk flattened, lower one deeply excavated ; periphery rounded. Plate CX XVI. fig. 3. Helix contorta, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244. —— Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 99.—Monr. Test. Brit. p.457; Suppl. pl. 25, f. 6. Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 191.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 11. —Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 48. — Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 908. — Woop, Index Testac. pl. 33, f. 52. Planorbis contortus, MLLER, Verm. Hist. pt. ii. p. 162.—FLEmine, Brit. Anim. p- 277.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382.— Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 113 (ed. Gray, p- 270), f. 96.—Maceit. Moll. Aberd. p. 118.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f. 33, 34.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 42, pl. 1, f. 39, 40, 41.— Vorrn in Stwm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 3, pl. 4. —Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 157, pl. 6, f. 12, 13, 14.—C. Prerr. © Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 81, pl. 4, f. 11. —Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 387.— Nirss. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 73. — Kickx, Moll. Brabant. p. 63.— RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 7, f. 117. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 4, f.30.—Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p- 59.—SrexIn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 25. Helix crassa, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 16, pl. 4, f. 11. umbilicata, Put. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. ” PLANORBIS. 161 Shell small, brownish horn-colour, about thrice as broad as high, not much polished. Upper or right disk flattish, yet slightly concave in the middle, exhibiting six ex- tremely narrow coils, that are of very slow increase, closely and most minutely wrinkled across, deeply divided by the suture, rounded, but with their inner slope the more abrupt. Lower disk very deeply and broadly excavated in the middle ; the body-whorl about twice as broad as on the other disk, and slightly more slanting from its rounded periphery. Mouth unarmed, peculiarly small, occupying only about a sixth or seventh of the total breadth, of a narrow lunate figure, not peaked, a little below the level above, slightly beyond it beneath. Outer lip neither dilated, marginated, nor strictured behind. Size, a fifth of an inch, by about a line in height. Animal dark grey, nearly black, very small in propor- tion to the shell. Generally distributed through the British Islands, in- habiting ponds, ditches, and slow streams. P. nitipus, Miiller. Polished smooth, transparent, devoid of septa; body dispro- portionately large, angulated at the periphery. Plate CX XVII. fig. 11, 12. Planorbis nitidus, MULLER, Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 163, in part.— Frem. Brit. Animals, p. 278.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 888, 522.— AtprErR, Trans. Nat. His. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 30. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 268, pl. 8, f. 93. — THomps. Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 125. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f. 50, 51. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 368 (not synonyms). Helix fontana, LicHtT¥Foor, Phil. Trans. 1786, vol. Ixxvi. p. 165, pl. 2, upper compartment.—Monr. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 462, pl. 6, f. 6.— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. vill. p. 193.—Racx. MOT.) LV. Y 162 LIMN HAD. Dorset Catal. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 19.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii, p. 898.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 33, f. 95. Planorbis complanatus, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 47, pl. 2, f. 20.— Brarp, Cog. Envir. Paris, p. 161, pl. 6, f. 4.—C. Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 83, pl. 4, f. 14. — RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 7, f. 116.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 59, pl. 4, f. 40. Helix lenticularis, AUTEN, Conch. Augsburg, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 4. Planorbis lenticularis, Kick x, Moll. Brabant. p. 67.—HArtTm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 7, pl. 16; Erd und Siissw. Moll. pl. 13 (Hippeutis). » fontanus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 110, f. 93. — Srein. - Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 22. Shell most closely resembling Jacustris, but still more depressed, less polished, usually paler, being horn-coloured, and perfectly devoid of the internal partitions and their corresponding external indications. Whorls of the spire more convex; the apical one more distinct, and less sunken. Keel slightly more central. Mouth nearly filling three- sevenths of the total width, still more compressed than in lacustris. Animal, when adult, brownish black, paler about the tentacula ; when young, pale grey. Generally distributed through England, and the south of Scotland; wide spread, but local, in Ireland. P. tacustrris, Lightfoot. Highly polished, amber-coloured, with internal partitions: periphery angulated. Plate CK XVIII. figs. 1, 2, 3. Helix complanatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1242 (inadequately described). Planorbis nitidus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 163, in part.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 116, f. 99.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 46, pl. 2, f. 17, 18, 19.—C. Prxir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 82, pl. 4, f. 12, 13.—Nis. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 82. — Harr. Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 16, pt. 7, pl. 15. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 2, p. 15, pl. 7, £114, 115.—Bovuinier, PLANORBIS. 163 Moll. Auvergne, p. 65 (animal).—Canrr, Mem. Ac. Bruxel. vol, xiii. p. 167.—Gras, Mol. Terr. et Fluy. France, Appx. p- 18.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 21. Helix nitida, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3624 (from Miiller). Jautilus lacustris, LigHtFoot, Phil. Trans. vol, Ixxvi. (1786,) p. 163, pl. 1.— Monr. Test. Brit. p. 191, pl. 6, f. 3. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 117. — Fuemine, Edin. Encycel. vol. vii. pt. 1, p- 86.— Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 339. — Woop, Index Testac. pl. 13, Naut. f. 3. Segmentina lineata, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 279; Treatise Moll. Anim. (from Encycl. Brit.) pl. 7, f. 18. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells. p. 271, pl. 8, f. 99. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f 48, 49. Planorbis lineatus, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 389.—ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 114. ss Nautileus, Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 66. = clausulatus, Porrez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p, 209. — WALKER, Test. Minut. Rar. pl. 1, f. 28. Shell small, much depressed, highly polished, smooth, transparent, of a reddish amber-colour, with a few (usually three on the final coil) distant opaque white radiating curved lines, which indicate the site of the internal septa or partitions; painted here and there, likewise, with a brown line, the vestige of a previous stage of growth. Upper disk convex, except just in the middle, where it is indented, displaying four whorls, the first three of which are very small, merely convex, and of moderately fast increase ; lower disk flattened, somewhat broadly, pro- foundly, and rather abruptly umbilicated. Body-whorl extremely large, filling nearly the entire surface, very much less high than broad, about equally wide above and below, gradually and convexly shelving on the upper disk to a sharply angulated sub-basal keel-like edge. Suture fine. Mouth broader than high, filling about two-fifths of the total width, unarmed, of a blunt arrow-headed shape, being horizontally compressed and trigonally lunate. Outer lip simple, acute, projecting a little below the basal level. Diameter the fifth of an inch. 164 LIMNAEADA. This shell was confounded by Miiller with the last, and has been made the type of a distinct genus by Fleming. It is, however, a true Planorbis, and we agree with Mr. Alder in considering the internal partitions of the shell as only of specific import. The animal closely resembles that of nitidus. It is common in ditches and ponds in many parts of England, especially about London, but cannot be regarded as of general distribution. It occurs in the south of Scot- land, but has not been noticed in Ireland, except at Cahir, in Tipperary, where Mr. J. D. Humphreys has taken it (Jeffreys). LIMN AUS. Drararnaup. Shell, ovate, oblong, or turreted, thin and horny, dex- tral; aperture ovate, or expanded, with an entire margin and a more or less twisted columella. No operculum. Animal with a broad head and snout; tentacles two, triangular, rather short, broad, the eyes placed at their inner basis ; mantle even-edged, in some species reflected on the shell ; foot broadly lanceolate or sub-ovate. Tongue armed with many transverse rows of numerous stout uncinated teeth, with furcated hooks, flanking a minute simple, hooked, central denticle. The species of this genus are found in streams, ponds, and lakes, in all parts of the world; and, though nume- rous, bear, for the most part, a striking resemblance to each other. Some of them are very widely diffused, pre- senting, like many other fresh-water animals and plants, a great extent of distribution through various climates and distant countries. Limnai have been found in the fossil state in strata dating as far back as the oolitic epoch; and, as in the case of Physa and Planorbis, the most ancient LIMN AUS. 165 forms as yet noticed, bear a striking resemblance to com- mon existing types. These mollusks lay their eggs in- vested in elliptical masses of gelatinous matter, enclosed within a fine membranous envelope: these they attach to stones or water-plants. The number of eggs in a single bundle is often very great. **'The character of the dentition of Limneus,” observes Mr. W. Thomson, “appears to be, to have one small central] tubercle, as it were squeezed up between two very large lateral ones, each primary lateral having a very large apex internally, with a small external one, quite at the edge; they have altered to one thick prolonged apex pro- jecting inwards, and irregularly lobed on its upper edge. Much the same arrangement prevails in Amphipeplea, where, however, the tubercle of the lateral teeth is even still larger in proportion to its plate.” The genus Amphipeplea was constituted by Nilson for Limnaus glutinosus on account of its large mantle lobes, which the animal reflects over the shell when crawling. We have regarded it as a section of Limneus.* L. perecer, Miiller. Striolate ; body abruptly larger; spire short ; its whorls not abruptly severed, but convex or rounded ; outer lip slanting at its junction with the body-whorl; columellar lip not strongly contorted, nor bent to the left, curved below. Plate CX XIII. fig. 3 to 7. List. Anim. Angl. pl. 2, f. 23.—Scur6r. Fliisse. pl. 6, f. 8. Buccinum peregrum, MUuLuerR, Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 130. * The Limneus detritus, of Turton’s Manual (p. 125) was described from a young specimen of the Bulimus Zebra! of Miiller (Pfeif. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 143; the wadatus of Bruguiere). The types of the Helia detritus of Pulteney and Montagu, both prove to be a white variety of the West Indian B. ewilis (Pfeif. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 224). 166 LIMNMADS. Helix putris, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 139, pl. 86, f.137.—MarTon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 219, pl. 5, f. 8*. — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 56, pl. 21, f. 13, and pl. 19, f. 30.—Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 67.—DiLiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 965.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 371. Turbo trianfractus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. pl. 5, f. 13. Helix peregra, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3659.—Mont. Test. Brit. p. 373, pl. 16, f. 3. —Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 965. » inflata, GEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3666, and Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 967, from Schrét. Fliissconch. p. 311, pl. 7, f. 5 (copied Woop, Index Test. pl. 35, f. 174) probably. »» teres, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3667, from Guatt. pl. 5, f. NN. (copied Woop, Index Test. pl. 35, f. 181.) Bulimus peregrus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 301. Siculus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 885 (from which Helia Siculus, Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 970) ? » limosus, Porrer. Prod. (teste Rossm.) Felix lutea, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 380, pl. 16, f. 6.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 222.—Turvt. Conch. Diction. p. 69.—DILLw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 969.—W oop, Index Testac. pl. 35, £179. », limosa, (as of Linn.) Mont. Test. Brit. p. 381, pl. 16, f. 1._—Brown, Mem. Werner. Soe. vol. ii. p. 130, pl. 24, f. 11. Limneus pereger, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 50, pl. 2, f. 34, 37.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 374. — Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 118, f. 101.—THomes. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 118.—Vorru in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 1. ovatus, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 50, pl. 2, f. 30, 31.— Puuirrt, Mol. Sicil. vol. i. p. 146; vol. ii. p. 120.—CuHarpEnt. Cat. Moll. Suisse, pl. 2, f. 15. Lymneus 4, Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 142, pl. 5, f. 4, 5. Helix auricula, junior, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 970. Limneus ovatus, C. PrEir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 89, pl. 4, f, 21. vulgaris, C. Prri1F. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 89, pl. 4, f. 22, —KLEEBURG, Moll. Borus. Syn. p. 23.—RossMAssL. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 97, f. 53. » pereger, C. Pret. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 90, pl. 4, f. 23, 24.—- Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p, 233, pl. 7, f. 101, and pl. 11, f 101, @.— Maceiz. Moll. Aberd. p- 106.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p- 97, f. 54.— Puitrppr, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 146; vol. ii. p- 120.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 11. Lymnea peregra, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 412. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 15, f. 8, 9, 10, 11, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40; pl. 18", £. 32 to 37. — Nuss. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 66. ” ” ” LIMN £US. 167 Lymnea ovata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 412.—K enyon, Mag. Nat. vol. i. p. 425, f. 182, g. —Nis, Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 63. » ntermedia, LAM. (as of Férus.) Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 414,—Dezs. Rec. Coq. Lam. pl. 30, f. 7. 5» putris, FLEMING, Encyclop. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. Limnea lutea, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 275. » limosa, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 274. Lymnea ovata, vulgaris and peregra, Scuus. and WaGn. Chem. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 179, 180, pl. 235, f. 4127 to 4130. Limneus vulgaris, Kick x, Moll. Brabant. p. 55. Limnea marginata, Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 88, pl. 16, f. 15, 16. —Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 4, f. 47. » ¢termedia, Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 86, pl. 16, f. 17, 18. —Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 5, f. 4. » lUneata, BEAN, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 493, f. 62. Lymneus ovatus, KLEEBURG, Moll. Borus. Syn. 'p. 23. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 56. Lymnea lacustris, Porrez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 219, pl. 22, 1 UL Limnea ovata, GRAs, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 5, f. 3. » peregra, Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 4, f. 45, 46. So infinite are the variations of shape in this most abun- dant species, that we must content ourselves with describ- ing the ordinary characteristic form (pl. CX-XIIT., f. 4, 6) and then indicating a few of the principal aberrations from it, which occur in our islands. Shell ovate-acute, oval-acute, or sub-rhombic oval and rounded below, horn-coloured, sometimes with a ferrugi- nous film, more or less thin and glossy, slightly wrinkled lengthways, with the usual spiral interruptions or lines of the genus by no means conspicuous. Spire ranging from scarcely one-sixth to about one-third (with a corresponding increase of area) of the dorsal length, composed of four tapering turns, that are of moderately fast longitudinal in- crease, swell out convexly from beneath the suture, and are well rounded below; of these the penult is not small-based 168 LIMN ADA. (as in auricularius) in proportion to the breadth of the body, and its area, on the average, is not more than quad- ruple that of the portion above it ; the not peculiarly narrow antepenult is bluntly trigonal and planulately shelving as in auricularius, but much broader than high. Body only moderately ventricose, its basal declination more or less rounded, its anterior extremity not peculiarly prominent. Mouth usually filling from four-sevenths to five-sixths of the length, and on the average four-sevenths only of the ventral area, of a broader or narrower peaked ovate figure, well rounded below. Outer lip not peculiarly projecting, bending downwards at once, only moderately arcuated throughout, for the most part not expanded; its anterior recedence but trifling. Pillar lip much elongated, arched to the right below, in general rather broadly reflected but not appressed, except occasionally above, disclosing a more or less open chink; its left edge not incurved; columellar twist very rarely developed. Variety ovata. Ventricose, often more transparent and yellow than in the preceding form ; spire very small and little elevated, sometimes not filling an eighth of the dorsal length, its whorls of quick increase and peculiarly short ; mouth capacious, occupying about two-thirds or even more of the ventral area, and about five-sixths of the total length ; pillar lip somewhat flatly reflected over the upper part of the chink (fig. 3). Variety lineata. Body more or less swollen, large ; spire short, its upper turns often eroded, and small in proportion to the penult. Throat with somewhat divergently transverse linear indentations, which cause corresponding external elevations. The spire in sinistral examples (fig. 7) thus sculptured is usually more produced and regular, and the ee LIMN MUS. 169 body and aperture are often less ample than in dextral specimens. In the lutea of Montagu the shell is stronger and dull orange yellow ; the mouth large ; the spire depressed. In the shell figured in the Linnean Transactions (vol. viii. pl. 5, f.8*), and in the marginata of Michaud, the internal rim of the outer lip is thickened. The usual size of this species is about half an inch in length, but there are varieties an inch long, and others con- stantly dwarfed. The animal has a very broad head with large triangular tentacles, the eyes placed on slight auriculations at their inner bases. The foot is broad and round in front, obtuse but somewhat lanceolate behind. The general colour is a yellowish olive, varying in depth, changing to greenish grey at the margin, and deepening to brown or mottled black on the body. This is our commonest Limneus, and is univer- sally diffused through the British islands: it is found in springs high up on mountains, as well as in ponds by the sea-shore nearly brackish. L, auricutarius, Linneus. Almost as broad as long, inflated, wrinkled ; spire acute, very short, its whorls not rounded ; penult turn very narrow, abruptly larger than the previous coil, truncated conical. Mouth very capacious ; columellar fold prominent ; outer lip patulous, pro- jecting above almost at right angles to the axis. Plate CX XIII. fig. 1 and (var. acutus) 2. Scurorer, Fliissconch. pl. 6, f. 4,5; pl. 7, f. 12. Helix auricularia, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.— Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 139, pl. 86, f. 138.—PuLreney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pi. 51, f. 1.— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 375, pl. 16, f.2.—MaTon and Rack, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. vill. p. 221 (not var.).— Dorset VOL. IV. Z 170 LIMNAADA. Catalog. p. 56, pl. 21, f. 17.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 68. —CueEmn. Conch. Cab, vol. ix. pt.2, p. 171, pl. 135, f. 1241, 1242..-Woop, Index Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 186. —-Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 969 (not var.). Buceinum auricula, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 126.—WorF in Sturm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 1. Turbo patulus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 95, pl. 5, f. 17. Bulimus auricularius, BRuG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 304. Limneus 5 Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 49, pl. 2, f. 28, 29, 32. —Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 372.—Turt. Manual L, and F.W. Shells, p. 117, f. 100.—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 117.—Kickx, Moll. Brabant. Austral. p. 56. Lymneus * Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 140, pl. 5, f. 23. Lymnea auricularia, LaMARcK, Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vill. p. 411.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 15, f. 29 to 32.— Nits. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 61. —Sowersy, Conch. Manual, f. 309. Limneus auricularius, C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 85, p). 4, f. 17, 18.— Gray, Manual L.and F.W. Shells, p- 232, pl. 7, f£ 100.— RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 98, pl. 2, f. 55.—Srein, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 12. Limneus acutus, Jevrr. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 373. Limnea auricularia, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 275. Limneus pereger, var. acutus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, pl. 11, f.101 d. Limnea 2 Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 5, f. 1, 2. Gulnaria wuricula, HARtM. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 16. It is the combination of characters, most of which are separately present in the preceding species, that constitutes the specific individuality of L. auricularius. For one of the many forms of pereger displays the capacious aperture, another that peculiarly rapid volutional increase which effects the disproportion between the penult and antepenult turns, a third the projecting anterior extremity, a fourth the curious twisted gibbous look of its body when examined at its left side, yet collectively these characters give such an aspect to the species that even when the fold is im- perfectly developed, no practical difficulty occurs in the determination of specimens. LIMN AUS. L7Tt Shell variable in form, more or less broad, rhomboidal- ovate when the spire composes a full fifth of the dorsal length, obovate subtrigonal when it is so short as barely to fill a sixth of that space; shining, horn-coloured both within and without, manifestly and comparatively coarsely wrinkled lengthways, with the spiral lines or interruptions also distinct. Whorls four to four and a half, somewhat planulately shelving towards the obliquely curved suture ; spire extremely short, and small; its turns of very rapid longitudinal increase ; the minute apical coil and the moderately high and much tapering antepenult volution together not equal in area to a fifth of the penult turn ; the latter small-based in proportion to the body, which pro- jects above on its right, and has its basal declination more or less gradual and not much rounded. Mouth occupying from three-fourths to four-fifths of the ventral length, and from four-sevenths to almost two-thirds of the area, of a somewhat rounded oval figure; outer lip extremely pro- minent, jutting out above almost at right angles to the axis previous to the sweep of its uninterrupted arcuation, ad- vancing towards the middle, receding anteriorly, expanded throughout, especially below, which gives a_ projecting look to the anterior dorsal extremity. Pillar lip elongated, bending to the left, much reflected, not appressed, but disclosing a more or less open umbilical chink; its left edge much incurved; columellar twist more or less strongly marked. Length an inch (or even more), breadth about a fourth less. In the immature variety (a@cutus) the mouth is much less capacious, and the body is very much smaller and nar- rower in relation to the spire: the high and narrow turns of the latter, and the anterior projection of the body are still preserved. Le LIMN ADA. The animal, except in those features which correspond with the differences of the shell, closely resembles that of pereger. The more limited and peculiar range of this form would seem to warrant our regarding it as distinct. It is chiefly found in the midland and south eastern counties, and is abundant in many localities around London, Clumber Lake, Notts, and in company with the var. acutus (which occurs in marshes on the sea coast) at Crymlyn Barrows, near Swansea (Jeffreys.) Sparingly at Worcester (Reece). Common about Nottingham (Lowe); fine and characteristic at York (T. Hincks); scarce and poor near Clitheroe (Winstanley) ; at Prestwich car, small, and ponds near Darlington (Alder) ; pond, Abercorn park, south of Scot- land (Logan). Not uncommon in Ireland (W. Thompson). L. surnerri, Alder. Ampullaceous, wrinkled ; mouth very ample; fold indistinct. Spire sunken or almost level. Plate CXXIII. fig. 8, 9. Limnea Burnetti, ALDER, Ann. Nat. Hist. new ser. vol. il. p. 396, pl. 11, top figures. Shell obliquely ovate-globose, very thin, pale reddish tawny, semi-transparent, a little glossed, more or less re- gularly wrinkled lengthways, the spiral lines or interrup- tions distant or inconspicuous. Spire scarcely, if at all, elevated ; the penult volution rounded, the rest very small and sunken. Almost the entire area occupied by the body, which abruptly swells out from the well pronounced and little slanting suture, and is broadly tumid in the middle ; anterior or basal declination rounded and abrupt LIMN AUS. tis on the ventral side; more gradual and less convex dor- sally. Mouth peculiarly and obliquely prominent, so as to project chiefly below, subpyriform-ovate, carved and acutely peaked above, well rounded below, all but occupy- ing the entire length, yet only filling four-sevenths at most of the ventral area, since the body swelling into the aperture does not so quickly attenuate posteriorly as in most of our Limnai. Outer lip acute, regularly ar- cuated, not: sinuated at the edge, receding below. Pillar lip very thin, white, slanting to the right, not at all appressed, but disclosing the umbilical chink. No decided columellar twist. Length seven lines and a half; breadth half an inch. The animal is of the usual form in this genus, but is a little broader than that of pereger. It is of a dark olive colour spotted with opake yellow. The cloak is nearly black with a few paler spots. It was first detected by Mr. Burnett of Newcastle in the stomach of trout caught in Loch Shene, Dumfries- shire, where it was afterwards taken alive by the same gentleman (Alder). Mr. Jeffreys (who regards it as a variety of pereger) informs us that it has been taken by Mr. M. Moggridge in Llyn y van fach, Breconshire. With some hesitation we annex as a variety to this species the Limneus pereger, var. 4. (lacustris) of Gray’s Manual (p. 234, pl. 11, fig. 101 b.— Amphipeplea lacustris, Brown, Il. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 15, f. 24, 257) figured by us in plate CX XXII. fig. 10. The apex is eroded, not quite sunken, and yet barely elevated above the body whorl ; the pillar is more appressed. It is not improbable that both this and the typical Burnetti may prove in the end to be abnormal forms of pereger. We have 174 LIMNAADA. taken the so-called /acustris in Loch Leven and some other lowland Scottish lakes. L. sracnauis, Linneus. Conic-ovate, imperforate, body whorl abruptly larger, usually subangulated above; spire turreted, acute. Aperture consti- tuting more than half of the total length: columellar fold strong ; edge of outer lip usually spreading. Plate CX XIV, fig. 4, 5. Helix stagnalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.— Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 86, f. 136, A~—PuLTrENery, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 48.— Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pl. 51, f. 2.— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 367, pl. 16, f. 8—Marvon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vili. p. 214.—Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 24, f£. 11—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 65, f. 69.— Scurbr. Fliissconch, pl. 7, fig. 1, 2.— Burrows, Elem. Conch, pl. 20, f. 5.—Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 962.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 166. » JSragilis,* Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249, probably.—Monr. Test. Brit. p- 369, pl. 16, f. 7. Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 215, probably.—Turvr. Conch. Diction. p. 65.— Scnrbt. Fliissconch. pl. 7, f. 8. — Diriw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 963.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 167. Buccinum stagnale, MtLuER, Verm. Ter. et Fluv. pt. 2, p. 1338.—WoLF, in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 1. Turbo stagnalis, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 938, pl. 5, f. 11. Bulimus ,, Brue. Encye. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 308. Buecinum roseo-labiatum, Wour, in Sturm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 1. Limneus stagnalis, DrAp. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 51, pl. 2, f. 38, 39.— Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 121, f 104.— Harr. Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 8, pl. 11, 12.— Kickx, Moll. Brabant, p. 58.— CuarprEnt, Cat. Moll. Suisse, pl. 2, f. 13, 14. Lymneus 45 BrARD, Coq. Paris, p. 133, pl. 5, f. 1. Limneus 4, C. Prerir. Deutsch. L. und S. Moll. pt. 1, p. 86, pl. 4, f. 18, 19; pl. 1, f. 11, animal—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 236, pl. 7, f. 104.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. * This is not the Bulimus fragilis of Lamarck (Deles. Rec. Coq. pl. 28, f. 2) which was erroneously published by that writer (on the authority of Dr. Leach) as the /elix fragilis of Montagu, and a native of England. LIMN AUS. 175 Moll. pt. 1, p. 95, pl. 2, f. 49, and pl. 5, f. 83, 84, 85.— Cantrr. Mem. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 159.—Puitrppr, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 120.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 13. Lymnea stagnalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 408.—Brown. Tllust. Conch. G. B. p. 28, pl. 15, f. 19 to 23. —Nuxs. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 60.— Sowxrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 308. Limnea 59 Sowersy, Genera Shells, Lim. f. |—FxLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 273.—BourLet, Moll. Auvergne, p. 69, animal.— Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 63.—Rerxve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 191, f. 1.—Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 66. Limneus major, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 374, a» Limnea fragilis, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 273. Limneus ,, Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 121, f. 105. Stagnicola vulgaris, HARTM. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 8, 12. Shell ovate acuminated, or turreted oblong-oval, the body being abruptly larger and inflated, the spire pro- duced and of a sudden narrowly conical; horn-coloured (sometimes pallid, sometimes ochraceous), wrinkled length- ways (at times, though rarely, somewhat plicately so), the surface beneath a powerful glass appearing exquisitely chased by dense spiral series of short and often scarcely interrupted longitudinal scratches. Whorls fully seven, elongated, tapering to a fine point, of rapid longitudinal increase, peculiarly attenuated and flat-surfaced above, convex or rounded below, at times appearing subangulated (especially the body) from this contrast ; suture simple, slanting, profound, the area beneath it sometimes edged with white; the apical coils rounded. Body long, its rounded swell a little depressed in the middle ; basal de- clination convex, more or less gradual. Mouth capacious, rounded below, variable in shape, in the more typical examples of a peaked and unsymmetrical ovate or oval figure, occupying about one half (usually rather more) of the ventral length. Outer lip prominent, a little dis- posed to expand, its arch for the most part more or less 176 LIMN MADE. depressed in the middle; its edge peculiarly sinuous, alter- nately receding and advancing, the latter chiefly below the middle. Inner lip bending to the left; pillar lip reflected and raised so as to form an obliquely arcuated: prominent fold. Labial enamel appressed even to its extremity so as not to form any umbilicus. Our foreign examples measure two inches at the least in length, and fully an inch across ; British examples rarely attain to such dimensions. Var. fragilis smaller, the body less swollen, more regu- larly convex and usually more elongated, not at all angu- lated ; the volution not planulate posteriorly. Aperture partaking of the general slenderness ; the marginal sinua- tion of the outer lip much less marked. The animal is of a yellowish olive hue, more or less marked with pale opake specks. This fine species is abundant in still water localities, slow running rivers and canals throughout the greater part of England, exclusive of the extreme south-west, and some of the more mountainous districts. It has been in- troduced into a few localities in the south of Scotland. In Ireland it is local, but generally diffused (W. Thompson). It is not found in the Isle of Man.* * Turton’s figure of his Limneus scaturiginum (Manual, f. 102) was copied from the Physa ! scaturiginum of Draparnaud (Hist. Moll. pl. 3, f. 14), supposed to be the young of Achatina folliculus. The specimen, “not half a line long,” mistaken for this species, was the fry of a Limneus, and, according to Mr, Jeffreys, of L. stagnalis. ~I ~] LIMN XUS. 1 L. rruncatutus, Miiller. Small, perforated, conic-oval, spire about as long as the aper- ture ; whorls tumid, deeply and abruptly divided. Plate CXXIV. fig. 3. Buceinum truncatulum, MULuER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 130. Helix truncatula, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3659.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p- 967. Bulimus truncatus, Brug. Encyel. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 310. Helix fossaria, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 372, pl. 16, f. 9.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 217, pl. 5, f. 9. — Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 56, pl. 18, f. 17.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 66.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 965.— Woop, Index Test. pl. 35, f. 169. Lymneus minutus, Drap. Mol]. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 53, pl. 3, f. 5, 6. — AupeEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 113. Lymnea minuta, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 415.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 28, pl. 15, f. 12, 13, and pl. 18*, f. 30, 831.—Nuts. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 72. Timneus minutus, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 93, pl. 4, f. 27.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p- 100, pl. 2, f. 57. — Puriprr, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 147; vol. ii. p. 121. Limneus truncatulus, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 877.—THOMPsSON, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 120. Limnea fossaria, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 274. Limneus fossarius, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 124, f. 108. Lymnea minuta, Scuus. and Waen. in Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 182, pl. 235, f. 4134, 4135. Limneus limosus, CANTR. Mem. Ac. Brux. 1836, p. 157. truncatulus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 240, pl. 7, f. 108. —Macerr. Moll. Aberd. p. 110.— Srey, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 10. Limnea minuta, Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 4, f. 44. Limnea truncatula, ALDER, Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 42. 9 Shell small, oblong-conic, occasionally more produced, thin, glossy, pale horn-coloured, nearly smooth, with the ordinary microscopical chasing. Whorls six, peculiarly rotundately inflated, swelling abruptly out above from the simple and little slanting suture, of quick longitudinal in- VOL. IV. A A 178 LIMN FAD. crease, scarcely tapering above ; penult turn not particu- larly short, generally filling more than a quarter of the total length; apex small. Body, if anything, rather longer than the spire, ventricosely rounded ; its basal declination moderately quick. Mouth occupying one half the length, suboval, rather abruptly angular above, occasionally tinged with chestnut brown. Outer lip a little projecting, regu- larly arcuated ; its edge not sinuated. Pillar lip straight- ish, flatly and broadly reflected as a white plate, which is not appressed, but exhibits a decided perforation behind it; fold not marked. Extreme length half an inch, with a breadth of three lines. The animal, which differs from its allies in no remark- able particulars of form, varies in colour from pale brown- ish grey to nearly black. This species often coats its shell with mud, and is much in the habit of living on the margins of streams and ditches, out of the water. It is universally diffused, living in all sorts of watery places, and occurring at considerable elevations among mountains. L. cuaser, Miiller. Elongated, cylindraceous, turreted, whorls rounded ; aperture very small. Plate CX XIV. fig. 1. Buccinum glabrum, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 135 (probably). Felix octona,* PENN. (not Linn.) Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 86, f. 135. * Dr. Pulteney haying forwarded a supposed Dorset shell thus named (Pult. in Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, App. p. 49) to Montagu, the latter identified it as a common West Indian species, the Achatina octona of authors (Pfeif. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 266). The drawing of H. octona in the Linnean Transactions (vol. viii. pl. 5, f. 10)—the accompanying description (p. 211) is transcribed from that of Linnzeus—represents a broken lipped specimen of this Achatina. LIMN AUS. 179 Bulimus leucostoma, PorrEt, Prodr. p. 37 (teste Michaud). Helix octanfracta, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 396, 588, pl. 11, f. 8.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. vill. p. 211. — Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 18, f. 11.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 64. — Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 149. » peregrina, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 954. Limneus elongatus, Drar. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 52, pl. 3, f. 3, 4. — Jerrr. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 376, 520. — Turt. Conch. Man. p. 122, f. 106. Lymnea leucostoma, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 414. Limneus elongatus, Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 92, pl. 4, f. 26.— RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 101, pl. 2, £. 58. Limnea octona, Fuem. Brit. Anim. p. 274. Gs elongata, SowERBY, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 6. — Rerve, Conch. Syst. pl. 191, f. 6.—Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 68. Limneus glaber, Gray, Turt. Man. L. and F. W. Shells, p. 242, pl. 9, f 106.— Srey, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 9. Limnea leucostoma, Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 65, pl. 5, f. 5. Lymnea clongata, Nits. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 71. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 15, f. 1, 2, 3, 5. —Scuus. and W aan. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 181, pl. 235, f. 41382, 4133. Shell turreted-subcylindraceous, the slender body being nearly equally broad throughout, and the spire slowly tapering to a fine point; thin, somewhat glossy, pale horn- coloured, slightly wrinkled lengthways, the ordinary mi- croscopic chasing less distinct than in most of the genus. Whorls more frequently seven, occasionally nine, rather high, of slow increase, simply convex, or moderately rounded in the middle, slightly attenuated, but not at all planulate above, swelling out at once from the very pro- found and but moderately slanting suture. Body not quite occupying half of the dorsal length, its surface rounded but not inflated; basal declination not abrupt. Mouth small, oblong-acute, filling rather more than a third of the ventral length, rounded and much receding The figure (72) in Turton’s Manual, is so bad that Pfeiffer has cited it with doubt for A. semitarum, but from the description (Conch. Diction. p. 63; Man. L. and F. Shells, p. 90) we know it to be intended for octona. 180 LIMNAADA. below, usually white. Outer lip subareuated, not promi- nent, not disposed to expand except at the anterior extre- mity, often thickened by a callus at a little distance from its edge, which latter is not sinuated. Pillar lip narrowly reflected, more or less curved; labial enamel usually appressed in the adult, but often exposing an umbilical chink in the young. An individual that measured five- eighths of an inch in length, was a quarter of an inch broad: specimens are recorded as measuring an inch in length, with a proportionate width. The animal is very dusky, and shorter-footed in pro- portion to its shell than the neighbouring species. It is one of our scarcer fresh water shells. It occurs in still waters. It occurs in several of our southern counties, especially Wilts and Somerset. Penzance (N. T. Miller) ; Staffordshire ; in marshes on the sea-coast near Swansea; Cardiff; Manorbeer (Jeffreys); York, in small ditches, but rare (T. Hincks); Clitheroe (Reece). Not uncommon near Newcastle (Alder). Rare in Ireland; Belfast (W. Thompson) ; Cork (Humphreys). L. patusrris, Linneus. Ovate-oblong, usually purplish-brown ; spire conic, about as long as the mouth ; whorl simply rounded not abruptly divided ; body whorl, not suddenly larger, throat usually coloured ; outer lip not spreading. Plate CX XIV. fig. 2. Buccinum palustre, Muir, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 131. — Scurér, Fliissconch. pl. 7, f. 9, 10. Helia stagnalis, var. B. PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 139, pl. 86, f. 136, B (teste Mont.). »» palustris, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3658.—Pu.r. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 48. —Monr. Test. Brit. p. 370, pl. 16, f. 10; Suppl. p. 188.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 216, pl. 5, f, 8.—Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 18, f. 18 (not well).— LIMN AUS. 181 Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 66.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p- 963.— Woop, Index Testae. pl. 35. f. 168. Helix corvus, Gmev. Syst. Nat. p. 3665 (from Scurér. Fliissconch. p. 307, pl. 7, £. 3, 4). » fragilis, Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 175, 8 1. .» fontinalis, Donovy. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 175, f. 2 and *. Limneus palustris, DRAPARN. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 52, pl. 2, f. 40, 41, 42, and pl. 3, f. 1, 2.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 123, f. 107.—AxpEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 114. —Tuompes. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 119.— Kickx, Moll. Brabant. p. 59. P Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 136, pl. 5, f. 6, 7. Limneus 4 C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 88, pl. 4, f. 20.— Maceriiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 109.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 239, pl. 7, f. 107. — RossmAssr. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 96, f. 51, 52. — Puiipri, Moll. Sicil. vol. 1. p. 146; vol. ii. p. 120, Lymnea s, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 409. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 28, pl. 15, 18, 4, 14, 26. 5» fusca, Nixs. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 70. Limneus communis, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 376. » tinctus, JerrReys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 378, 392. Limnea palustris, FLemrne, Brit. Animals, p, 274.— Bourtier, Moll. Auvergne, p. 70, animal. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 64, pl. 5, f. 6. —Merrmer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 67. Lymnea fragilis, Kenyon, Mag. Nat. Hist. (1829) vol. i. p. 425, f. 182, e. Limneus ,, STEN, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 14. Lymneus Shell oblong-conic, or elongated oblong-conic, the body being of a rather narrow truncated oval figure, and the spire, when not decollated, tapering gradually to a small point; moderately strong for the genus, not particularly transparent, not lustrous, brownish horn-coloured, with the microscopic sculpture as in stagnalis, and with the meandering vein-like transverse elevations that are occa- sionally present in the last, more often conspicuous and frequent. Whorls seven, of moderately fast longitudinal increase, more or less rounded, never angulated, moderately tapering, and neither planulate nor abruptly tumid above, divided by a profound and slanting suture: penult turn fillmg about a fourth of the dorsal length. Body as long 182 LIMNA/ADA. as, or slightly longer than the spire, merely subventricose ; its convexity not flattened in the middle ; its basal decli- nation rounded but not abrupt. Mouth usually stained with liver colour or chocolate, neither capacious, nor very prominent, of a peaked suboval figure, occupying one half, or very nearly so, of the ventral length. Outer lip regu- larly arched; its edge scarcely at all sinuated. Pillar lip raised at the edge, reflected, not so curved as in stag- nalis, sometimes white, sometimes liver coloured: labial enamel spread, not usually quite appressed, but exposing at times a slight chink. Our largest specimen measures fifteen lines in length, and six and a half in breadth. The reflexa, umbrosa, and elodes of Say, American Con- chology, pl. 31, which form apparently but one species, are scarcely distinguishable from this variable shell. The animal is dusky, nearly black, tinged with greenish and olive. Generally diffused through the three kingdoms, inhabit- ing ditches, ponds, and springs. It scarcely ranges so far north with us as pereger and truncatulus do. L. eiurinosus, Miiller. Subglobose, extremely thin and transparent, polished, pale amber-coloured ; spire extremely small but not truncated: mouth very large. Plate CX XIV. figs. 6, 7. Buccinum glutinosum, MULiER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 129. Helix glutinosa, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 379, pl. 16, f.5; Suppl. p. 139.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 222.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 69.—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 970.-—Woop, Index Testaceol. pl. 35, f. 182. Limneus glutinosus, DRAPARN. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 50.—JEFFREyYs, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 3871, 519.—Turt. Manual L, and F.W. Shells, p. 120, f. 103.—Axpxr, Mag. Z. and B. vol. ii. p. 115.—Kickx, Moll. Brabant. p. 55, pl. 1, LIMN AUS. 183 f. 11, 12.—Mzicuaup, Suppl. Drap. Moll. France, pl. 16, f. 13, 14.-—-Mém. Acad. Brux. vol. xii—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 18. Amphipeplea glutinosa, Niis. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 58.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 243, pl. 9, f. 103.—Brown, Tilust. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 15, f.27, 28.— RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 93, f. 48.— Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 8. : Limnea 5 Sowersy, Genera, Shells, Lim. f. 5.—Fiemrne, Brit. Animals, p. 275.—Dersm. Bull. Linn. Bord. vol. vii. p- 142, pl. 1, 4—Rerve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. p. 191, f. 5.—MErMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 65. Lymnea Ss Desu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 419. Shell suborbicular, or globosely oval, so thin as to be almost membranaceous, quite transparent, highly polished, of an uniform very pale amber, or yellowish horn-colour, finely wrinkled lengthways. Body composing nearly the entire shell, much inflated, swelling out convexly from the somewhat sunken suture; basal declination rounded, and rather quick. Spire scarcely elevated, extremely small, formed of three moderately rounded, though depressed and tapering volutions, whose increase is moderately fast ; base of the penult whorl very small; apical turn minute and very blunt. Mouth capacious, extending almost the whole length, and filling from four-sevenths to two-thirds of the ventral surface, ovate acute, being well rounded below, and rather suddenly contracted above by the swell of the body. Outer lip neither expanded, nor much reced- ing below, not sinuated at the margin, simply arched throughout, and forming along with the regularly arcuated left edge of the broad but thinly spread enamel of the inner lip, a rounded ovate figure; pillar lip narrow, arching to the right anteriorly ; columellar twist only faint : no umbilical erevice. Length rather more than half an inch ; breadth, three-eighths of an inch. The animal is remarkable for its large mantle lobes, of a 184 LIMN HADA. yellowish hue, speckled with opake sulphury dots, and very slimy to the touch ; with them, when in the water, it covers its shell, but instantly withdraws them on being touched. The tentacles and foot are similar to those of other Lym- nei. Van Beneden has investigated its anatomy, and shown that there are some remarkable peculiarities in its nervous system, having relation to its dilated mantle. It is a scarce shell, though plentiful where it occurs. It is found in the south-eastern English counties, but very locally : it occurs in Windermere lake, but in one part only, according to Mr. Winstanly. Mr. Gibbs, of the Geolo- gical Survey, has communicated to us fine specimens from Bala Lake, in North Wales. L. ivvotutus, Harvey. Almost membranaceous, transparent ; ovate, with the spire truncated or sunken. Plate CX XII. fig. 11. Limneus involutus, HAnvry, MS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 559 (no desc.).— Axper, Mag. Z. and B. vol. ii. p. 115 (no desc.).—THomp- son and Goopsir, Ann. N. H. vol. v. p. 22. Amphipeplea involuta, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 245, pl. 12, f.147. Lymnea ma Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 18, f. 5. Shell rather small, subtruncated-ovate, extremely thin, more or less glossy, transparent, fulvous horn-coloured. Body composing nearly the entire shell, the spire, which consists of scarcely three coils, that are remarkably small and merely convex, being flat or a little sunken ; surface of the last volution not equably ventricose, but rather more planulate above; basal declination gradual, convex. Mouth of a curved pear-shape, occupying about three- fifths of the ventral area; very broadly rounded, and a ANCYLUS. 185 little reflected, below; gradually and acutely contracted above by the moderate swell of the body, and the slant- ing inclination of the outer lip, which latter is arcuated (especially anteriorly); enamel of the inner lip diffused but very thin; pillar extremely narrow, arched, the fold not very conspicuous. No umbilical chink. Length five lines and a half; breadth three lines and a half. The external characters of this animal, as displayed when living, have not been fully described ; some account of its anatomy has, however, been published by Professor Goodsir. This remarkable shell, which after all may be some monstrous yet permanent variation of a more ordi- nary Limnaus, was discovered by Professor Harvey, in a small Alpine lake on Cromaglaun Mountain, near Killarney, where it was afterwards taken by our lamented friend, Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, and by Dr. Robert Ball.* ANCYLUS. Gerorrroy. Shell limpet-shaped, thin, horny, ovate or oblong, de- presso-conical, with a posterior, slightly and obliquely recurved apex. Aperture ample, with entire margin; inner surface exhibiting a laterally-imterrupted semilunar scar. No operculum. Animal with a broad head and two triangular tentacles with the eyes at their bases. Mantle simple, not reflected. Foot ovate, ample. Tongue armed with rows of numerous hamate teeth, much incurved, flanking narrow, compressed central denticle. The striking resemblance of the shells of these /resh- * The Turbo rivulus of authors (Monv. Test. Brit. p. 331; Maron and Rack, Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 186; Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 229), was solely consti- tuted from an execrable figure in Walker’s Testacea ({. 57), apparently intended for a member of this genus. VOL. IV. BB 186 LIMNAADSA. water limpets, as they are popularly designated, to marine Patellw, for a long time misled naturalists as to the true nature and position of the animal of Ancylus. This dis- cussion has, however, been set completely at rest; the affinities of the genus are now understood, and its place is universally recognized as being in immediate proximity with Limneus, Physa, and Planorbis. Our two indigenous fresh-water limpets differ from each other in some re- markable particulars, and are regarded by many naturalists as types of distinct genera, under the names of Ancylus and Velletia. Until we shall know more of the animals of exotic forms, we are disinclined to accept so great a dis- tinction, believing, however, that it may hold good even- tually. In favour of such a view we may quote the ob- servations on the differences in their dentition, as described by Mr. W. Thomson :—‘‘In Aneylus there are thirty simi- lar lateral teeth in a straight line on each side of the central tooth, and then there is a slight curve through a series of six more teeth, where a trifling change in their form occurs. In Velletia, on the contrary, no part of the horizontal row is straight ; its central part is much arched, and is composed of the central tooth and twelve lateral teeth on each side, which do not alter much in form. Then comes one tooth of a different form, and lastly six more on each side, which latter are in a slight curve.” A. Fiuviatinis, Miller. Conoid: aperture roundish oval ; apex directed to the right. Plate CX XII. fig. 4. Patella lacustris, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1260.— Prnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 143. —PuLTENney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 51.— Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. vy. pl. 147.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. viii. p. 232.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. ANCYLUS. 187 p. 58, pl. 22, f. 8—Turv. Conch, Diction. p. 138. —Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 1041,—Woon, Index Testac. pl. 37, 00. Aneylus fluviatilis, MiuLer, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 201. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 280. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xvi. p. 390.— Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 140, f. 125; ed. Gray, p. 249, f. 125.— Tuomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 121.—Maceirutiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 121.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 59, pl. 12, f. 1, 4, 6—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 48, pl. 2, f. 23, 24.—Voirn in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 9.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 107, pl. 4, f. 44, 45, and pl. 1, f. 16, animal.— Nuns, Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 84. —Scuus. and Waen. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 162, pl. 235, f, 4107.—Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 77.—SowErBy, Genera Shells, Anc. f. ]. — Puiuiprr, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 120; vol. ii. p. 93. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 65, pl. 5, f. 10. — Rrxzve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 193, f. 1. — Mermet, Moll. Pyren. p. 71.— Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 61. —SrEIn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 3, f. 7. Patella a Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 1, pl. 2, f. 8. — Monv. Test. Brit. p. 482. Ancilus s Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 200, pl. 7, f. 3. 45 stnuosus, Brann, Coq, Envir. Paris, p. 201, pl. 7, f. 4. Ancylus = Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, pl. 5, f. 8. Shell of a curved conical shape, more or less elevated, the height sometimes but little inferior to the breadth, very thin, and under its olivaceous epidermis bluish white both within and without, most minutely radiated externally with extremely fine and densely disposed slightly raised wrinkles, which are usually rather more evident in front. Sides not compressed, almost equal and similar; extremities well rounded and almost equal, the front being only slightly the broader. Apex lying far back, rather acutely peaked and hooked; the slope from thence forwards greatly arcu- ated, the hinder declination more or less abruptly and much incurved. Margin acute; side edges decidedly, though rather unequally, curved. Base simple, not in- dented. Length a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly two lines and a half. 188 LIMNHADA. The animal is of a rather pale grey hue, with darker specklings about the head; its tentacles are obtuse and triangular ; its foot is ovate-oblong. This little mollusk is abundant on stones in running brooks, clear streams, and rivers throughout the British Islands. Occasionally it is found adhering to plants, and here and there is taken im pools and ponds, but almost always where there is or has been running water flowing through. There is no question as to this shell bemg the Patella lacustris of Linneus; but, since the majority of concholo- gical writers have applied that name to the next species, and since the designation lacustris is peculiarly inapplicable to this, we have retained the appropriate appellation given to it by Miiller, and by which it is usually known. A. ostoncus, Lightfoot. Elongated oblong : apex near the middle, directed to the left. Plate CX XII. fig. 5. Ancylus lacustris, MULLER, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 199.—FLEMinG, Brit. Animals, p. 280; Treatise Moll. Anim. pl. 7,f. 19.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 391. — Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 141, f. 126.— Tuomrs. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 121. — Brown, Lllust. Conch. G. B. p. 60, pl. 12, f. 3, 5, 7.—Drar. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 47, pl. 2, f. 25, 27. —VoirTH in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 8&.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 109, pl. 4, f. 46.—Nuts, Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 83.—Scuus. and WaGn. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 163, pl. 235, f. 4108.— Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 78. —SoweErsy, Genera Shells, Ane. f. 2.—Desm. Bull. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. vii. pl. 1, B.— Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 65, pl. 5, f. 9.—REEVE, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 193, f. 2.— Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p- 71. — Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 61.— Sven, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 3, f. 8. Patella oblonga, Licutroot, Phil. Trans. 1786, vol. lxxyi. p. 168, pl. 3, lower ANCYLUS. 189 compartm.— Putt. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 51. — Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. vy. p. 150.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 233, — Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 58, pl. 18, f, 20*, and pl. 22, f. 8, a2. —Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 138.— Dintw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 1042. — Woop, Index Westac. pl. 3751. 57. Patella lacustris, Mont. (not Linn.) Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 484. Velletia =i, Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 251, pl. 10, f. 126. Shell but moderately elevated, with a more or less pro- duced oblong base, extremely thin, semitransparent, and beneath a dirty horn-coloured or palely olivaceous yellow epidermis of an uniform smooth and shining snow-white hue both within and without. Sides compressed, or pinched as it were ; extremities moderately and often unsymmetrically rounded, the anterior end slightly the broader. Apex acutely peaked and hooked, decidedly behind the middle, manifestly bending to the left (towards which side, indeed, the entire shell is wont to incline); the slope from it forwards arched, the declination from it backwards a little concave. Margin acute, a little disposed to spread ; side edges but little curved. Base simple, neither raised at the ends and hollowed at the sides, nor hollowed at the extremities and laterally elevated. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth a ninth or a tenth of an inch. Animal dark-grey, dextral; in other respects resembling the last. This little shell is found adhering to the stems and leaves of water plants in ponds, lakes, and canals. It is generally distributed, though somewhat local, in England, Wales, and Ireland, but is rare in Scotland, occurring only in the south, as in Duddingsten Loch, near Edinburgh. 190 AURICULID. Tue animals of this tribe of Pulmonifera live, for the most part, in damp places, many of them on the imme- diate margin of the sea, so as to be moistened by the spray, or among salt marshes. Hence, not a few were for a long time believed to be inhabitants of the sea, and their shells were assigned to well-known marine genera. They have broad but not widely lobed muzzles, bearing two subtriangular, cylindrical, or subulate contractile ten- tacula, with eyes at their inner bases or none. In their dentition they approach the Limnewade, having similar numerous uncinated teeth flanking a small symmetrical central one. Their foot is ovate, and obtuse behind; it bears no operculum. Their mantle is not reflected upon the shell, and is simple-edged; on the right side is the aperture of the pulmonary sac. ‘They are bisexual (except Carychium ?). Some of the tropical members of this tribe attain con- siderable dimensions. All have volutiform shells, very generally with denticulated apertures. In our native species the septa of the whorls in the spire become absorbed, so that the visceral extremity of the body ceases to be truly spiral. CONOVULUS. Lamarck. Shell spiral, ovate, usually thin; spire moderately pro- duced. Aperture ovate or pyriform, entire, toothed within CONOVULUS. 191 upon the columella, and sometimes in the throat; its peristome more or less thickened. Septa of the spire even- tually obliterated. No operculum. Animal with two subtriangular tentacula, and two sessile eyes placed at their inner bases. Foot rounded at both extremities, and often sulcated transversely in the centre, so as to divide it into two disks, Some very interesting observations on the animals of the British species of this genus, by Mr. W. Clark, are contained in the Annals of Natural History, for December, 1850, and July, 1851. C. pipentatus, Montagu. White ; outer lip simple, throat smooth ; pillar with two folds. Plate CX XV. fig. 1, 2. Voluta bidentata, Mon. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 100, pl. 30, f. 2. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 253. — Dittwyn, Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 507. - — Woop, Index Testac. pl. 19, f. 21 (magnified). » alba, (scarcely of Mont. Test. Brit. p. 235, not Suppl. p. 101, or of Maron and Racx. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii, p. 180), Turr. Conch. Diction, p. 250. Auricula bidentata (not Gould), Firus. Tabl. Syst. Moll. p. 103.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 368. — Brit. Marine Conch. p. 144. alba, Firus. Tableau System. Moll. (no desc.).—JeErrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. xvi. p. 368.—ForBEs, Malacol. Monens. p. 12. —Brit. Marine Conch. p. 145. Volvaria .,, FuiEmrne, Brit. Animals, p. 333. Acteon bidentatus, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 337. Auricula erosa, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xvi. p. 369. Conovulus bidentatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 227, pl. 12, f. 145. — Brit. Marine Conch. p. xxxiii.—Crarx, Ann. Nat. Hist. new ser, vol. vi. p. 445. 5 albus, GRAY, Manual L.and F. W. Shells, p. 227, pl. 12, f. 146. — Brit. Marine Conch. p. xxxiii. f. 25, Auricula Micheli, Mirrre, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuvier. 1841, p. 66 ? Jaminia bidentata, Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 22, pl. 8, f. 7. Auricula dubia, CANTRAINE, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux. vol. ii. p. 883.; Mém. Acad. Se. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 172 ? ” 192 AURICULID 2. Shell varying in shape from subfusiform-oval to oblong- conical, more or less solid, of an uniform ivory white beneath the pale yellowish horn-coloured skin, smoothish, or faintly wrmkled lengthways. Whorls six or seven, simply and only slightly convex, tapering above ; the first four of slow increase, the penult, and occasionally the ante- penult, rather suddenly enlarging; divided by a fine, and only moderately slanting, suture ; the apex small, but not acute, rather obliquely coiled. Body filling from two- thirds to three-fifths of the dorsal length, sometimes a little ventricose above the middle ; its basal declination gradual, not much rounded. Aperture usually occupying about four-sevenths of the ventral length, reversed semiovate, peaked above, narrowly rounded below. Outer lip simple, sharp, subareuated, not much if at all expanded, except that it is a little effuse anteriorly, perfectly unarmed ; throat quite smooth. Inner lip with only two folds, a very oblique one at the lower extremity of the columella, and a very prominent and comparatively horizontal one rather below the middle; not denticulated nor otherwise armed on the upper or parietal portion. Pillar lip ap- pressed; no umbilical chink. Length of a very large individual a quarter of an inch; its breadth a line anda half. Variety a/ba* narrower in its aperture and general shape; spire consequently more produced; lower fold often nearly obsolete. * The Voluta alba of the first volume of the “ Testacea Britannica ” (p. 235), and the Jaminia alba of Brown (Ill. Conch. p. 22, pl. 8, f. 18), seem derived from figure 61 of Walker and Boys’ thin quarto, which appears to represent the Cylichna obtusa. A very different shell, said to have been found by Laskey in Dunbar sand, is described as V. alba, in Montagu’s “ Supplement ” (p. 102). It was probably a minute foreign Marginella, but is not so defined that the species can be satisfactorily identified, being merely characterised as minute, ovate, with a slightly raised (worn) spire of probably three or four turns, a narrow mouth open below, as in M. pallida, yet not shaped as in that shell, and a pillar with four folds, besides some slight denticulations above them. CONOVULUS. 193 The animal is of a creamy white. Its tentacles are short, blunt, and subtriangular, diverging but approxi- mated at their bases. The eyes are placed rather far back. The sole of the foot is suleated across the centre, so as to form two creeping disks, “The mantle is fleshy, and sometimes extends rather beyond the aperture of the shell; when it is viewed in the dead animal it has the aspect of the rounded tumid mar- gin of the /Zelices. The neck is proportionately longer than in any other animal of its size I am acquainted with ; and at its termination forms a veil divided by a sinuation in its centre into two arcuated lobes, from the right and left angles of which two very short, flat, setose tentacula spring. These vary, being in some animals more cylin- drical; a little behind their origin the large subrotund eyes are seen at rather the internal bases: these appear dull, being imbedded within the skin. Beneath the neck- veil a narrow, flat, rather taper, grooved muzzle issues. The muzzle rests on the foot, which always outruns it a little. The pedal disk is moderately long, and rather broad, divided transversely very deeply at a third of its length ; the other two-thirds taper gradually to a mode- rately rounded termination, sometimes slightly emarginate, and with a medial groove. The structure of the foot is that of Pedipes; its quality of locomotion perfectly agrees with the etymology of the term: it is very slow, in conse- quence of a double action of the pedal disk being necessary to effect progression, the anteal portion being first carried forward, accompanied by the head and neck, and is then fixed, when the posterior portion carrying the shell is drawn up to its predecessor or pes pedi, and so on, and thus a slow march is accomplished.”—Crark. This pretty shell is most frequently found on our VOL. IV. c Cc 194 AURICULIDA. western shores, and in many places is common in crevices of rocks near high water-mark. Devon (Clark); Corn- wall (Cocks); Weymouth, Ilfracombe, Swansea, and else- where on the South Wales coast (Jeffreys) ; Isle of Man (E. F.); Northumberland (Alder); Guernsey (S. H.). The variety erosa at Plymouth (Jeffreys); generally around the Irish coasts (W. Thomson). Notrt.—We haye not seen “ Bivona, p. 22, pl. 2, f. 10,” but think it likely, from Philippi’s description (Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 143, as Awric. myosotis, var. b. 5 vol. ii. p. 118, as A. Bivone) of the Ovatella bidentata of that work, that it is identical with our species. C. penticutatus, Montagu. Coloured ; pillar lip usually with more than two teeth ; outer lip often reflected ; throat often denticulated. Plate CXXV. fig. 3. WALKER and Boys, Test. Minut. Rariora, f. 50. Voluta denticulata, Monr. Test. Brit. p. 234; Suppl. pl. 20, f. 5.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. viii. p. 130.— Dorset Catal. p- 44, pl. 18, f. 1. —Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 249. — BERKELEY, Zool, Journ. vol. y. p. 428, pl. 19, f. 3 (animal). — Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 506. — Woop, Index Test. pl. 19, f. 18. Voluta ringens, Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 250. » reflewa, TURT. Conch. Diction., p. 251. Auricula myosotis, var. a. FErus. Tableau System. p. 103. Acteon denticulatus, FLEM1NG, Brit. Anim. p. 337. Auricula denticulata, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. xvi. p. 367. — Kiisrer, Conch. Cab. I. sec. 16, pl. 8, f. 1 to 5. » tenella, MENKE, Synops. Mollusc. ed. 2 (1830), p. 131; Zeitschr. Malakoz. 1845, p. 33. Carychium personatum, Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 73, pl. 15, f. 24. 43.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, App. p. 16. Pythia denticulata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. (no description). Auricula personata, Dus. in Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 334.— Brit. Marine Conch. p. 144.—Putirri, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 118. Conovulus denticulatus, GRAY, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 225, f. 144. — Brit. Marine Conch. p. xxxiiii — ALDER, Mboll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 41. CONOVULUS. 195 Jaminia denticulata, and quinquedens, Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 22, pl. 8, POs lle Variety Myosolis, plate CX XV. fig. 4, 5. Auricula myosotis, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 56, pl. 3, f. 16, 17.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 330.—BLAINv. Man. Malacol. pl. 37, bis, f. 6. — Dusu. Enc. Méth. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 88.—Lowe, Zool. Journ. yol. v. p. 290.—PHILIPPI, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 143 (var. a.); vol. ii, p. 118.—KitsrEr, Conch. Cab. vol. i. sec. 16, pl. 8, f. 21 to 24. Carychium myosote, MicHaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. p. 73.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, App. p. 16. Voluta denticulata, BERKELEY, Zool. Journ, yol. y. p. 428, pl. 19, f. 3. Auricula % Goutp, Invert. Massach. p. 199 (chiefly), f. 129.—DrEKay New York Moll. p. 58. After a protracted examination we have decided upon uniting the Awricula myosotis of Draparnaud to the Voluta denticulata of Montagu. As many conchologists will dissent from this conclusion, we have scrupulously kept apart their description and synonymy. The follow- details pertain to the marine form denticulata. Shell of a conical-oblong or oval shape, more or less thin and transparent, pale yellowish brown umber or horn- coloured, more or less faintly wrinkled lengthways, obso- letely subplicated, and in living specimens finely ciliated beneath the distinct yet simple suture. Spire varying greatly as to height, usually elongated for the genus, in the narrower examples often much produced, composed of from six to eight turns, that are of rather slow longitudinal increase, are well defined from their decided convexity, and taper above; apex moderately small, unsymmetrical. Aperture occupying fully one-half the length, oblong-lan- ceolate, narrowly rounded below, gradually contracted above to a curved and very acute angle; toothed on both sides. Outer lip more or less arched, strengthened inter- nally at a little distance from the acute and somewhat 196 AURICULIDA. expanded edge by a callous rim, on which are seated from three to six teeth (occasionally produced in ridges), which vary as to size and solidity. Inner lip with an oblique fold or pliciform tooth on the pillar, and with two central (besides, oftentimes, one or two additional posterior den- ticles) comparatively horizontal teeth, of which the lower is sublamellar and decidedly the larger and more promi- nent. No umbilicus, but the reflected pillar lip is not always thoroughly appressed anteriorly. Length of a large individual nearly the third of an inch; breadth almost two lines. The animal is yellowish or bluish-white, with conspicuous and approximated eyes at the inner bases of its somewhat compressed tentacles. This form always occurs in the neighbourhood of the sea. It is found in many localities, especially on the southern and western coasts of England. A variety occurs in vast abundance in ditches at Cobo in Guern- sey (F. D. Lukis); in South Wales (Jeffreys); Loch Fyne (Jeffreys): “in crevices of the cliff a little above high water-mark at the south end of South Shields sands, rare” (Hancock). In the north, east, and south of Ireland (W. Thompson). The shell of smyosotts is precisely similar, except in the aperture, but for the most part stronger, and usually of a deeper tint of colouring, beg sometimes chocolate-brown, and edged with white below the suture; more frequently, however, yellowish brown. Inner lip with only two or three teeth, the denticles being always, and the posterior tooth frequently, wanting ; callosity of the outer lip solid, and either unarmed, or with only a single tubercular or dentiform projection where the rim is abruptly attenuated just below the site of the opposite posterior tooth. CONOVULUS. 197 The animal is yellowish tinged with grey. This variety is found in brackish marshes about the estuaries of rivers, as in the Thames, as high as Greenwich, where it occurs in company with Assiminea Grayana, and furnished the subject of some of Mr. Berkeley’s excellent researches; in the Avon, near Bristol, and on the banks of the Severn. SPURIOUS. C. Butiaoiwes, Montagu. Voluta Bullaoides, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 102, pl. 30, f. 4. — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 254. Tornatella ,, Férus. Tabl. Syst. p. 108. Auricula 4, Gray, Annals of Philos. 1825, name only. Melampus Bulla, Lowe, Zool. Journ. vol. y. p. 293 (no deser.). Detracia Bullaoides, Gray, Turt. Manual, p. 20 (as spurious). Auricula cingulata, C. Prerr. Wiegm. Archiv. Nat. 1840, p. 251, teste KiisrEr, Conch. Cab. I. sec. 16, p. 40, pl. 6. f. 4, 5, 6. As oliva, D’ORzBIG. Cuba Moll. pl. 13, f. 8, 9. 10. A native of St. Vincent's, admitted as British by Montagu, on the authority of the Portland collection. C. pusittus, Gmelin. Voluta pusilla, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3436 (from Marr. Conch. Cab. vol. ii. pl. 43, f. 446).—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 507, Voluta triplicata, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 138.—Monr. Test. Brit. Suppl. p- 99. — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 253. — FLemine, Encycl. Edin, pl. 203, f. 13.—Diiiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 507.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 19, f. 19. Auricula nitens, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 332 (probably,) from which Melampus ovulum, Lown, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p- 289. Auricula ovula, Potiez and Micu. Gal. Douai Moll, vol. i. p. 204, pl. 20, f. 13, 14. Tralia pusilla, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 21, as spurious (no deser.). A native of the Antilles, introduced by Donovan, because Da Costa had erroneously supposed it to be identical with one of Walker's figures; supposed also, wrongly, to be a native of Guernsey. The Acteon triplicatus of Mleming (Brit. Anim. 198 AURICULIDA. p. 337) is apparently derived from Donovan ; vf so, the “ body lip with two folds,” is a misprint for “ three.” CARYCHIUM. Mutuzr. Shell spiral, oblong, cylindrical, thin, with a moderately turreted spire; aperture oblong, subcontracted, toothed ; peristome thickened. No operculum, Animal with two cylindrical obtuse tentacles, with eyes at their internal bases. The species of this genus are exceedingly minute. C. minimum, Miiller. Plate CX XV. fig. 6. Carychium minimum, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii, p. 125. — Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. vol. xvi. p. 365.—FLrEm. Brit. Anim. p. 270. — Turt. Conch. Man. p. 96, f. 77; ed. Gray, p. 22], pl. 7, f. 77. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 34, pl. 18, f. 15, side figs. — Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 51. — Sow. Conch. Man. f. 301.— Canrr. Bull. Brux. vol. xiii. p- 169. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, f. 660.— Kitsrer, Conch. Cab. I. sec. 16, pl. 1, f. 8, 9, 10. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 54, pl. 4, f. 23. — Meret, Moll. Pyrén. p. 56. — Durvy, Moll. Gers, p. 44. Turbo carychium, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3665.— Monr. Test. Brit. p. 339, pl. 22, f. 2; Suppl. p. 182.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 184.—Racx. Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 19, f. 13. — Ture. Conch. Diction. p. 221. — Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol, ii. p. 880.—Woobp, Index Test. pl. 32, f. 157. Auricula minima, Drar. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 3, f. 18, 19.— Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 8830. — Nits. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 55.— Puimippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. il. p. 222.—Sretn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 5. Odostomia carychium, FLEMING, Edinb. Encycl. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 76. Auricella s HARTMANN, in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 1. Waker and Boys, Test. Minut. Rariora, f. 51. Shell oblong, or elongated oblong, somewhat tapering above, rather thin, transparent, and shining, of an uniform CARYCHIUM. 199 whitish or yellowish white hue, smooth to the eye, but under a lens densely striolate lengthways. Whorls five or five and a half, rounded, of moderate longitudinal increase, divided by a simple profound, and not much slanting suture; penult volution more than twice as broad, in general, as it is long; apex very blunt. Body not swollen, quickly commencing its anterior attenuation ; basal declination convex and gradual. Peristome a little interrupted. Mouth filling about two-fifths of the total length, obliquely suboval, the regularity of the shape, however, disturbed by the three teeth; well rounded, entire, and disposed to expand anteriorly. Both lips broadly reflected; the outer one prominent, somewhat thickened internally, obliquely arcuated, and furnished, rather above its middle, with a broad and strong tooth. — Inner lip with a narrow and much projecting tooth in the middle ; pillar lip straightish at its left edge, not appressed, provided near its anterior extremity with a subpliciform tooth. Axis imperforated. Variety. With the teeth, especially that on the right lip, more or less obsolete. Length one line. The animal of this little shell is creamy white, with disproportionately large black eyes at the bases of the short and blunt tentacula. This shell is found in all parts of the United Kingdom, except, perhaps, in the extreme north; it inhabits moist places among moss and grass, often on the surfaces of moss-clothed rocks, beside trickling water. . 200 CYCLOSTOMID. Tue operculated Pulmonifera differ in such important features of their organization from all other pulmonated Mollusks, that their true position in the series of Gastero- poda is a subject of dispute, not yet satisfactorily settled. In many points of their anatomy they are distinctly related to the snail tribe; in others they seem to have afhnity with Littorina and similar Pectinibranchiata. Their an- cient embodiment in the genus Zwrbo had a significance even stronger than that indicated by the shapes of their shells. The attention they are now receiving from many able malacologists will probably clear up many doubts re- specting their systematic rank. In the meantime, we describe the very few British representatives of the group at the close of the Pulmonifera, a place not unnatural when we consider the relations of Acme with Carychium. The genera Cyclostoma and Helicina are the principal types of the family. Of the latter we have no British members, nor, indeed, are there any inhabiting the tempe- rate regions of the globe. The old genus Cyclostoma has been lately divided into numerous lesser but important groups, chiefly characterised by differences in the struc- ture and form of their opercula. In the newly-published “‘ Conspectus Cyclostomaceorum,” by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, no fewer than twenty-nine of their genera are enumerated, including above four hundred and fifty species. The ge- neric name Cyclostomus is restricted to an assemblage of CYCLOSTOMA. 201 seventy-nine species, one of which is the only true repre- sentative of the group inhabiting the British Isles. With a doubt, we have included as its associate in the same family, the curious genus Acme. CYCLOSTOMA. Monrrort. Shell globoso-turbinate, ovato-turreted or depressed, often strong, variously sculptured : aperture oval, with a simple, straight, or expanded peristome. Operculum sub- oval, testaceous, plane, exhibiting four or five whorls, its margin simple, its nucleus subeccentric. Animal with a proboscidiform muzzle, two subulate tentacles, eyes at their external bases ; foot ovate ; mantle quite free ; sexes distinct. Even in its most restricted sense, this genus includes no fewer than eighty species, the great majority of which are tropical. C. ececans, Miiller. Plate CX XII. fig. 3. Turbo reflexus, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1238 (inadequately described) from type. Nerita elegans, MULLER, Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 177. Turbo tumidus, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 128, pl. 82, f. 110. ,, striatus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 86, pl. 5, f. 9.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. p. 59. » elegans, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 342, pl. 22, f.7.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 167.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. p- 50, pl. 21, ££ 9.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 207, f. 48, 49. Cyclostoma ,, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 52, pl. 1, f. 5, 8.—FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 257.— Jerrr. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 862.—BERKELEY, Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 278, anatomy. — Turv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 93 (ed. Gray, p. 275), f. 75.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 126.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 34, pl. 14, f. 28, and pl. 18*, f. 29.— Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 103, pl. 3, f. 78. —C. Pruir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 30, 31.— VOL, IV. DD 202 CYCLOSTOMID ®. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 360. — Harrm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 3.—Kuicx, Moll. Brabant. p- 69. — RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 90, f. 44; pl. 5, f. 81, animal.— Puriirri, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 148; vol. ii. p. 119.— Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p- 55, pl. 4, f. 25. — Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 72. — Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 68. — SowErsy, Thesaur. Conch. vol. i. p. 101, pl. 23, f. 32, 33. — Kitsrer, Conch. Cab. vol. i. sec. 19, pl. a, f. | to 3 (animal). Shell ovate-conic to oblong-conic, tolerably strong, not polished, only a little transparent, pale purplish or livid grey, mottled with purplish brown or pale violet liver colour, sometimes in cloudy longitudinal waves, sometimes in the form of two, or more frequently three, spiral bands of irregular angulated spotlike markings; top whorls usually wholly livid, brown, or purplish. Surface densely encir- cled by blunt costellar strie, that are about as broad as their intervals, and are very nearly of the same size throughout each volution ; decussated, likewise, by still more closely set minute lamellar striz, that are chiefly perceptible in the spiral interstices. Whorls about five, tumid, simply rounded, of moderate longitudinal increase, divided by a simple suture, which is not crenated beneath; apex blunt, not particularly small. Body about as long as the spire; its basal declination abruptly rounded. Mouth filling about three-sevenths of the ventral length, almost orbicular, but with a very obtuse angle above, where the otherwise free peritreme is attached to the body; throat smooth, reddish fawn colour; peritreme whitish or yellowish white, rather advancing anteriorly, not thickened ; outer lip simple, acute, a little disposed to expand ; pillar lip a little turned back, the space behind it not differing either in sculpture, convexity, or markings from the rest of the surface. Umbilicus neither large nor profound. Operculum spiral, solid, pale horn-coloured, CYCLOSTOMA. 203 flattish externally, with most minute wrinkles obliquely radiating from the almost imperceptible sutural line. Length seven lines; breadth a third of an inch. The colour of the animal is dark brown, deepening beneath. Its head is elongated, and bears subulate ten- tacles, with obtuse clavate tops; the eyes are placed at their thickened external bases; the foot is oval and rounded at both extremities: the mantle has a crenulated edge. An elaborate account of its anatomy by the Rey. M. G. Berkeley, is contained in the fourth volume of the ** Zoological Journal.” This pretty shell is abundant in many of the southern counties, especially in cretaceous districts, where it may be collected plentifully at the roots of brushwood. It is not found in Scotland, nor in the slaty districts of the west of England. It is found in Deyon. It occurs at Helmsley and Thorpe (Hincks), and elsewhere in Yorkshire, and in *¢ one locality near the sea on a limestone promontory in the Kendal district” (T. Gough). It is said to be found near Sedbury in Worcestershire (G. Reece). It seems never to have been taken alive in Ireland in localities where it could be regarded as strictly indigenous, A specimen was found at Youghal by Mr. Wright, and Mrs. W. J. Hancock met with as many as a hundred dead shells washed on shore near Bundoran, on the west coast, in one day (W. Thompson). This species is reported as Scotch, through a mistaken reading of the description of Cyclostoma marmorea, a shell described by Captain Brown in the “ Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science” (vol. i. p. 13, pl. 1, f. 10, 11), from a specimen said to be British, in the cabinet of Mr. Gerard. The example alluded to appeared to be a nearly smooth variety of C. elegans. 204 CYCLOSTOMID&. SPURIOUS. C. rerRuGINnEuM, Lamarck. Cyclostoma ferruginea, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 358.—DELES. Ree. Coq. Lam. pl. 29, f. 4. Turbo fulvus, Woop, Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, f. 9. Cyclostoma productum, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 94, f. 76. ” Serrugineum, PoriEz, and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. pl. 24, f. 7, 8.— RossmAsst. Iconog.