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Division of Mollusks 
Sectional Library 


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brated 


JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON 


pote hy 


A 


EIS TORY 


OF 


BRITISH MOLLUSCA, 


AND THEIR SHELLS. 


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A 


HISTORY 


OF 


BRITISH MOLLUSCA, 


AND THEIR SHELLS. 


BY 


PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.RB.S., 


OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON; 


AND 


SYLVANUS HANTEY, B.A., F.L.S., 


OF WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD. 


VOLUME IV. 


PULMONIFERA AND CEPHALOPODA. 


LONDON: 
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. 


M.DCCC,LIII. 


SMITHSON P 
MAY 13 1999 
SCRARIES 


LONDON : ; 
Printed by SamuEL BentTLEy and Co. 
Bangor House, Shoe Lane. 


CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME, 


EXHIBITING THE FINAL CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 


Species of questionable indigenousness are printed in italics ; spurious and 
unrecognized species in nonpareil. The addition of (A. i.) toa species refers the 
reader to the first Appendix, or Supplementary Notes on the Acephala, in the 
Seeond Volume, (A. ii.) to the Appendix at the end of the work. 


PAGE 

GASTEROPODA PULMONI- 
FERA - : : i Wa 
ONCHIDIADA 2 
ONcHIDIUM : : oe 
O. Celticum : : Setiss 
LIMACIDA 6 
ARION 7 
A. empiricorum . : ws 
A. flavus . F og 9. 
A. hortensis Q é ett) 
GROMALACUS 3 : = ell 
G. maculosus : : 7 WZ 
LimMax A 2 : ses 
L. agrestis : : . 13 
L. cinereus 4 . OS 
L. arborum (A.ii.). eal 
L. flavus. ‘ “ 5 9 
L. brunneus : g 2620 
L. tenellus F : | 
L. Sowerbii ; . + 22 
L. gagates ; = . 24 
TESTACELLIDA . ‘ 2 26 
TESTACELLA ; ; = 026 
T. Haliotoidea . 4 + 226 
T. Maugei 4 : rey 


HELICID . : 3 wor 29 
VITRINA A F 2h 29 


H 
H 
H 
H. obvoluta 
H 
H 
H 
H 


VITRINA continued. 


V. pellucida 
V. elongata 


Helix brevipes 
ZONITES 


Z. cellarius 
Z. alliarius . 
Z. nitidulus 
Z, purus 

Z. radiatulus 
Z. nitidus 

Z. excayatus 


Z. erystallinus 
HELIx 


H. aperta . 
H. pomatia 


H. arbustorum . 


H. Cantiana 


H. Carthusiana . 


H. nemoralis 
H. Pisana 


. virgata (A. ii.) 


. caperata 
. ericetorum 


. lapicida 

. rufescens 
. hispida 

. reyelata 


PAGE 


43 


HELIx continued. 


H. sericea (A. ii.) 
H. lamellata 
H. aculeata 
H. fulva . ~ 
H. fusca (a. ii.) . 
H. pulchella 
H. rotundata 
H. umbilicata 
H. pygmza 
Fry . 
H. terrestris 
H. limbata 
BuLimus 
B. acutus 
B. Lackhamensis 
B. obscurus 
Helix stagnorum 
B. Guadaloupensis 
B. Goodalli 
B. decollatus 
B. pupa 
B. Guildingii 
B. ventricosus 
B. zebra 
Pura . ; 
P. umbilicata 
P. muscorum 
P. Anglica (a. ii.) 
P. secale 
P. edentula 
P. minutissima . 
P. pygmea 
P. substriata 
P. antivertigo 
P. pusilla . 
P. Venetzii 
P. cinerea 
BALEA . 
B. fragilis . 
CLAUSILIA 
C. laminata 
C. biplicata 
C. plicatula 
C. nigricans 
C, bidens 
C. labiata . 
ZvUA 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


101 

- 103 

. 104 

. 106 

. 108 
09 
pail 

o l2 

» 113 

. 114 

: .- 114 
- - 116 
. 116 

- 118 

. 120 

- 121 

124 

124 

« 125 


Zua continued. 


Z 


.lubrica . : 
Buccinum obtusulum . 
AZECA . 


A. tridens . 
ACHATINA 
A. acicula (A. ii.) 


A. octona . 


SuccINEA 


Ss. 
Ss. 


putris 
oblonga . 


LIMN AAD 


Puy 
12s 


lz 


BAe ‘ 
fontinalis : 


. hypnorum 


P. rivalis . 
P. acuta 
P. alba 


PLANORBIS 


OOO Oe 


corneus . 


. albus : 
. glaber (A. ii.) 
- Nautileus (A. ii.) 

. carinatus 

. marginatus 


vortex . 
spirorbis 
contortus 


P. nitidus . 


P. 


lacustris (A. ii.) 


LIMNZUS 


a gl ll ll ll ool oll 


. pereger . 
. auricularius . 
. Burnetti 


stagnalis 


. truncatulus 

-glaber . 

. palustris 

. glutinosus 

- involutus (A. ii.) . 


Turbo rivulus 


ANCYLUS . 
A. fluviatilis 
A. oblongus 


AURICULID & 


132 
. 132 
. 137 


- 185 
. 186 
. 188 


PAGE 


= 125 


127 


La 
. 128 
. 130 
. 130 


178 


. 139 


140 
140 


. 148 


145 
146 
146 


- 146 
. 147 
. 149 


150 


. 152 
- 153 
. 155 
a lay 
5 UG) 
. 160 
- 161 
. 162 
. 163 
. 165 


169 


. 172 


174 


peligia 


178 


- 180 


182 
184 
185 


SAN 


CoNovuLus . 
C. bidentatus 


C. denticulatus . 


C, Bullaoides 

C. pusillus, 

Voluta alba 
CARYCHIUM , 


C. mininum 


CYCLOSTOMIDA 


CycLostoma 
C. elegans . 


C. ferrugineum . 


ACME . 
A. lineata . 


TABLE OF 


PAGE | 


Slee 


aor 
. 194 

197 

197 
2 1G2 
. 198 
- 198 


. 200 
. 201 
. 201 

204 


. 204 | 


. 204 


CEPHALOPODA DIBRAN- 


CHIATA 


OCTOPODIDA 
Ocropus 
O. vulgaris 
ELEDONE 
E. cirrhosus 


TEUTHIDéA . 
SEPIOLA 
S. Atlantica 
S. Rondeletii 
Rossia 
R. macrosoma 
R. Owenii. 
Lo1ico ‘ 
L. vulgaris 
L. media . 
L. marmorz 
OMMASTREPHES 
O. sagittatus 
O. todarus . 
O. Eblanze 


SEPIAD A: 
SEPIA 
S. officinalis 
S. bisserialis 
Spirula Peronii 


. 


. 


CONTENTS. 


v 
AGE 
APPENDIX. 
TUNICATA 
SYNTETHYS . : : 244 
S. Hebridicus . : . 245 
APPENDICULARIA . 245 
ACEPHALA LAMELLI- 
BRANCHIATA 246 
Teredo Norvagica 246 
» navalis . 246 
»>  megotara. 246 
Pholadidea papyracea . 248 
On the supposed ? fry of Sax- 
icava - : 248 
Panopza Norvegica 249 
Spheenia Binghami 250 
Poromya granulata 250 
Diodonta fragilis 251 
Tellina balaustina 251 
»  pygmea. . . 251 
5  proxima . 251 
Ervilia castanea . 253 
Mactra truncata . 253 
Lutraria elliptica 253 
Astarte sulcata . 254 
Cardium pygmeum 254 
Montacuta ferruginosa 254 
Lepton convexum 255 
Py, Clarkie . 255 
Modiola phaseolina 256 
Crenella faba 256 
Arca raridentata 257 
ACEPHALA PALLIOBRAN- 
CHIATA 257 
Terebratula cranium 257 
Megathyris cistellula . . 257 
PTEROPODA 
Spirialis Flemingii 258 
Cio. - . 5 - 291 
Clio borealis 292 
GASTEROPODA 
Chiton Hanleyi . 258 
» albus = 258 
Propilidium Ancyloide 259 
Note to Fissurella 259 


vi 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Trochus tumidus « 259 
Margarita aurea - ‘259 
Tanthina communis . . 260 
Note to Neritina . 261 


Paludina Listeri,and vivipara 261 


| 
; 
' 
{ 
j 
| 
| 


Lacuna vincta . 262 
On Rissoz - 262 | 
Rissoa Beanii . 263 
» costata - 263 
5 SeMistriata - 263 
es canes ae . 264 
»»  proxima . . 264 
»  soluta . 265 | 
s»  Ventrosa 266 
Rissoa ? littorea . 265 
Turbo disjunctus 267 | 
Jeffreysia opalina 267 
» _ globularis 268 
Skenea ? nitidissima . 269 
Skenea ? divisa 269 
Skenea ? Cutleriana 270 
Skenea ? costulata 271 
Turritella communis Py All 
Cerithium reticulatum 271 
2 adyersum . 272 
as angustissimum ?. 272 
Aclis supranitida - 273 
an unica = ae 
Eulima polita 273 
On Chemnitzia, Odostomia, 
and Eulimella 273 
Chemnitzia elegantissima and 
gracilis (or pusilla) . 275 
= rufa - 246 
ia fulvocineta - 276 
2s fenestrata - 247 
= scalaris es bk 
Be indistincta 278 


Chemnitzia eximia 
Odostomia dubia 
a Rissoides 


= insculpta . 
- obliqua. 
- Warrenii . 
mi dolioliformis 
Pe decussata 
Gulsonz 


On Eulimelle 
Truncatella Montagui . 
Note to Murex corallinus 
Purpura lapillus . 

Nassa pygmea . 
Buccinum Dalei 


= Humphreysianum 285 


Note to Mangelia 
Cylichna obtusa . 
Akera bullata. : 
Philine quadrata . 
Antiopa splendida 
Arion flayus = 


Limax agrestis . : 
> arborum . 
> flavus 
»  gagates 


Helix virgata 

s»  Sericea and fusca 
Pupa Anglica . . 
Achatina acicula Z 
Planorbis lacustris 
Limnzus inyolutus 
Acme lineata ‘ 
Phyllidide : : 


Diphyllidia 
Ap lineata 
Clio borealis 


. 286 


BRITISH MOLLUSCA, 


GASTEROPODA PULMONIFERA. 


Aut the terrestrial, and the majority of freshwater 
Gasteropodous Mollusea, breathe air, and are provided 
with a pulmonary cavity, or sac, instead of gills. Over 
the walls of this sac the blood is distributed in minute 
vessels, for the purpose of being aerated. The animals 
presenting this organization, are all provided with dis- 
tinct heads, furnished with tentacula and organs of sight. 
They walk by means of a well-developed creeping disk. 
The majority are protected by shells, but there are 
some which have no shell, although they do not differ 
materially in organization or external form. The shells 
when present are, in the majority of cases, spiral or 
discoid, and external, in a few instances patelliform ; 
when imbedded in the substance of the mantle, they 
are unguiform. The embryos have, or have not, shells, 
according as the adult is to be shell-bearing or naked. 
Distinct ciliated lobes are not seen upon them, though 
in the egg they are partially clothed with cilia on the 
analogous portion of their bodies, and exhibit movements. 
The number of known Pulmoniferous Mollusks is very 
great. They inhabit all climates, and display variations 
of colour and form that bear a remarkable relation to 


VOL, IV. B 


2 ONCHIDIADE. 


their geographical distribution. A few genera and species 
are of maritime habits, requiring the presence of sea-water 
for their existence, though, if kept immersed, they would 


perish. 


ONCHIDIADZ. 


Mosr of the animals composing this family are true 
sea-slugs, breathing by means of a pulmonary cavity, but 
living immediately in contact with marine conditions. Cer- 
tain forms of them live, however, inland, under old wood, 
and in gardens. They are almost all tropical creatures, 
and little known to the naturalists of Europe. They 
are unprovided with shells, and have their dorsal surface 
entirely covered with a fleshy disk or mantle. In aspect 
they closely resemble some of the Hlysiad@, and consti- 
tute a very natural link between the Gasteropoda opis- 
thobranchiata and the Gasteropoda pulmonifera. 


ONCHIDIUM, Bucuanan. 


Animal oblong; unprovided with a shell, completely 
covered above by a convex, coriaceous, usually tuber- 
culated, rarely smooth mantle. Head provided with two 
retractile tentacles, bearing the eyes at their extremities ; 
mouth covered by a buccal veil; no horny jaws, a den- 
ticulated tongue. Sexes combined; orifices of repro- 
ductive organs widely separated. Pulmonary orifice pos- 
terior, and respiratory cavity placed behind the heart. 
Vent posterior. 


This genus was founded by Buchanan for an animal 


DS) 


ONCHIDIUM. 3 


observed by him in Bengal. Cuvier first clearly deve- 
loped its structure, and published an elaborate memoir 
on its anatomy. The species are almost all inhabitants 
of tropical regions. 


O. Cetticum, (Cuvier ?) Couch. 
Plate F. F. F. fig. 6. 


This most interesting addition to the British Fauna 
was discovered by Mr. Couch, a naturalist who has 
done much to extend our knowledge of the marine ani- 
mals of the British seas, on the coast of Cornwall. He 
found it abundantly on a confined space of rocks at 
West Coomb, in Lantivet Bay, between Polperro and 
Fowey, congregated in little groups, about a foot or two 
from the surface of the sea, where the waves break 
over them. These curious creatures ascend and descend, 
so as to maintain their distance as the tides rise and 
fall. They will not, however, bear long immersion in 
sea-water. Cuvier, in the ‘“‘ Regne Animal,” notices, 
without describing it, an Onchidium under the name of 
Celticum, from the coasts of Brittany. This was, very 
probably, identical with Mr. Couch’s species; we there- 
fore adopt, for the present, the name Celticum, as appro- 
priate and significant. 

A living specimen, submitted to our examination by 
Mr. Alder, measured rather more than half an inch in 
length. Its form was oblong. Its cloak was of a black 
hue, rather shining, thick and coriaceous, and covered 
with short, thick, rounded tubercles, surrounded by 
smaller ones; the margin of the cloak considerably sur- 
passed the foot; the under side of the margin was 
minutely granulated, The foot was oblong, and of a 


4 ONCHIDIADA. 


pale yellowish-grey colour. The head bore two short 
retractile tentacles, with eyes on their swelling tips; these 
are set above the rounded pale oral lobes or veil. 

The following very interesting remarks on the anatomy 
of this Onchidiwm, have been kindly communicated to us 
by Mr. Albany Hancock. 

““T have not yet completed my dissections of this ani- 
mal, but from what I have already ascertained, it is evi- 
dent that it is formed on the type of the Pulmonifera. 
The ganglia of the nervous system have much the same 
arrangement as they have in Avion. But the digestive 
apparatus shows one or two interesting modifications. 
The buccal mass is well developed; there are no horny 
jaws ; the tongue is broad, and composed of upwards of 
seventy transverse rows of obtuse, slightly curved teeth 
—each row contains one hundred and eight teeth, and 
is divided by a minute central tooth of a triangular form, 
bearing a single obtuse spine. The reproductive organs 
are conjoined in the same individual; the male intro- 
mittent organ is, however, placed at the right side of 
the head, whilst the other parts are situated at the pos- 
terior extremity of the body. The male and female parts 
are nevertheless connected by a long, slender duct, buried 
in the muscles at the side of the foot. 

“The most interesting feature in the anatomy of On- 
chidium, is the position of the heart and breathing-organ 
in relationship to each other. The lung being placed, 
in this animal, at the posterior extremity of the body, 
has, consequently, the heart in front of it. In Arion, 
Helix, and, probably, in all the other Pulmonifera, the 
blood-propelling organ is situated behind the breathing 
apparatus, which, in these animals is placed in an an- 
terior position. Thus we find that Onchidium differs 


ONCHIDIUM. 5 


from the other Pulmonifera, in the same manner as the 
Opisthobranchiata do from the Prosobranchiata, so far, 
at least, as the relative position of these organs is con- 
cerned. And, moreover, it is worthy of remark, that 
in Onchidiwm the anal orifice is distinct from that of 
the lung, and that in Arion and Helix the excretory 
apertures are within the pulmonary arch. The true 
signification of these facts can scarcely at present be 
determined ; more information is required respecting On- 
chidium and its allies, to throw additional light upon 
the subject.” 


LIMACID. 


Tue land-slugs are elongated, semi-cylindrical, soft, or 
fleshy creatures, either unfurnished with shells, or provided 
with the rudiments of them, imbedded in the cloak, or 
disk, which covers the anterior portion of the body. This 
disk covers the respiratory cavity, the orifice of which, and 
the vent, are seen at its right margin. The generative 
orifices vary in different groups. All the slugs have a 
retractile head, four tentacles, also retractile, the two upper 
ones provided with eyes. Their skin secretes abundant 
mucus. They are herbivorous by preference, but carni- 
vorous when taste or necessity prompts them. They are 
crepuscular or nocturnal in their habits. 

The dentition of the Limacide, and of all our native 
Pulmonifera, has been made the subject of elaborate in- 
vestigation, by Mr. William Thomson, of King’s College, 
London. The general results of his researches are given 
in a very excellent memoir, read before the British Asso- 
ciation in 1850, and published in the seventh volume 
of the second series of the Annals of Natural History. 
They would appear to influence very importantly, our con- 
clusions respecting the disposition and affinities of the 
pulmoniferous genera. The edge teeth in this family have 
a long projecting single apex. 


ARION. i 


ARION, FeErussac. 


Animal elongated, semi-cylindrical, furnished anteriorly 
with an oblong disk. Head with four tentacula, the two 
upper ones furnished with eyes; mouth with a serrated 
corneous tooth. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin 
of right side of the disk ; the vent immediately behind it. 
Orifice of reproductive organs immediately below the re- 
spiratory aperture. Posterior extremity of body rounded, 
terminating by a slight truncation, and a mucus pore. 
Shell undeveloped; a few calcareous granules sometimes 
imbedded in substance of shield. 

Besides the above differences, the slugs of this genus 
differ in several important anatomical characters, from 


those of the next group. Their habits are similar. 


A. emprricorum, Ferussac. 


Body bulky ; shield ovate; margin of foot expanded and 
lineated ; mucus pale. 


Plate D. D.D. fig. 4. 


Limax ater, albus et succineus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. pp. 2, 4, 7. 
»  » refus et subfuscus, DRAPARNAUD, Moll. de France, pp. 122 and 
123, pl. 9, £. 3, 4, 6, 8. 
Arion , Gray, Man. p. 104.— Atprr, Cat. Northumb. Moll. p. 29.— 
Mace@iLuivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 73. — NunNneELzy, Leeds Trans. 
vol. i. pl. 1, f. 1. 
» empiricorum, Frrussac, Hist. p. 60, pl. 1 to 3. — Boucnarp CuHAnrE- 
REAUX, Mem. Soc, Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 157.— 
Brow, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 55. 


This very common, beautiful, and exceedingly variable, 
slug, has been so cut up into false species, on account of 
its caprices of colour, that we deem it right to follow the 
example of Ferussac, and to give it a name which may 


8 LIMACIDA. 


equally apply to all its varieties. It is usually from three 
to five inches in length when crawling. Its shape then is 
lanceolate, bulky, and rounded; when at rest it is much 
contracted, and elevates its back into a prominent hump, 
that rises above the shield. The head is rather stout, and 
bears two moderately long upper, and two rather short 
lower tentacles, all dark blue; between them two dark 
lines are traced on the forehead, sending branches to the 
upper ones. The disk or shield is slightly truncated in 
front, rounded behind ; its surface is minutely granulate ; 
its orifice is placed antero-laterally. The back of the 
body is rounded, very convex, and wrinkled with strongly 
carinated long prominences. The terminal ones are 
elevated above a triangular grey flattened space occupied 
by the mucous gland. The margin of the foot is mem- 
branous and expanded, and at the tail it is still wider, and 
emarginate or truncate. The colour is exceedingly variable 
and often very brilliant. In open fields, this slug is often of 
a jet black; in woods, a variety occurs, occasionally nearly 
white, or tinged on the back with pale yellow only. It is 
frequently found of a general reddish-brown, and some- 
times entirely orange, or dusky on the shield and back, 
with orange sides. The margin of the foot is almost 
always yellow, often bright orange, and lineated either 
with transverse black or deep orange or red lines. The 
lips are orange. ‘There is a small variety, white or dusky, 
found not unfrequently in the neighbourhood of gardens, 
remarkable for having a dusky, or nearly black line, on 
each side of the centre of the shield, and a corresponding 
line on each side of the back. We cannot make out clear 
distinctions of specific value, however, for this form. In 
the shield of the common Arion calcareous particles often 


occur. The eggs are thick-skinned, yellowish, oblong, 


ARION. 9 


and rather large. ‘They may be found under large stones, 
or logs of wood, abundantly in autumn. The young when 
it comes out, is of a speckled yellowish-fawn colour. Mr. 
Nunneley remarks that it lives much longer than the 
Limaces. It is universally distributed in the British Isles, 
and has a wide range throughout Kurope. 


A. riavus, Miiller. 


Resembling Arion empiricorum, but more elongated, the disk 
more oblong ; secreting a yellow mucus. 


Plate F. F.F. fig. 2. 


cd 


Arion flavus, Ferussac, Hist. Moll. Suppl. p. 96 8. No. 7.—Boucuarp CHAN- 
TEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 159. — 
Aver, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 30. 

Limax ,, Miu.umr, Verm. vol. ii. p. 10.—Nuixtison, Moll. Scand. p. 5. 


We figure this Avion from a drawing kindly communi- 
cated by Mr. Alder, by whom it was first recorded as 
British, in the Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumber- 
land and Durham. Of it he states, ‘‘ Our individual was 
about an inch in length, with the body whitish, having a 
faint greyish tinge above. ‘The shield and the posterior 
parts of the body near the tail, were of a pale canary- 
colour. Tentacles greyish-white. The mucus was deep 
orange-yellow.” A specimen taken “at the side of the 
turnpike road, Westgate hill,” im the same district, by 
Mr. J. Blacklock, was rather darker, more greenish in 
colour on the back, and more orange in the shield. The 
upper tentacles, through some malformation probably, 
were eyeless. M. Bouchard Chantereaux considers this 
species very distinct from Avion empiricorum. He describes 
it as yellowish or grey; mantle short, rounded at_ its 
extremities, finely granulated; tail orange or yellow ; 


VOL. IV. Cc 


10 LIMACIDA. 


head blackish; tentacula short, thick, and very black ; 
lateral bands of the sole yellow; mucus abundant, thick, 
of an orange-yellow colour; length thirty millimetres. 
He states that it is unprolific, and lays its eggs from 
September to December. They are oval, opaque, and 
yellowish. It lives in moist and mossy places. We have 
never been so fortunate as to meet with an Avion answer- 


ing to this description. 


A. Hortensis, Ferussac. 


Body slender; shield oblong; margin of foot narrow and 
plain ; mucus yellow. 


Plate F. F. F. fig. 1. 


Arion hortensis, Fnrussac, Hist. p. 65, pl. 2, f. 4,6; and pl. 8, f. 1, 2, 4.-— 
BoucHarD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. 
vol. i. p. 160.—Gray, Man. p. 107.— Axper, Cat. Northumb. 
Moll. p. 30.—BovitiE?, Moll. Auvergne, p. 13.—Brown, Ill. 
Brit. Conch. p. 55. 

Limazw cireumscriptus, JOHNSTON, Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. Ixxvii. 

fasciatus, Nritison, Moll. Suec. p. 5.—Kickx, Moll. Brab. p. 4. 


3” 


This beautiful little slug is very inferior to our common 
Arion in dimension. It is more elongated, and semi- 
cylindrical, preserving a nearly equal breadth throughout, 
and when at rest, does not contract its body, or hump 
its back nearly so much. It is usually, when crawling, 
about an inch, or an inch and a half in length, but grows 
longer. The head is small, and generally very dark, 
being of a dusky blue colour, as well as the short supe- 
rior tentacles ; the lower ones, and cheeks, are of a lead 
blue. The shield is oblong, roughly granulated, varying 
in colour, but mostly dark striped in the centre, and 
along the margins, so that two pale bands appear to 
streak it on each side of the middle ; its orifice is cen- 


GEOMALACUS. 1g 


tro-lateral. The back and hinder portion of the body 
are similarly marked in fasciated individuals; in some, 
they are of an intense blue-black, with little trace of 
bands ; the surface is covered with oblong slightly cari- 
nated wrinkles, which are dusky, and mottled with minute 
white specks, The sides of the foot are pale or white, 
very narrowly margined at the sole, with plain grey or 
orange. The tail-margin is lanceolate, not expanded and 
obtusely pointed. 

This species is, probably, common in gardens through- 
out the greater part of Britain, though not generally 
noticed. It is common around London, and equally 
so, according to Mr. Alder, in Northumberland. It is 
also frequent in Ireland. 

The eggs of the Avion hortensis are stated by M. 
Bouchard Chantereaux, to be phosphorescent during the 
first fifteen days after they have been laid. 


GEOMALACUS, ALLMAN. 


Animal elongated, semicylindrical, dorsally carinated, 
furnished anteriorly with an ovate disk, in which is 
imbedded an unguiform shell. Head with four tentacula, 
the two upper ones furnished with eyes. Respiratory 
orifice at the anterior margin of the right side of the 
disk. Reproductive orifice near the base of the right 
inferior tentacle. 

This remarkable, and very distinct genus differs from 
Arion in the position of the reproductive orifice, and 
from Limax in the presence of a caudal gland, and the 
position of the spiracle. As yet a single species only 
presenting these characters has been found, and that con- 
fined to the south-west of Ireland. 


13 LIMACIDA. 


G. macutosus, Allman. 


Plate F. F.F. fig. 5. 


ALLMAN, on Animals, Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 297, pl. 9. 


This most remarkable and most interesting of our native 
slugs, was discovered by an active and _ indefatigable 
Irish naturalist, Mr. William Andrews, of Dublin, during 
the autumn of 1842. He found it quiescently stretched 
on rocks around Lough Carogh, to the south of Castle- 
main Bay in the county of Kerry in Ireland. To quote 
the words of Professor Allman, to whom it was com- 
municated for examination and description by its dis- 
coverer, “it is an exceedingly beautiful animal, measur- 
ing, when creeping about, two inches in length; the 
colour of the shield and upper part of the body is black, 
elegantly spotted with yellow; the under surface of the 
foot light yellow, and divided into three nearly equal 
bands; the edge of the foot is brown, with transverse 
sulci.” A white spotted variety also occurs. It can 
elongate itself, so as to assume the appearance of a 
worm, and thus enter exceedingly small apertures. It 
is to be hoped that this curious creature may yet be 
found in other localities. If we may venture a surmise, 
we expect that it will prove hereafter to be an Asturian 


as well as Irish slug. 


LIMAX, Linnzus. 


Animal elongated or oblong, semicylindrical, rounded, 
or carinated posteriorly, anteriorly furnished with an 
oblong disk, in which is imbedded an unguiform shell. 
Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished 
with eyes; mouth. with a trilobed corneous tooth. No 


LIMAX. 13 


mucous gland on tail. Respiratory orifice towards the 
posterior margin of the right side of the disk, the vent 
immediately behind it. Orifice of the reproductive system 
near and behind the right superior tentacle. Tail with- 
out a mucous pore. 

The species of slug have not been examined with 
the attention they deserve, and there are several forms 
recorded by continental authors, which may possibly still 
be detected in Britain, especially in the south of England, 
though we have failed to find any others than those here 
described. 

The best paper on our native Limaces is that “ On 
the species of Zimax found in Ireland,” by the Rey. 
B. J. Clarke, and published in the twelfth volume of 
the Annals of Natural History. 


L. acrestis, Miller. 


Back rounded, tail obliquely carinated; shield wrinkled, 
rounded behind ; colour pale or dark grey, mottled. Mucus 
milky. 


Plate D. D. D. fig. 2. 


Limax agrestis, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 8.— Linnzus, Syst. 1082. 
—Draparnavp, Hist. p. 126, pl. 9, f. 9.—Ferussac, Hist. 
p. 73, pl. 5, f. 7-10.— Fiemine, Brit. Ann. p. 256.— 
BoucHarp CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. 
vol. i. p. 66. — Gray, Man. p. 117, pl. 3, f. 17. — 
CiarKke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 338, f. 129 8. — Nun- 
NELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 48, pl. 1, f. 4. —Maceiniivray, 
Moll. Aberd. p. 77.—Browy, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 56. 

Limacella concurva (SHELL), BrArp. Moll. Par. pl. 4, f. 5,6, B. 14, 15. 

Limacellus obliquus, Turton, Man. p. 26, pl. 3, f. 17. 


The most mischievous and abundant of all slugs is 
this small, but voracious species, which abounds every- 
where in fields and gardens, devouring leaves of vege- 


14 LIMACID A. 


tables, and their roots also, with an appetite altogether 
disproportioned to its size. It scarcely ever exceeds an 
inch and a half, or two inches at most, in length, and 
is more of a spindle shape than its congeners. The 
head is of an amber colour, or yellowish-grey, with two 
dusky lines running outwards to the slightly dusky, and 
rather short superior tentacles. The shield is slightly 
emarginated in front, truncate behind, obovate-oblong, 
concentrically wrinkled, with a large spiracle placed well 
back. The back is rounded centrally, carinated (ob- 
liquely) towards the acute tail; its surface is reticulated 
with depressed smooth wrinkles. The sides of the foot 
are white, with a translucent edge. The sole is white. 
The usual colour of shield and body is pale yellowish, 
or fleshy grey, with pale dusky mottlings. Occasionally, 
however, we meet with specimens in which the markings 
are brown, or even nearly black, so as to give a dark 
aspect to the whole body. The substance of this slug 
is remarkably fatty to the feel. Its mucus is milky. 
Remarkable peculiarities are described by Mr. Nunneley, 
as occurring in the reproductive organs of this little slug. 
It is the most prolific of all its tribe, producing several 
families in a year; and no wonder that it should be so 
abundant, when M. Bouchard observed two individuals 
lay no fewer than three hundred and eighty eggs! These 
eggs are globular and transparent. 

The shell is very small, not much exceeding three lines 
in length, more or less tumid, conyex above but not 
beneath ; scarcely, or not at all nacreous, provided with 
a membranaceous margin. The more symmetrical ex- 
amples are of an oblong-quadrate figure, with rounded 
angles, slightly broader below than above, the sides of 
nearly equal length, the base bluntly rounded, the apicial 


LIMAX. 15 


prominence not quite terminal, and below the level of 


the anterior side. 


L. cinereus, Miller. 


Back rounded, except near tail, which is carinated; shield 
pointed behind, wrinkled ; colour cinereous, spotted with black ; 
upper tentacles long- Mucus colourless. 


Plate D. D. D. fig. 1. 


Limaa maximus cinereus, ListER, Ex. An. t. iii. f. 6-10. 
cinereus, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 5. — DRApARNAUD, Hist. p. 124, 
pl. 9, f. 10.— Fremine, Brit. Anim. p- 256. — BoucHarp 
CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. 1. p. 161. 
—Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 76.—NiL.son, Moll. Suec. 
p- 6.—BLaINVILLE, Malac. Man. pl. 41, f. 5. 
maaimus, LINNXUS, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 108.—Gray, Man. p. 112.— 
Tuomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 17. — Crarke, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 333, t. 10, f. 1.— Brown, IIl. Brit. 
Conch. p. 55, pl. 58, f. 8; and pl. 59, f. 1. 
5  cinereo-niger, WOLF, in Sturm. Fauna, pt. | (fide Menke). 
»  antiquorum, FErussac, Hist. p. 68, pl. 4, f. 1-8; and pl. 8 a. f. 1. — 
Sowerby, Genera, and Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 1. 
» maculatus, NUNNELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 46, pl. 1, f. 2. 
Limacella parma (sHELL), Brann. Moll. Paris, pl. 4, f. 1, 2, 9, 10. 


” 


3° 


This is the largest and most beautiful of all the British 
slugs. It grows to a length of six inches, or even more. 
Its head is pinkish-grey, yellowish on the neck, with 
a dark central line, and obscure mottlings. The upper 
tentacles are yellowish-grey, and longer in proportion 
than in any other of our slugs; the lower ones are 
short. The shield is obovate-oblong, rounded in front, 
triangular or pointed behind ; its surface is finely wrinkled 
concentrically ; the spiracle is placed far back. The 
back is rounded, except at the tail, where it is carinated ; 
it is entirely covered with strong longitudinal waved 


wrinkles. The tail is tapering, acute, and gradually 


16 LIMACIDA. 


declining to the end. The sole of the foot is dusky 
yellow. The colour of the shield and back in this spe- 
cies is very variable; the individual we have figured 
was of a yellow colour, closely and reticulately mottled 
with black on the shield, and striped with four broad 
black lines along the back. Frequently these black 
bands are broken up into larger or smaller spots of dif 
ferent degrees of intensity. In some examples the ground 
colour is reddish brown. The shell is comparatively large, 
measuring usually five or six lines in length, and about 
half that breadth, thin, depressed, slightly concave within, 
more or less pearly, white, with usually a very slight 
tinge of pink or cream-colour, and marked with rather 
prominent lines of growth. In the more characteristic 
examples, the extremity where the subcentral apophysis 
of adhesion lies, is subtruncated; the opposite end is 
somewhat rounded, and often more attenuated. The 
outer edge is membranaceous ‘The straighter is the 
more produced side. The mucus is colourless. The 
eggs are very slightly oblong, about one-fifth of an inch 
in length, and of a yellowish white tinge; they are laid 
in adhering clusters, 

This fine species is generally distributed through the 
British Isles, and common everywhere in suitable places. 
It may be found about houses, in gardens, and especially 
under decaying logs of wood. When at rest, it (as seems 
to be the case also with Limaa flavus) does not contract 
its body into a semicircle, like most of the Limaces, but 
often curls its tail along its side, and withdraws its head, 
so as to form an oblong mass. It appears to be generally 
distributed over the European continent, and was one of 
the first animals of its tribe that attracted the attention of 
geologists and anatomists. 


LIMAX. VG 


L. arsorum, Bouchard Chantereaux. 


Back rounded, carinated at tail; shield wrinkled, pointed 
behind ; colour cinereous, striped or mottled with dusky ; upper 
tentacles much shorter in proportion than those of cinereus. 
Mucus colourless. 


Plate E. E. F. fig. 2. 


Limax arborum, BoucHARD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. 
p- 164.—Aupmr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 31. 
»  arboreys, CLARKE, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 334, pl. 11, f. 4-10.— 
Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. pl. 68, f. 1, 2; and pl. 59, f. 9-13. 
»  salicetum, BourtLEt, Cat. Moll. Auvergne, p. 18 ? 
» marginatus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 10 ?—Macei.iivray, Mol. 
Aberd. p. 78 ? 


The tree-slug bears a considerable resemblance to a 
small individual of cinereus. But when we compare 
them closely, many differences become evident, especially 
the much smaller superior tentacles, and the less pointed 
posterior margin of the shield. Its head is yellowish, 
or yellowish-grey, with a dusky, often dark line, down 
the centre, and two other paler ones passing up the 
centres or sides of the superior tentacula. There is also 
a transverse dark band across the forehead. The shield 
is oblong, and slightly obovate, shortly pointed behind, 
rather coarsely concentrically wrinkled; its spiracle is 
placed farther back than in cinereus; its colour is yellow 
or grey, with a central irregular dusky band, and two 
lateral darker stripes. The back is rounded except to- 
wards the tail, where it is sharply and wavily carinated ; 
it is covered with coarse, but rather depressed, slightly 
carinated and waved wrinkles. Its colour is ashy, or 
pinkish-grey, or yellowish, with more or less distinct 
dusky or dark mottled bands down each side, and leaving 


WOOL. LV, D 


18 LIMACIDA. 


a light central stripe, at first sight resembling a keel. 
The dark markings sometimes form two stripes, or two 
rows of blotches on each side. The sides of the foot 
are pale, sometimes nearly white; the sole is white. 
The mucus is quite colourless. The shell varies much, 
some examples being thick, others thin; it is white, 
pearly, irregular, slightly convex above, and concave 
below, with straightish sides, and a not much arcuated 
base. The eggs are oval, and are laid separately. The 
tree-slug grows to a length of rather less than three 
inches. It lives on trees, especially old and decaying 
ones, eating the wood. It may be found on the ground 
under fallen trunks, and loose stones in the immediate 
neighbourhood of trees. Young individuals let them- 
selves down from branches by threads of mucus, and 
in that condition, probably constituted, as has been sug- 
gested by M. Bouchard, the Lima filans of Hoy, Shaw, 
and Latham. The tree-slug has been overlooked on the 
British trees, until attention was called to it in the ex- 
cellent memoir of Irish Limaces by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, 
who found it widely distributed in Ireland, almost always 
on trees. According to Mr. Thompson of Belfast, it is 
common in the north of Ireland. We have found it 
of a large size near Cork. 

In Scotland it appears to be the slug from Aber- 
deen described, by Professor Macgillivray, as the mar- 
ginatus of Miiller. Mr. W. Thompson has found it in 
Islay. 

In England, Mr. W. Backhouse, and Mr. R. Embleton 
communicated it to Mr. Alder, from localities in Northum- 
berland. Mr. Byerly finds it abundant on trees in the 
neighbourhood of Liverpool. Mr. W. Thompson has 
met with it in the Isle of Wight, and we have found it 


LIMAX. 19 


ourselves in Surrey. It is probably a generally distri- 
buted species, often passed over for the young of cinereus. 


L. rravus, Linneus. 


Back rounded, carinated at tail; shield rounded behind, 
wrinkled ; colour yellowish, spotted with dusky ; tentacles blue. 
Mucus slightly yellowish. 


Plate E. E. E. fig. 1. 


Limaa flavus, LINNXUS (not of MULLER).—NILison, Moll. Suec. p. 5.—Gray, 
Man. p. 114, pl. 5, f. 16.—Crarxe, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. 
p. 338 t. 11, f. 11, 12.—Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55. 
»  variegatus, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 127.—FeErussac, Hist. p. 71, pl. 5, 
f. 1-4.—BoucHarpD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 
2nd ser. yol. i. p. 163.— Macerttivray, Moll. Aberd. 
p- 76.—NuNNELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 47, pl. 1, f. 3. 
—GRriFFiTH, Cuv. pl. 35, f. 3. 
9 cinereus, var. Y. MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 6. 
Limacella unguiculata, Brarp. Moll. Par. pl. 4, f. 3, 4, 11, 12. 
Limacellus variegatus, Turron, Man. p. 23, pl. 3, f. 4. 


The cellar-slug is a large, fleshy species, attaining 
a length of four or five inches, or even more. Its head 
is comparatively small, and bears rather short tentacula, 
remarkable (as well as the neck) for their pale blue 
colour. The shield is oval-oblong, finely wrinkled con- 
centrically or transversely, truncate in front, subtruncate 
or rounded behind; its respiratory orifice is postero- 
lateral; its colour is usually ash-grey, with numerous 
pale yellow spots. The back is rounded and full, its 
surface scored with reticulated furrows, the wrinkles be- 
tween which are slightly carinated and obscurely crenate. 
The colour of the back is ash-grey, with yellow blotches. 
The tail is obtuse, and carinated above. The margins 
of the foot, the sole of which is white, are yellowish- 


white. The mucus is colourless. The shell is four or 


20 LIMACIDA. 


five lines long, very thin, nearly oval or oboval, white, 
much arcuated in front, tolerably straight behind, neither 
attenuated, nor rounded, but blunt, at the base; its apo- 
physis of adhesion is rather prominent in the more cha- 
racteristic examples, and situated rather behind the 
middle. 

In his account of the anatomy of this species, Mr. 
Nunneley mentions that it possesses an additional loop 
of intestine, in other respects its internal organization 
is closely similar to that of cinereus. Its eggs are not 
quite so large. 

The cellar-slug inhabits damp places in houses, espe- 
cially vaults. It is found in most of our great cities, and 
is, probably, generally dispersed through our towns, large 
and small. It is a gregarious species. 


L. srunneus, Draparnaud ? 


Back rounded except at the tail, which is carinated ; shield 
wrinkled ; colour uniform dark brown. Mucus colourless. 


Plate F. F. F. fig. 4. 


Limax brunneus, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 128?— Bouchard CHANTEREAUX, 
Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. yol. i. p. 168. — Jonnston, 
Trans. Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 154. — Gray, Man. p. 117. 
—ALpER, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 32. 

Limacella concava (SHELL), BRARD. Coq. Paris. 


This little noticed slug was first added to our fauna 
by Dr. Johnston of Berwick. It appears to be not un- 
common, according to Mr. Aldér, in the damp woods 
of the north-east of England. Our figure was commu- 
nicated by Mr. Alder, who remarks that it is quite dis- 
tinct from its near ally imax agrestis, and very constant 
in its characters. It is a very small species, about 


or less than an inch in length when crawling. It is 


LIMAX. 4 | 


entirely of a dark chocolate brown colour, approaching 
black ; head, shield, and body alike. The shield is oblong, 
rounded behind, concentrically wrinkled. The back is 
rounded, except near the tail, where it is carinated. Its 
mucus is abundant, and quite transparent. M. Bouchard 
Chantereaux states that its eggs, of which it lays no 
more than from twelve to eighteen, during a period of 
from six to eight days, are ovato-rotund, colourless, and 
transparent, ‘The fry are reddish, and do not attain 
their maturity, until about seventy days after birth, when 
they are of their characteristic colour. This slug is 
active and fearless. It lives in moist places under stones 
and among herbs. It will probably be found in many 
more British localities. Some small slugs gathered by 
Mr.W. Thompson at Dunvegan Castle, in Skye, appear to 
belong to this species. 


L. renetius, Miiller. 


Back rounded, compressed near the tail; shield wrinkled ; 
colour yellow. Mucus yellow. 


Plate F.F.F. fig. 3. 


Limaa tenellus, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 11.—Drararnavp, Hist. p. 127 p— 
Nittson, Moll. Suec. p. 10. — AnpsEr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. 
p- ol. 


This is the rarest of all our slugs. Only one speci- 
men has yet been found in Britain, met with by Mr. 
Blacklock in a wood at Allansford, near Shortly Bridge, 
in Northumberland, and by him communicated to Mr. 
Alder, who has kindly permitted us to engrave his draw- 
ing of it,—a favour the more to be valued, since there 
is no published figure of the species, either in British or 


22 LIMACIDA. 


foreign works. The following description combines the 
observations of Alder and of Nillson. In size it is one 
of the smallest species, not exceeding an inch and a 
quarter in length. The colour of the British example 
was a pale dull yellow, very transparent and lubricous, 
with an obscure band on each side of the shield and 
back, the tentacles being black. Nillson and Drapernaud 
notice a greenish tinge. In shape it is slender and 
rounded. The shield is rounded behind, and covered 
with fine concentric wrinkles. The back is rounded, 
but compressed towards the tail. The mucus (this cha- 
racter is especially to be noted) is orange-coloured. 

Limaz tenellus of Miiller, is referred to the genus 
Arion, by MM. Ray and Drouet, in their catalogue of 
the Mollusca of Champagne. It is possible that they 
have mistaken the fry of Avion hortensis for this species. 
We have found them in numbers at Monkstown on 
the wet surfaces of trees after a shower, and when small 
they bear a striking aspect to Limaces. 


L. Sowers, Ferussac. 


Back carinated throughout; shield granulated ; tawny or 
ochre yellow, with dusky markings ; keel of back yellow. 


Plate E. E. E: fig. 3. 


Liman Sowerbii, Ferussac, Hist. p. 96, pl. 8 vp. f. 7, 8.—DENson, in Mag. Nat. 

Hist. vol. vi. p. 694. — Cnarke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. 
p- 338, pl. 12, f. 14, 15. —Atprr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. 
p- 3l. 

»  carinatus, GRAY, Man. p. 115, pl. 3, f. 17.—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
vol. vi. p. 208.—Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55, pl. 58, f. 6; 
and pl. 59, f. 14. 

» marginatus, DRAPARNAUD (not of MiLuER), Hist. p. 124, pl. 9, f. 7. 


Of our two keeled slugs, this is the largest and stoutest; 


LIMAX. wo 


when crawling it is oblong-elongated ; when at rest the 
keel rises suddenly and loftily above the shield. The . 
general ground colour is ochraceous or tawny yellow, on 
which dots and clouds of grey and dusky are variously 
disposed. The keel of the back is always pale or bright 
yellow. The head is rather short, ash-grey above, with 
two dark neck lines; the tentacles are violet blue; 
the sides of the head yellow. The shield is oblong, 
widening behind, obtuse at both ends, granulated all 
over, ochry yellow with grey specks, a dark centro-pos- 
teral line, and two lateral ones, which are curved and 
connected towards its front part. The orifice is postero- 
lateral. The sides of the back are always more or less 
marked and clouded with dusky green, but the margins 
of the foot are pale. The sole is grey centrally, definitely 
edged with yellow. ‘The reticulations of the back are 
granulated. Two to three inches is a usual length for 
this slug. The shell is very small, solid, flat or concave 
above, convex beneath, without a conspicuous membra- 
naceous margin. It is commonly from two to three 
lines long. The mucus is colourless. 

In gardens and shady places around London, this slug 
iscommon. It seems to get scarcer as we proceed north- 
wards. Mr. Alder records it as found by Mr.W. Back- 
house, near Benwell, in Northumberland. In Ireland, 
Miss Ball found it at Youghal; Dr. Ball finds it abun- 
dant around Dublin. We have taken it plentifully at 
Monkstown near Cork. 

A careful perusal of the description and inspection of 
the figure given by Draparnaud, of the slug which he 
proposed to identify with the marginatus of Miiller, 
scarcely permits us to doubt that this was the species in- 
tended. To Ferussac it was communicated by Sowerby. 


24 LIMACIDE. 


Leach had noticed it, and described it under the name 
of carinatus, but no published account or figure, except 
that of Draparnaud preceded Ferussac’s, whose name 


besides is best. 


L. cacates, Draparnaud. 


Back carinated throughout, shield granulated; dark lead 
colour, with pale sides. 


Plate D. D. D. fig. 3. 


Limax gagates, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 122, pl. 9, f. 1, 2. — Ferussac, Hist. 
p- 75, pl. 6, f. 1, 2.—Criarxe, Ann. Nat. Hist—Brown, Ill. 
Brit. Conch. p. 56, pl. 58, f. 4, 5. 


The general colour of this curious slug is lead-grey, 
sometimes very dark, occasionally slightly greenish, be- 
coming lighter towards the sides, and near the margin 
of the foot almost white. When crawling, it is of an 
elongated lanceolate shape, very tapering towards the 
tail. When at rest, it is contracted into a semicircle, 
the sharp-edged back gradually rising from the large 
shield. The head is rather large, bluish-grey, with 
darker tentacles. The shield or disk is oblong, obtuse, 
and subtruncated at both extremities, granulated on the 
surface, and bearing the respiratory orifice nearer the 
centre than it is placed in Sowerbii. The colour of the 
shield is often darker than that of the body. The back 
is strongly and sharply carinated; its surface is covered 
with oblong tubercular wrinkles, each of which is depressed 
and granulated; they become smoother and larger to- 
wards the sides. The margin of the foot is smooth and, 
as well as the sole, white. The mucus is colourless. 
The shell is small in proportion to the bulk of the shield, 
unguiform, elongated, oval, thick, and irregularly convex, 


LIMAX. 25 


and as if erystalline beneath. The eggs are transparent 
and perfectly globular. 

This scarce species differs from Sowerbii not only in 
colour, and the points already noted, but also in relative 
proportion of shield and body, the former being much 
larger in gagates. The description and figures of Dra- 
parnaud agree too well with the specimens we have ex- 
amined to admit of a doubt of the correctness of the 
identification. It was first noticed as an inhabitant of 
the British Isles by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, who found 
it in several localities in Ireland. Dr. Robert Ball found 
it near Dublin, whence living examples were kindly trans- 
mitted to us by Mr. Kelly. Mr. W. Thompson, Dr. 
Ball, and Prof. E. Forbes found it near Clifden, in Con- 
nemara. We have taken it under stones in the open 
country near Castle Martyr in Ireland, and in similar 
places at Peel Castle in the Isle of Man (KE. F.). The 
first and only example as yet met with in England was 
found by Mr. Darbyshire under a stone at the foot of 
a thorn hedge in Portland Island, in September, 1851. 
This specimen is a very dark variety, and has that jetty 
hue on the back, which induced Draparnaud to name the 
species as he did. 


VOL. IV. E 


TESTACELLID. 


TESTACELLA. Cuvier. 


Animat elongated, semicylindrical ; disk covering, and 
combined with the entire upper surface of the body, which 
bears an external, auriform, compressed shell, with a minute 
spire, at the hinder extremity of the back. Head with 
four tentacula, the upper ones bearing the eyes. Pul- 
monary orifice under the right side of the shell, the vent 
very near it. Reproductive orifice behind, and near the 
right superior tentacle. 

We regard this genus as the type of a family interme- 
diate between the slugs and the snails. The Testacelle are 
subterranean in their habits, approaching the surface of the 
ground, or crawling upon it in autumn, and descending to 
a depth of one or two feet below the soil in winter. They 


are carnivorous, devouring worms and slugs. 


T. mauioroiea, Draparnand. 


Plate G.G. G. fig. 1. 


Testacella haliotidea, DRAPARN. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 130, pl. 59, 
f. 17; 121 (in part), pl. 8, f. 44,455; and Animal, pl. 9, 
f, 12, 13. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 257. — Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 54, pl. 18, f. 15, 16.—Cuvier, 
Ann. du Mus. vol. v. pl. 35, f. 4. —Sowxrrsy, Conch. 
Manual, f. 261. 

Testacellus Europeus, Montrort, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. p. 95. 


TESTACELLA. PA 


Testacellus haliotideus, Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 5 to 9.— Turron, Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 29, f. 20. — Gray, Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 124, pl. 3, f. 19, 20.— 
Tuomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 19. — 
Sowersy, Genera Shells, Testacellus, f. 1, 2.— 
Cuvier, Animal Kingd. (ed. Griffith) Mollusc. pl. 35, 
f. 4. —ReEve, Conch. Systemat. vol. ii. pl. 161, 
Silay s 
Testacella scutulum, SowERBy, Genera Shells, Testac. f. 3 to 6.—TuRTON, 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 28, f. 19.—J. D. Mag. 
Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 229, f. 41, d. e. — ReEve, Conch. 
Syst. pl. 161, f. 3 to 6. 
= Luis, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 224, f. 39. 
& haliotoides, CANTRAINE, Mem. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 97. 


This animal is elongated, granulated above, grooved 
along the right side, of a general yellowish, tawny, or 
reddish hue, sometimes grey. The upper tentacles are rather 
long, the head small, the body increasing in bulk poste- 
riorly, the tail steep and abrupt, and the foot marginated. 

The shell, which is tolerably strong for its size (its length 
rarely, if ever, exceeds the third of an inch), is of a subau- 
riform shape, but ranges from rounded oval to subtrun- 
cated oval; it is flattened and covered with a brownish 
ash-coloured epidermis nearly smooth, or at most, concen- 
trically subrugose ; the vertex is acute, prominent, and 
subspiral ; the pillar, which is very broadly dilated, and 
somewhat twisted above, contracts rapidly below. The 
aperture is bluish white, and decidedly broader above 
than below ; its external margin at first slopes very slightly 
outwards in a nearly straight line, and then forming a 
rather obtuse angle, inclines inwards with a gentle arcua- 
tion: the angle is very evidently below the level of the 
vertex. 

This is peculiarly a southern species. It occurs in the 
Channel Isles, where it was first noticed by Mr. Lukis. 
Mr. Sowerby found it in a garden at Lambeth, and it has 


28 TESTACELLIDA. 


since been observed in several localities south and west of 
London, especially in Devon. It occurs also in the south 
of Ireland, where it was taken by Dr. Ball at Youghal, 
and by Professor Allman at Bandon. 


SPURIOUS. 


T. Mavucer, Ferussac. 


Testacellus Maugei, Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 10, 12.—Mrtver, Ann. Philos. 
new ser. yol. ili. (1822), p. 380.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. 
p- 257. — Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 27, 
f. 18.—J. D. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 229, fig. 4], f. 9 
(from Ferus.). — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 5, pl. 3. f. 18 (as spurious). —SowERBy, Genera Shells, 
Testac. f. 7 to 10.—Rxxve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 161, 
f. 7 to 10. 


A native of Teneriffe, dec. ; introduced by Miller, who found it 
in Nursery Gardens near Bristol. 


29 


HELICID. 


Tue-snails are provided with spiral, often turreted, rarely 
depressed, or expanded shells, which, however, is never 
operculated. In the deficiency of operculum the animal, 
when hybernating, closes the orifice with a membranous 
epiphragm, perforated for the admission of air. ‘The head 
is well developed and furnished with retractile tentacula, 
the two upper ones always prominent and bearing the 
eyes at their extremities. These tentacles are always 
cylindrical. 

The British Helicide and other tribes of our testaceous 
pulmonifera have formed the subjects of so many essays 
and monographs that we do not deem it necessary to 
treat of them at the same length, or to enter into details 
of their habits to the same extent that we have done 
in our account of marine mollusca, in order to keep our 
work within proposed limits, already considerably ex- 
ceeded. 


VITRINA. DraparNnavp. 


Shell thin, translucent, oblong or suborbicular, of few 
whorls, the last ample, the spire depressed; aperture 
rounded or oblong, large, lunate, entire; peristome thin ; 
columella imperforate. 

Animal bulky, large for the shell, lanceolate ; head 
with four tentacula, the lower pair short ; mantle ample, 


30 HELICIDA. 


thick, reflected upon the shell, furnished with a lobe on 
the right side under the spire; tail obliquely truncated ; 


edge teeth of tongue aculeate. 


V. eettucipa, Miiller. 


Plate CX XXI. fig. 8, 9, 10, and (Animal) Plate I. I. I. fig. 2. 


Helix pellucida, MistLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 15.—PxENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. 
p- 188?—Sueparp, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 169, 
animal. 

Vitrina 4, Drapar, Tabl. Moll. p. 98; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, 
p- 119, pl. 8, f. 34 to 37. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 267.— 
Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 31 (ed. Gray, 
p- 120), f. 21.— ALprerR, Mag. Z. and B. vol. ii. p. 105. — 
Macait. Moll. Aberd. p. 94. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p. 54, pl. 17. f. 6, 7, 12. — Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 78, 
pl. 3, f. 3 to 6. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 
728.—GuSRIN, Iconog. R. A. Moll. pl. 5, f. 3.—Duzsu. Enc. 
Méth. Vers, vol. iii. p. 1133. 

Helix diaphana, Poirer (not Drap. Tabl.), Coq. Fl. et Terr. Aisne, p. 77. 

Helicolimax major, FreRus. Essai, p. 43. 

Helix elliptica, BRown, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 525, pl. 24, f. 8 
(read in 1815). 

» Draparnaldi, Cuvier, Régne Anim. vol. ii. p. 405. 

Vitrina major, C. Prrir. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 47, note. 

Limacina pellucida, var. B, HARTM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 246. 

Helicolimax Audebardi, Frrus. Tabl. Syst. Moll. p. 21; Hist. Moll. pl. 9, f. 5. 

5 pellucida, BLAInv. Dict. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxii. p. 255. 
Vitrina Audebardi, C. Preir. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 55. 
» Draparnaldi, JErrReys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 326.—L. Preir. 
Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 493. 
»  Miilleri, Juvrrrys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 326. 
»  Dillwynii, Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 506 (changed from 
elongata, p. 327). 


Shell small, transversely elliptic, oblique, extremely thin 
and transparent, very highly polished, ranging in colour 
from oil-yellow to pea-green (in the latter case less di- 
aphanous, and lined internally with subnacreous white), 
quite smooth, except near the distinctly impressed suture 
which is margined by a threadlike indentation, and cre- 


nated, though at times obscurely so. Shape of the disks, 


VITRINA. 3h 


or upper and lower surfaces, not circular, but semi- 
oval. Whorls three and a half, rapidly enlarging, simply 
and moderately convex; the spire scarcely elevated, 
ending obtusely. Body very large in proportion, filling 
about five-sixths of the length, rather broadly rounded 
at the periphery; the convex curvature of its surface 
more abruptly declining below than above. Mouth lu- 
nate-oval, rather broader than it is long, capacious, usually 
occupying two-thirds of the height, four-sevenths of the 
breadth, and almost half the central area. Outer lip very 
greatly projecting, simple, acute, arched, sloping down 
and leaning over above, subarcuated and vastly receding 
below. Pillar lip thin, slanting so as to form a con- 
tinuous curve with the basal edge, very briefly reflected at 
the axis, but not forming a distinct perforation. Length 
an inch and three quarters; breadth three inches and a 
quarter. 

In the broad yellow variety, the spire is pre-eminently 
depressed, and the mouth peculiarly ample; in the less 
pellucid pea-green variety the contrary conditions more 
frequently prevail. 

The animal is usually only partially retractile, of a 
bluish grey colour, sometimes tinged with yellow; two 
pale violet lines run down the rather short upper ten- 
tacula and along the neck, but soon fade away. The 
lower tentacles are short and slightly violet. The mantle 
is reflected on the lip of the shell, and behind, beneath 
the spire, has a lobe-like process. The tail projects be- 
hind the shell, and is suddenly and obliquely truncated. 
This pretty little snail is common in all parts of the 
country, among moss, under stones, &c. 


Norr.—Turton having obtained a shell which he supposed to be the Helia 
brevipes of Draparnaud’s “* Mollusques,” copied the figure (Manual L. and F, W. 


32 HELICIDA. 


Shells, f. 50, from Drap. pl. 8, f. 30, 31) and part of the description (p. 65), but 
subsequently (p. 142) referred his specimen to the young of Vitrina. His 
drawing of V. elongata (Manual, f. 22) is likewise derived from the same source 
(Drap. pl. 8, f. 41), the French species not being a native of this country. 


ZONITES. Gray. 


Shell spiral, more or less subdiscoid ; spire of many 
whorls, depressed, thin, polished; mouth lunate, entire, 
peristome thin ; columella perforate. 

Animal bulky, but not over-large in proportion to shell, 
lanceolate ; head with four tentacles, the lower pair short; 
mantle thickened and slightly reflected ; tail obliquely 
truncated ; edge-teeth of tongue aculeate. 

We adopt this genus, in the sense given to it by Mr. 
Gray, with a restriction, however, since we include in it 
only the hyaline species of that author. It forms a 
connecting link between Vitrina and Helix, but is more 
nearly allied to the former than to the latter. This has 
been proved by the observations of Mr. W. Thomson, on 
the dentition of those snails, to which the name Zonites 
has been applied. ‘‘ From the very similar character of 
the edge-teeth in Zonites alliarius, cellarius, nitidulus 
and radiatulus (whose tongues greatly resemble each 
other),” writes Mr. Thomson, ‘“‘I am induced to believe 
that they should come in between Vitrina and the true 
Helices, for while their edge-teeth show no appearance of 
bifurcation, the heel to the apex may possibly be looked 
upon as an approach towards it. Their sagittate central 
tubercle corresponds with that of Vitrina, and a similarly- 
shaped central tubercle in Helix fulva connects them with 
the true Helices, which have a simple aculeate tubercle. 


Zonites radiatus (so called) is a true Helix.”* 


* Annals Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. vii. p. 91. 


ZONITES. 33 


Z. ceczarius, Miller. 


Flat, transparent, and pale yellowish horn-colour above, 
opaque white beneath, very shining, nearly smooth ; whorls 
five, or five and a half; umbilicus moderately large. 


Plate CXX. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (Animal) Plate H. H. H., fig. 3. 


Felix cellaria, MtiuLeR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 28. — Axper, Trans. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 37; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. 
p- 108.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 17, f. 59, 60. 
—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 71.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land 
und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 42, pl. 2, f. 39, 40.— RossmAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 70, f. 22; and pt. 8, 
p- 36, f. 527. — Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. 
p- 203.—BiInnEy, Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. pl. 26, f. 2. 
—Goutp, Invert. Massach. p. 180, f. 104. — Moreer, Moll. 
Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 54.— CuHemn, (ed. Kiist.) Conch. 
Cab. Helix, No. 517, pl. 84, f. 8, 9, 10.— L. Prerr. Monog. 
Helic. vol. i. p. 112. 
lucida, Puyy. Hutchins Dorset, p. 47 ?—Mont. Test. Brit. p. 425, pl. 23, 
f. 4 (not vars.). — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 340, 
—Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, f. 40. 
nitida, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117, pl. 8, f. 23 to 25.— 
FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 (not note). 
», itens, MATon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198, pl. 5, f. 7.— 
Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 22, in part. — Turron, 
Conch. Diction. p. 52; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 55.— 
ALTEN, Erd und Flusskonch. Augsburg, p. 58, pl. 5, f. 10. 
Oaychilus cellaria, Firzine. Syst. Derz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. 
Polita 3 HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 
Helicella cellaria and Draparnaudii, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. 
Zonites cellarius, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 170, pl. 4, f. 40.— 
Macaiu. Moll. Aberd. p. 88. 


” 


” 


Shell depressed, flattish, somewhat pellucid, glossy, 
but not polished, pale horn-colour with sometimes a light 
greenish tint, passing into opaque white on the under 
surface, almost smooth yet with indistinct longitudinal 
striule near the sutures. Whorls five or five and a half, 
flattened yet deeply defined, enlarging gradually yet not 
slowly. Spire scarcely raised, apex blunt. Aperture 


VOL. IV. EF 


34 HELICIDA. 


obliquely crescent-shaped, manifestly descending at its 
base, below the general levels of the disk, not quite 
so high as broad, equal in width to nearly half the total 
diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base 
not much rounded, more distinctly wrinkled than the 
upper surface; umbilicus moderately large, exposing the 
second whorl. Diameter two-fifths of an inch. 

Although Miiller describes the animal as ‘ Limax totus 
albus,” that is not the usual appearance of it, especially 
when taken in the fields. It is of a bluish-white hue 
with dark violet head, neck, and tentacles. The upper 
tentacles are long and slender, and bear the eyes within 
a pale space at their swollen tips. The foot is marginated. 
The tail slightly exceeds the shell and is gently truncated 
obliquely at its extremity. 

This species is universal through the British Isles, 
living in houses, under stones, in drains, and among 


grass. 
Z. auuiarius, Miller. 


Resembling cel/aria, but much smaller, more convex, of only 
four volutions, not so pallid, merely opaque white near the 
umbilicus. 


Plate CXX. fig. 5, 6. 


Helia alliaria, MitLER, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. p. 379. — ALDER, Trans. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 837 ;—Mag. Zool. and Bot. 
vol. ii. p. 108. —Turron, L. and F. W. Shells, p. 56, f. 39, 
(very badly).—Brown, LIllust. Conch. G. B. p. 52.—Cuemn. 
(ed. Kiist.) Helix, Ne. 508, pl. 83, f. 10, 11, 12.—L. Przir. 
Monog. Helig. vol. i. p. 90. 

» glabra, SrupER in Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. 215.—Cuarrent. N. Denksch. 
Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 13, pl. 1, f. 22 (Hyalinia). 
—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 36, 
f. 528. 

» alliacea, Jnvrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 341. 


ZONITES. 35 


Helix nitens, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xiv. p. 160. 
, Setida, Srark, Elem, Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 59. 
» lurida, SrupER, Verz, Schweiz. Conch. (not synon.) fide Charp. 


? ,, tenera, Hartm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 232. 


Polita glabra, HexD, in Isis, 1837, p. 619. 
Helicella ,, Brcx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. 
»  alliaria, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. 
Zonites alliurius, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 168, pl. 4, f. 39.— 
Mace. Moll. Aberd. p. 91. 


Shell rather small, convex yet depressed, highly polished, 
thin, transparent, clear yellowish, or yellowish horn-colour, 
changing into rather opaque white towards the middle 
of the lower disk, almost smooth, or only faintly striated. 
Spire very little raised. Volutions four, not convex but 
deeply defined, not rapidly enlarging; the last broad, 
flattened, and not bending much forward. Aperture not 
very oblique, crescent-shaped, rather broader than high, 
about equal in width to half the total diameter. Peri- 
stome thin, simple, not reflected. Base rounded at the 
sides, umbilicus deep. 

Diameter about a quarter of an inch. It is smaller and 
more convex than cellaria, with its aperture less obliquely 
inclined, and its basal opacity less manifest. Its bright 
clear and transparent colour distinguishes it from nitidula. 

The animal resembles ce//aria and the rest of this sec- 
tion in shape, but differs in colour, being of a general deep 
violet or black hue, paler only on the sole. It is remark- 
able for secreting a mucus that gives out a pungent 
odour of garlic. It is universally diffused through the 
British Isles, living in very various localities, common 
in gardens and greenhouses, and frequent under stones 
on sandy dunes. It is found also at a considerable eleva- 
tion on mountains, living under stones even upon their 


summits. 


36 HELICIDA. 


Z. nrriputus, Draparnaud. 


Depressed, not highly polished, dull waxen yellow above, par- 
tially opaque white beneath, smooth ; umbilicus decidedly 
large. 


Plate CXX. fig. 8, 9, 10. 


Helix nitidula, Dravar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117.—Gray, Medical 
Repository, 1821, p. 239. —Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. xvi. p. 840, not var. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
Northumb. vol. i. p. 88.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 52. 
—Ferrus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 213 (Helicella). — RossmMAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, f. 24 and pt. 8, 
p. 26, f. 526. — Krynicxt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. 
p. 208. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, No. 512, pl. 83, f. 20, 
21, 22.—L. Prem. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 93. 

Oaychilus nitidulus, Firzine. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. 

Polita nitidula, Hep, Isis, 1837, p. 216. 

Felicella ,, Bucx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. 

Zonites nitidulus, GRAY, Manual L. and F.W. Shells, p. 172, pl. 12, f. 136.— 

Maceru. Moll. Aberd. p. 89. 


Shell not very large, depressed, more convex above 
than below, not lustrous but with a slight resinous gloss 
of an uniform dull brownish amber or wax-colour above, 
becoming paler below and changing into opaque white 
underneath towards the mouth and umbilicus, obscurely sub- 
striolated lengthways, otherwise smooth. Spire very little 
raised, apex obtuse. Whorls four and a half to five, a 
little rounded, rather broad, not abruptly enlarging; the 
last rather wide but not depressed, rather bending down- 
wards towards the aperture. Mouth obliquely crescent- 
shaped, broader than high, not equal in width to half 
the total diameter, very considerably projecting beyond 
the penult whorl. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. 


Base not much rounded, concave centrally, umbilicus 


rather large, profound. 


ZONITES. BW) 


Diameter about three-eighths of an inch. 

The animal is, according to Mr. Alder, of a dark lead- 
colour, darker than cellarius. It is not so common, but 
is probably much more widely distributed than usually 
supposed. It inhabits shady places, under stones. 


Z. purus, Alder. 


Small, depressed, smooth, whitish and transparent both above 
and below ; body whorl decidedly broader than the preceding 
turn ; outer lip acute ; umbilicus rather large. 


Plate CXXI. fig. 5, 6. 


Helix nitidula, var. DRAPAR. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117, pl. 8, f. 21, 
22, — JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 340, 511. 
—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 45, 
pl. 2, f. 35. 
55 itidosa, Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 214 (no descr.) — RossMAssL. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 71, pl. 1, f. 23.— 
Krynickt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 205. 
» erystallina, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 ? 
» pura, ALpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 37; Mag. Zool. 
and Bot. vol. ii. p. 108.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 59, f. 43 (badly magnified).— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
vol. vi. p» 32.— Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53. — Cuemn. 
(ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 511, pl. 83, f. 17 to 19.— 
L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol.i, p. 96 (not yar. A). 
» viridula, MENKE, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, p. 127. 
» Jlenticula, Hetp, Isis, 1837, p. 304. 
Polita nitidosa, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 
Helicella ,, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. 
Felix electrina, Gouup, Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 423, pl. 22, f. 2.— 
Invert. Massach. p, 183, f. 111. 
Zonites purus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 171, pl. 4, f. 43.—Maceiz. 
Moll. Aberd. p. 92 (probably). 


Shell small, depressed, transparent, moderately shining, 
thin, white or occasionally very pale horn coloured, of 
an uniform tint, not becoming opaque underneath, almost 
smooth, or at most obscurely wrinkled by the lines of 


38 HELICIDA. 


increase. Spire very little raised; apex blunt. Whorls 
three and a half to four, moderately broad, gradually but 
not abruptly enlarging, but little convex, somewhat oblique, 
well defined, the last shelving. Aperture very oblique, 
rounded, crescent-shaped, broader than high, nearly as 
wide as half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, 
not reflected. Base a little flattened, umbilicus deep, rather 
large. Diameter about the fifth or the sixth of an inch. 

The animal is white with two black cervical lines. It 
varies in being darker. The cloak is white speckled with 
black (Alder). It is most frequent in woods in the north 
of England, where it was first noticed by Mr. Alder in 
the neighbourhood of Newcastle. 


Z. rapratuuus, Alder. 


Very small, depressed, shining, of a transparent, pale amber 
colour, rarely white, on both disks, regularly striated ; whorls 
at most four, flattened at their junction with the inner ones ; 
body whorl decidedly broader than the preceding turn ; um- 
bilicus moderately large. 


Plate CX XI. fig. 1. 


Helix radiatula, AupER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38; and 
vol. ii. p. 340.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol, xvi. p. 511. 
—Tuompeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 55.— Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 53. 
Zonites radiatulus, GRAY, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 173, pl. 12, f. 187.— 
Macart. Moll. Aberd. p. 91. 
Helix pura, var. B. Prete. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 96. 


Small, depressed, thin, transparent, shining, of an uni- 
form brownish amber-colour or fulvous horn-colour (rarely 
pure white), not becoming white or opaque underneath, 
with regular sharply cut longitudinal stria upon the su- 


perior disk, which are much arcuated, numerous but not 


ZONITES. 39 


crowded, and obsolete upon the base. Spire much de- 
pressed, apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, 
moderately broad, decidedly but not abruptly enlarging, 
distinctly defined, peculiarly though slightly flattened near 
their upper suture, moderately convex below. Aperture 
very oblique, rounded crescent-shaped, manifestly broader 
than high, nearly equal in width to half the total diameter, 
its lower portion far below the general level of the base. 
Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Circumference well 
rounded. Base a little flattened ; umbilicus rather large 
at the commencement but much contracted by the penult 
whorl. Diameter about the sixth of an inch. 

The animal, according to Alder, is black. This species 
occurs among moss in woods and under stones. It is 
most frequent in the north and east of England, but has a 
very general distribution and is common in all provinces of 

Treland and Scotland. 


Z. nitipus, Miiller. 


Depressed, much shining, transparent and brownish fulvous 
on both disks ; whorls four and a half to five, of moderate en- 
largement ; suture profound, umbilicus large. 


Plate CXX. fig. 4, 7. 


? Helix Hammonis, StRbM. Acta Nidross. vol. iii. p. 435, pl. 6, f. 16. 

»  nitida, MiuuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 32.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. xvi. p. 389. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. 
p. 72.—Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 108, 
pl. 24, f. 30, 31.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 94. 

»  nitens, GMELIN, Syst. Nature, p. 3633. 

» lucida, DRapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 103, pl. 8, f. 11, 12.— 
Gray, Medical Repository, 1821.—AxpeEr, Trans. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 56, f. 38. — THomrpson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. 
p. 33.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G, B. p. 52.—C. Prxtr, Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 19.—RossmMAssv. 


AQ) HELICIDE. 


Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, pl. 1, f. 25.— 
Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 207. — Cuar- 
pent. N. Denks. Schweiz Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 13. 

2 Helix tenuis, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 913. 

4» succinea, STUDER, in Coxe Tray. (Hartm.) 

Oaychilus lucidus, Frvzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. 

Tanychlamys lucida, Benson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 89. 

Polita » He p, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 

Helicella nitida and succinea 2 Buck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. 

Zonites lucidus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 174, pl. 4, f. 38.— 
Macert. Moll. Aberd. p. 90. 

Shell rather small, rather depressed, thin, transparent, 
glossy, of an uniform brownish fulvous hue, not exhibiting 
any trace of opacity on the lower disk, longitudinally 
striolate, spire a little raised, rather obtuse at the apex. 
Whorls four and a half or five, gradually and not abruptly 
enlarging, moderately convex, well defined ; the last broadly 
rounded and not contracted at the circumference. Aper- 
ture roundish crescent-shaped, rather broader than high, 
not quite equal to half the total diameter. Peristome 
thin, simple, not reflected, basal edge arcuated, base some- 
what rounded, a little produced anteriorly, umbilicus 
decidedly large, displaying the second volution, diameter 
rather above a quarter of an inch. 

The animal is dark. This snail is not uncommon under 


stones in shady places. 


Z. excavatus, Bean. 


Small, transparent and fulvous above and below, much shin- 
ing, regularly striated; whorls very slowly enlarging, so that 
the body is scarcely broader than the preceding turn ; umbi- 
licus peculiarly capacious. 


Plate CX XI. fig. 2, 3, 4. 


Helix ewcavata, BEAN, in Alder’s Catalog. L. and F. W. Shells (Trans. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38).— ALDER, Mag. Zool. 
and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. yol. vi. 


ZONITES. 41 


p- 34.—Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 9, 10. 
—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 98. 
FTeliv nitida, var. a, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 339, 511. 
» lucida, var. 2 Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 57. 
Zonites excavatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 175, pl. 12, f. 138. 


Shell small, rather depressed, sub-orbicular, thin, trans- 
parent, polished, of an uniform fulvous yellow, or yellowish 
horn colour, not opaque beneath, with distinct longitudinal 
striz or wrinkles, spire a little raised, apex blunt. Whorls 
five, moderately convex, or even slightly rounded, well 
defined, very slowly enlarging ; the last scarcely exceeding 
the penult, but little descending, and more shelving below 
than above. Aperture rather small, rounded, crescent- 
shaped, scarcely broader than high, in width not more than 
equal to two-fifths the total diameter. Peristome thin, 
simple, not reflected, base well rounded, umbilicus very 
large, displaying all the superior volutions. 

Diameter scarcely a quarter of an inch. 

The animal is lead-coloured (Alder). In Yorkshire, 
Northumberland, Durham, and other counties in the North 
of England and South of Scotland, are its favourite loca- 
lities. It has been taken near Cork in Ireland by Miss 
King, and at Clifden in Galway (W. Thompson). As yet 


it has not been noticed out of Britain. 


Z. crysTatuinus, Miiller. 


Minute, nearly flat, shining, white, transparent ; body scarcely 
broader than the preceding turn; mouth lunate ; umbilicus 


small. 
Plate CX XII. fig. 1, 2. 


Helix erystallina, MULLER (not Fleming), Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 23. — Gray, 
Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239.—JxErrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 341.— Atprr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
Northumb. yol. i. p. 36. — Turron, Manual L. and F. W. 


VOL, IV. G 


42 HELICID A. 


Shells, p. 58, f. 42. — Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, 
pl. 18*, f. 7.—Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 118, 
pl. 8, f. 13 to 20.—C. PFrEIF. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 1, p. 46, pl. 2, f. 86.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. 
Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 13 (Hyalinia). — 
RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 37, 
f. 531. — Moretert, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 55.— 
Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 555, pl. 88, 
é f, 27 to 30.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 59. 
Helix eburnea, HAnrM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 234. 
eristallina, Furus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 223 (Helicella). — Minter, Ann. 
Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822), p. 379. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) 
vol. viii. p. 87. 
» vitrea, BRowN, Edinb. Journ. Nat. and Geogr. Se. vol. i. pl. 1, f. 12, 13, 
14.—Isis, 1832, p. 11. 
Discus erystallinus, Frvzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 99. 
Polita erystallina, Hexp, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 
Helicella  ,, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. 
Zonites crystallinus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 176, pl. 4, f. 42.— 
Macert. Moll. Aberd. p. 92. 


9 


Shell very small, orbicular, flattened, thin, of an uniform 
pellucid white, with a slight tinge of green, polished, 
smooth, or very slightly striated, not opaque beneath. 
Spire scarcely raised, apex obtuse. Whaorls five, defined, 
yet scarcely convex, very narrow, enlarging very gra- 
dually ; the last but inconsiderably broader than the 
penult, and not shelving above, so that the circumference 
is broadly rounded. Aperture nearly as high as it is 
broad, obliquely crescent-shaped, not quite equal in width 
to half the total diameter, produced beneath the basal 
level. Peristome acute, simple, not reflected. Base convex, 
umbilicus small, profound. Diameter not much exceeding 
the eighth of an inch. 

The animal is white, with fine dark lines running along 
the neck and tentacula. This pretty little snail is widely 
distributed in all parts of Britain; but owing to its minute- 
ness is apt to be overlooked: it should be sought for in 


damp places, under stones and among moss. 


HELIX. 43 


HELIX. Linnzvs. 


Shell spiral, opaque, or translucent, solid or thin, more 
or less globose, in some discoid, smooth, or sculptured, 
surface variously coloured, but seldom covered with a 
polished epidermis. Mouth lunated, thickened within, 
simple or toothed, peristome frequently reflexed. 

Animal moderately large in proportion to shell, head 
with four developed tentacles, mantle not reflected on shell; 
tail lanceolate and never truncate; foot often ample ; 


tongue with the edge-teeth serrated. 


H. averra, Born. 


Subglobose, wrinkled lengthways, uniform brownish-green : 
mouth extremely large. 


Plate CXVI. fig. 7. 


Gauott. pl. 1, f. 
Helix terrestris, FORSKAEL (teste Beck), Desc. Anim. It. Orient. 
» perta, Born, Mus. Ces. Vind. p. 387, pl. 19, f. 20.—Gray, Manual L. 
and F, W. Shells, p. 127, pl. 11, f. 129——Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) 
Conch. Cab. vol. vii. Helix, No. 1, pl. 1, f. 1 to 4. —L. Preir. 
Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 25. 
,», Neritoides, Cunmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 150, pl. 138, f. 1204, 
1205. 
», Naticoides, DRAPAR. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 92, pl. 5, f. 26, 27.— 
Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 15; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 
pl. 11, f. 17 to 20.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vili. p. 85.— 
Briartnv. Man. Malacol. p. 460, pl. 40, f. 6. — RossmAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 1, f. 285 (pt. 2, 
f. 156, animal).—Kisrer, in Chemn. Conch. (ed. 2), p. 24. 
Cantareus ra Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 64. 
Cenatoria Pn HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. 
Pomatia aperta, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 44. 


Shell rather large, imperforate, globular, or ovate- 
globose, inflated, very thin, not distinctly pellucid, with 


44 HELICIDA. 


irregular longitudinal fold-like striz, which are, some- 
times, partially confluent, or connected by short branches, 
clothed with a closely adherent, and more or less shining 
epidermis of a yellowish olive colour. Spire very short ; 
body extremely large; apex blunt. Whorls four mode- 
rately rounded, rapidly enlarging; the last not distinctly 
deflected. Aperture higher than broad, obovate, equal 
in width to two-thirds the total diameter of the shell, 
rather suddenly contracted above by the arcuation of 
the penult whorl. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, 
slightly edged with white, much arcuated below, its di- 
lation upon the produced pillar very slight; a rather 
obscure shelly coating connecting the two lips in the 
adult. 

The animal is very large for the shell; its colour is 
brownish grey with dusky tentacula. 

A large foreign example measured an inch and an 
eighth in length, and an inch and a fifth in breadth. It 
finds a place in the “ British Fauna” on account of a 
specimen found in Guernsey, in 1859, by Professor E. 
Forbes, and deposited in the British Museum. It is 
common in the south of France. 


H. aspersa, Miiller. 


Obliquely subglobose, beneath the epidermis pale fawn- 
coloured, with four (usually interrupted) chocolate-brown bands. 


Plate CX VI. fig, 1. 


Kworr, Délices des Yeux, pt. 4, pl. 27, f. 3. 
Helix grisea, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247 (badly described). — Gmexin, 
Syst. Nat. p. 3649.—Brumati, Conch. Monfalcone, p. 24. 
» spersu, MiLiEr, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 59.—Monv. Test. Brit. p. 407.— 
FLeMinG, Brit, Anim. p. 263. —Jxerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. xvi. p, 328.—Turvron, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 52, 


HELIX. 45 


f, 35.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 128, pl. 5, f. 35, 
—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 20. — Macain. Moll. 
Aberd. p. 80. — Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 5, 
13, 17, 18.—CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 130, f. 1156, 1157, 
1138 b. — Ferus, Prodrom. Moll. No. 51; Hist. Moll. Terr. et 
Fluy. pl. 18, 24, f. 3.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viil. 
p- 32.—RossmAss-. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 55, 
f. 3; and pt. 5, p. 5, f. 294. — Cuarpenr. N. Denks. Schweiz. 
Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 6—Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, 
p. 67. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab, Helix, No. 9, pl. 3. 
f. 6, 7.—L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 241. 
Helix hortensis, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 136, pl. 84, f. 129. — 
Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 131.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. 
» variegata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat p. 3650. 
Cenatoria aspersa, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. 
Cochlea vulgaris, Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 20, f. 1. — Turron, Conch. Diction, 
p- 80.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 34, f. 126. — Da Cosra, Brit. 
Conch. p. 72, pl. 4, f. 1. 
Helix lucorum (not of authors), PuLTENrY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset. App. p. 48. 
Pomatia adspersa, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 44 (no descr.). 
. (Monstrosities), Born, Mus. Cees. Vind. pl. 13, f. 10, 11.—CueEmn. Conch. Cab, 
vol. xi, pl. 211, f. 2092, 2093. — Ferus. Hist. Nat. Moll. 
Terr. et Fluy. pl. 19, f. 1, 2. 


Shell imperforate, obliquely conoid-globose, thin, sub- 
opaque, or semi-transparent, covered with small inden- 
tations, clothed with a yellowish olivaceous epidermis, 
beneath which the surface is whitish, or pale fawn- 
coloured ; adorned with chocolate-brown bands, that are 
sometimes confluent, sometimes obsolete; of these there 
are usually three on the penult whorl, and four on the 
body, which are interrupted by wavy linear whitish or pale- 
coloured streaks; more rarely the shell is pale yellow, and 
very slightly banded. Spire strongly wrinkled lengthways, 
short, conoid, about one-third to one-fourth the height 
of the body; suture oblique; apex blunt. Volutions 
four to four and a half, moderately convex, rapidly en- 
larging, the last swollen, and abruptly deflected. Aper- 


ture nearly ovate; very slightly lunate, as high as, or 


46 HELICIDA. 


higher than, broad, about half as wide as the total 
diameter; peristome white, thin, expanded, slightly re- 
flected, much dilated upon the pillar, which is oblique 
and only slightly arcuated. Diameter nearly an inch 
and a half. Scalariform and sinistral varieties are some- 
times met with. 

The animal is roughly granulated, of a general greenish 
grey, mottled with minute white or yellow opaque specks, 
darker about the head and neck, and there striped with 
a pale band. 

This handsome but commonest of snails is found uni- 
versally throughout the British Islands, and owing to its 
being an article of food in some countries, or else a 
supposed remedy for pulmonary affections, has been trans- 
ported and distributed by the agency of man to all parts 
of the world. It is especially abundant in the neigh- 


bourhood of gardens. 


H. pomaria, Linneus. 


Solid, globose, coarsely wrinkled lengthways, most minutely 
striated in a spiral direction, pale tawny, with rufous bands. 


Plate CX VI. fig. 2. 


LisTER, Hist. Conch. pl. 48, f. 46. 

Helix pomatia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244.—Prnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, 
vol. iy. p. 134, pl. 84, f. 128. — Putrenry, Hutchins, Hist. 
Dorset, p. 47.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 84.—Monr. 
Test. Brit. p. 405.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. vill. p. 201. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 20, f. 14.— 
Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 54.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 329, 506.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 259.— 
Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 44, f. 34.—Gray, 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 135, pl. 4, f. 34. — Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 6, 12, 14. — Cuemn. 
Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1138 a—Srurm. Deutsch. Fauna, see- 
tion 6, pt. 1, pl. 13, 14.—Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. p. 87, 
pl. 5, f. 20.—Frrus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 31; Hist. Nat. 


HELIX. 47 


pl. 21, f.1 to 5; pl. 24, f. 2.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. 
Vert. vol. viii. p. 31. — C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 4, p. 25, pl. 2, f..9.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und 
Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 54, f. 1, 2,79. — Sowerrsy, Conch. 
Man. f. 268. — Curmn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, pl. 5, f. 5, 6. — 
L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 234. 
Cochlea pomatia Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 67, pl. 4, f 14. 
Cenatoria ,, HeEtp, Isis, 1837, p. 910. 
Helicogena , Hanrrn. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 98, pl. 29, 30, 35. 
(Monstrosities), Miter, Verm. pt. 2, p. 113 (H. pomaria and H. scalaris).— 
Born, Mus. Ces. Vind. pl. 13, f. 21, 22.—CHEmn. Conch. f. 
908, 909, 910, 1139.—Drapar. Moll. France, pl. 5, f. 21, 
22.—C. Prezrr. Deutsch. Moll. pt. 3, pl. 2, f.1, 2, 3, 8, 9.— 
Fervs. Hist. Moll. pl. 21, f. 7, 8, 9. 


Shell large, globose, solid, with coarse longitudinal 
wrinkles, and very minute and spiral striule, that are 
generally distinct on the upper turns, and obsolete below, 
whitish or pale tawny, with not clearly defined spiral 
rufous or tawny bands (usually three broadish and a 
narrower sutural zone upon the body-whorls, the two 
upper of which are visible upon the penult whorl). Spire 
rarely more than one-third the length of the body, which 
is of considerable magnitude; apex blunt. Volutions 
five, moderately convex ; suture distinct, generally oblique. 
Aperture lunate-oval, or of a short and somewhat curved 
pear-shape, higher than broad, more than equal in width 
to half the total diameter, white except at the margin, 
where it is brownish or of a pale liver-colour ; columella 
arcuated. Peristome thickened, dilated and callous upon 
the columella, so as to partially conceal the umbilicus; 
diameter nearly two inches. 

The animal is of a general brownish-grey, speckled 
with whitish and brown granulations. This snail is pre- 
eminently termed ‘“ edible,’ not because it is better for 
cooking than its allies, but on account of its having been 


more sought after as food, its large size attracting the lovers 


48 HELICIDA. 


of such dainties. There is a general belief, that it was 
introduced into England, where it is entirely confined 
to the southern counties, living chiefly upon cretaceous 
soils, It appears, however, to be a true native. 


H. arsusrorum, Linnzus. 


Brown, closely marbled, with small linear paler markings, 
usually one-banded ; outer lip white and reflected. 


Plate CXV. fig. 5, 6. 


Helix arbustorum, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1245. — PENNanT, Brit. Zool. 
ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 135, pl. 84, f. 180.—PutrEney, Hutchins, 
Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monrt. Test. Brit. p. 413.—Donov. 
Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 136.— Maron and Rack. Trans. 
Linn. Soe. yol. viii. p. 202. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 2, 
f. 6.—Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 56.—JEerrreys, Trans, 
Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 329.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 264. 
— Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 35, f. 25. — 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 137, pl. 3, f. 25.— 
Tuomprson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 23. — MAcaIt. 
Moll. Aberd. p. 81. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 44, 
pl. 16, f. 16, 20, 21, 22, — Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 
France, p. 88, pl. 5, f. 18.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. und Land 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 24, pl. 2, f. 7, 8.—FxErus. Prodrom. 
Moll. p. 40; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 27, f. 5 to 8; 
and pl. 39, B. f. 3 (animal). — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. 
Vert. vol. viii. p. 51. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 56, f. 4, 78; and pt. 5, p.5, f. 297. 
—CuarPEnNT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), 
p. 5, pl. 1, f. 2.—Preur. Weigm. Archiv. Nat. 1841, pt. 1, 
p. 217.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 323, 
pl. 57, f. 4 to 9.—L. Prxrr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 339. 
2 ,, Gothica, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 770. 
Cochlea unifasciata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 75, pl. 17, f. 6. 
Helix Xatartii, Farin. Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. ii. (1834), p. 122. — Ferus. Bull. 
Zool. 1835, p. 41. 
Arianta arbustorum, Breck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid, p. 41. — Harr. 
Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 15, p. 140, pl. 43. 
Heliv Wittmanni, ZAwAvzKY, Rossmissl. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, 
iis Cafe 
» lpesiris, ZrEGL. in Rossmissl. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, 
{. 297 b. 


HELIX. 49 


(Monstrosities), Farus. Hist. Moll. Terr. pl. 29, f. 1, 2, 8.—Harrm. Erd und 
Siissw. Gast. pl. 73, f. 1 to 8.— Woop, Index Test. Suppl. 
pl. 7, f. 6 (HZ. turgidula). 


Depressed globular, not very thin, subopaque, glossy, 
with extremely delicate, longitudinal wrinkles, which are 
chiefly evident at the suture, and minute undulating spiral 
stri, rich brown, closely marbled with small linear yel- 
lowish, or paler opaque spots, which are usually confluent 
and angular; and almost always girt with a single darker 
brown narrow fillet, which winds along the base of the 
upper volutions, and displays itself rather above the mid- 
dle of the body-whorl. Spire more or less raised, but 
variable in amount of elevation. Whorls six in number, 
convex and well defined, the last one rounded ; axis per- 
forated, umbilicus almost concealed. Aperture rounded- 
lunate, broader than high; peristome white, thickened 
within, strongly reflected, rather constricted behind, and 
a little dilated at the umbilicus. 

Fair-sized specimens average, for the most part, three 
quarters of an inch in diameter, and eight lines in height, 
but vary considerably in their proportions ; occasionally 
the ground colour is pale olive, and the specks opaque 
white. 

The animal is roughly granulated, and of a dusky 
greenish hue, often very dark, or nearly black, becoming 
paler and greyish on the margins of the foot. 

It is generally distributed throughout woods, and among 
damp gardens in all parts of the British Isles. It is 
remarkable for extending its range to a higher altitude 
on mountains than any other of our larger Helices. In the 
Alps it nearly approaches the snow line. The examples 
taken in such localities are comparatively small and 
stunted. 


VOL. IV. H 


50 HELICIDA. 


H. Cantrana, Montagu. 


Depressed globular, semitransparent, bald when adult, pallid 
above, rufous below and towards the lip, periphery not angu- 
lated ; outer lip edged within ; umbilicus moderately large. 


Plate CX VI. fig. 8, 9. 


Helix Cantiana, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 422, and Suppl. p. 145, pl. 23, f. 1.— 
Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 197.— 
Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 21.— Fiemine, Brit. Anim. 
p. 261.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 144, pl. 3, 
f, 26.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 15 to 17. 
—Curmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 89, pl. 16, f. 19, 
20.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 133. 
? ., crepuscularis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 
5, pallida, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 157, f. 2. 
» Carthusiana, DRAPAR. (not Miller), Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 102, 
pl. 6, f. 833 —Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 36, 
pl. 3, f. 26.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 336, 
508.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 62.—C. Prrir. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 26, pl. 6, f. 2, 3. 
—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 36, 


f. 364. 
Theba = Risso, Hist. Nat. l'Europe Mérid. vol. iv. p. 74. 
Fruticola ,, HE p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 
Bradybena Cantiana and Brunonensis, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. 


py le 


Shell depressed, globular, rather thin, bald when adult, 
pale and hispid when young, with a kind of resinous 
lustre, of a pallid flesh-colour or pale reddish white above, 
more rufous below and near the outer lip, frequently with 
a pale band in the middle of the whorl, and always paler 
towards the suture, sometimes entirely white; surface 
a little uneven, and pitted with slight transverse depres- 
sions, faintly wrinkled with irregular longitudinal striole 
that are more distinct above than below. Spire not much 
elevated. _Whorls six, rounded, of rather quick increase, 
the last ventricose and not at all carinated, not deflected 


HELIX. De 


at its termination. Aperture reddish, nearly lunate, equal 
in breadth to half the basal diameter, rather inferior in 
height. Peristome acute, very little reflected, a little 
dilated upon the columella, its internal rib white or pale 
rose-coloured. Base convex; umbilicus deep but rather 
small, not concealed by the pillar lip. 

Diameter about three quarters of an inch. 

The animal is of a general greyish hue, becoming darker 
on the head and neck, where it is tinged with brown. 

It is chiefly to be found among brambles and by hedges 
in the district around London and the counties to the 
south of the Thames. It has been taken in the west of 


England. ‘The Irish recorded locality is very doubtful. 


H. Carraustana, Miller. 


Rather small, depressed, whitish, bald; mouth margined 
within by a milk white rib; umbilicus minute. 


Plate CXVI. fig. 5, 6. 


Helix Carthusiana, MUtLeR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 15.--Turron, Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 37, f. 27.—Gray, Manual L. and F. 
W. Shells, p. 146, pl. 8, f. 27. — Brown, Lllust. Conch. 
G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f£. 49, 50, 51. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) 
Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 90, pl. 16, f. 21, 22. — L. Pruir. 
Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 132. 
», nitida, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. p. 103, pl. 127, f. 1130, 1131. 
» nemoralis, var. BB. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 
2 Carthusianella, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 101, pl. 6, f. 31, 
32, and pl. 7, f. 3, 4. Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 61. 
—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, 
p. 25, pl. 6, f. 1.—Krynicxr, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 
vol. ix. p. 183.—RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 6, p. 37, f. 366. — Morexer, Moll. Terr. et 
Fluy. Portugal, p. 62. 
» Gypsii, Ferus. Journ. Physiq. xc. 300 (for Gibbii). 
» Olivieri, var. y. Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 255.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land 
und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 25, pl. 6, f. 4. 
» rufilabris, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. vol. xvi. p- 509. 


52 HELICID&. 


Heliw zenobia bimarginata, Gray, Medical Repository (fide Gray). 
Theba Charpentieri and Carthusianella, Risso, Hist. Nat. l'Europe Mérid. vol. iv. 


p. 76. 
Monacha Carthusianella, Fvrz1nc. Syst. Verz. Erzh, Weichth. p. 95. 
Fruticola i Hx p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 


Bradybena Carthusiana, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 19. 


Shell rather small, depressed, sub-globular, rather thin, 
a little translucent, bald, rather shining, of a whitish horn 
colour, usually tinged more or less distinctly with rufous 
near the termination of the last whorl, where it is ob- 
scurely marked with a paler subcentral band; surface 
nearly smooth or obsoletely striolated, usually covered 
with minute indentations which are sometimes obsolete. 
Spire very little raised, usually mammillary, the first 
whorl or two being comparatively prominent. Volutions 
five and a half but little convex, compact yet rather 
quickly enlarging towards the last whorl, which is well 
rounded at the circumference, somewhat deflected at its 
termination. Aperture broadly lunate, broader than high, 
fully equal in width to half the total diameter, with an 
internal approximate whitish rib, which is clearly dis- 
tinguishable externally. Peristome acute, somewhat ex- 
panded, reddish or liver-coloured, becoming straightish at 
the base, reflected over the very small umbilicus so as 
partially (rarely entirely) to conceal it. Base rather 
rounded. 

Diameter not quite half an inch ; more frequently three- 
eighths only in English specimens: the smaller forms are 
usually the more transparent and elevated. 

The animal is pale, slightly brownish in the neck ; 
the mantle is speckled with black and yellow. 

This is one of our extreme south-eastern species, being 
found only on the chalky downs of Kent and Surrey. 


HELIX. 53 


H. nemorauis, Linneus. 


Depressed-globose, imperforated when adult, with or without 
coloured bands, not marbled ; outer lip reflected ; pillar lip 
callous, retiring. 


Plate CXV. fig. 1 to 4. 


Helix nemoralis, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247.—PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4. 
vol, iv. p. 135, pl. 84, f. 126.—PuLttrEeney, Hutchins, Hist. 
Dorset, p. 48.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. pl. 13.—Monr, 
Test. Brit. p. 411. Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. 
vol. viii. p. 206.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 21, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 
5, 8, 14, 19. — Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 59. — Gray, 
Annals of Philos. vol. x. (1825), p. 152. — Fiemine, Brit. 
Anim. p. 264.—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 329. 
— Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 33, f. 23. — 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 132, pl. 3, f. 23. — 
Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 22. — Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10.— 
CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1196, 1198. —Drapar. 
Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 94, pl. 6, f. 3, 4, 5.—FErus. 
Prodrom. Moll. p. 56; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 32, 4. 
f. 2; and pl. 33, pl. 34, pl. 39, a. f. 3, 4 (Helicogena) animal. 
—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 53.—Srurm. 
Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 2, pl. 6.—C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land 
und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 27, pl. 2, f. 10,11; and pt. 3, 
pl. 2, 3. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 57, f.5; pt. 5, p. 6, f. 298; pt. 8, p. 26, f. 494.— 
GuERIN, Iconog. Moll. pl. 6, f. 7.—CHarpent. N. Denks. 
Schweiz. Ges. Nat. p. 7, pl. 1, f. 5 (Eryptomphalus). — 
Moretet, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 68.— L. Preir. 
Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 276. 

» hortensis, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 57.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 412. 
—Ftrmuine, Brit. Anim. p. 264.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soe. vol. xvi. p. 330.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p. 34, f. 24. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 130, 
pl. 3, f. 24.—Macein. Moll. Aberd. p. 82.—Brown, Hust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 44, pl. 16, f. 11, 15, 19. — CHEN. Conch. 
Cab. vol. ix. f. 1199 to 1201.— Drapar. Moll. Terr. et 
Fluv. France, p. 95, pl. 6, f. 6. — Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. 
p. 57; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 35, pl. 36, pl. 39, B. 
f. 2 (Helicogena), animal. Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. 
vol. viii. p. 54.—C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 29, pl. 2, f. 12, 13; and pt. 3, pl. 2, 3, 4.—Srurm. 


54 HELICIDA. 


Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 2, pl. 7.— RossmAss.. Iconog. 
Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 59, f. 6; and pt. 5, p. 6, 
f. 299, 300.—GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 172. 
Cochlea fasciata, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 76,) pl. bj tho dy, ds 4nOstes los 
Helix hybrida, Porrer, Coq. Terr. et Fluy. Aisne, p. 71.— Gray, Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 132, pl. 11, f. 130.— THompson, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 206.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 44. 
pl. 18, f. 27, 28. 
4. fusca, PorrEet, Coq. Fluy. et Terr. de l’Aisne, p. 71. 
,, mutabilis, HArrm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 242. 
Helicogenu nemoralis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 60. 

“; libellula, Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 62, pl. 3, f. 21.* 
Helix cincta and quinquefasciata, Sunp. Trans, Linn, Soe. yol. xiv. p. 163. 
Cepea nemoralis and hortensis, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. 

Helicogena hortensis and hybrida, Bec, Index Moll. Mus, Christ. Frid. p. 39. 

Tachea es Lracu, MSS. Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 24, 

plague. 

Helix subglobosa, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 485, f. 7. — Cuar- 

PENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837). 
5 lucifuga, Zercu. in Hartm, Erd und Sissw. Gast. vol. i. p. 191, pl. 70. 

( Monstrosities), CoEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 109, f. 924 (ed. Kiist.), Helix, 
pl. 12, f. 3, 4. —C. Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 3, pl. 2, f. 6, 7.— Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 28, . f. 10; 
pl. 32, a. f, 25 pl.34, £8, 95 pl. 36, £ 10; 11,12. 


Shell moderately large, sub-globose, rather strong, sub- 
opaque, rather glossy, more or less wrinkled by the lines 
of growth, and most minutely and undulatingly striolated 
in a spiral direction, extremely variable in colouring, 
sometimes banded, sometimes of an uniform tint, but never 
mottled, marbled, nor otherwise variegated. Spire some- 
what raised but never equal in height to the body whorl. 
Volutions five, moderately convex, clearly but not pro- 
foundly defined ; the last wide and broadly rounded, and 
deflected at its termination. Aperture rudely crescent- 
shaped, somewhat angulated below, broader than high, 
occupying rather more than half of the total diameter, 
Peristome reflected, thickened internally ; outer lip arcu- 
ated ; columella lip callous and nearly straight ; the lips 


and parietal surface of the aperture of a lighter or darker 


HELIX. 55 


chocolate brown in the typical variety, occasionally white 
or rose-coloured. Base much rounded, projecting near 
the pillar lip, quite imperforate when adult, slightly um- 
bilicated when young. 

The most ordinary colours of this snail are yellow, 
brownish-drab, and flesh-colour, with from one to five 
zones of chocolate brown, or more rarely with two bands 
of the latter hue, occupying so large a surface as to leave 
only a linear portion of the ground-colour between them, 
another narrow one just beneath the suture, and a third 
broad zone in the middle of the lower disk. An extremely 
common form has only a single dark sub-central band 
(edged sometimes with white) which runs along the base 
of the lesser volutions. ‘To specify the minor variations 
would be tedious, so numerous are they, not only in 
arrangement of colouring, but also in size and elevation or 
dilatation of the general form. The interior of the mouth 
is generally pale or whitish, but the more darkly painted 
shelis often exhibit a tinge of violet. 

We have followed Pfeiffer, Deshayes, &c., in re-uniting 
hortensis and hybrida to the typical nemoralis, not being 
able to detect any peculiarity in individuals of the dark- 
mouthed form, which is not likewise represented in the 
white-mouthed variety, between which extremes the hy- 
brida is the connecting link. 

The usual diameter is about seven-eighths of an inch. 

The animal is of an olivaceous yellow except on the 
neck and upper part of the head, where it is banded 
by dark brown with a pale linear stripe down the centre. 
The tentacula are dusky above. The mantle is pale sul- 
phur-yellow. Almost everywhere among the British 
Islands in gardens and fields, often very abundant and 
beautifully variegated in the neighbourhood of the sea, 


56 HELICID®. 


H. prisana, Miiller. 


Whitish, with numerous more or less interrupted linear 
coloured bands on the larger whorls ; mouth moderately large, 
usually pink edged; outer lip margined within ; pillar lip 
partially overlapping the umbilicus. 


Plate CXV. fig. 7, 8. 


Helix Pisana, Misuier Hist.Verm. pt. 2, p. 60.—FiEemine, Brit. Anim. p. 259. 
—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28.—Coucn, Cornish 
Fauna, pt. 2, p. 46.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p. 158, pl. 4, f. 30.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 50, pl.17, 
f, 27, 29, 33, 35, 38.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. 
p. 57. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, 
p- 34, f. 359; and pt. 10, p. 15, f. 614.— Moreter, Moll. 
Portugal, p. 70.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, 
No. 128, pl. 22, f. 1 to 6; and pl. 37, f.1 to 12.— L. Prerr. 
Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 152. 
9 20naria, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 137, pl. 85, f. 133. 
», petholatu, Oxrvi, Zool. Adriat. p. 178. 
» cingenda, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 418, pl. 24, f. 4. — Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 195, pl. 5. f. 6.—Dorset Catalog. 
p- 53, pl. 18, f. 5.— Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 49; Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 39, f. 30. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 333, 508. 
»5 rhodostoma, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 56, pl. 5, f. 13, 
14, 15. 
» strigata, var. Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 911. 
Theba Pisana, Risso, Hist. Nat. "Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 73. — Becr, Index 
Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 14. 
Helia albella, FLeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 260, immature, teste Fleming. 
» Alboranensis, WEBB and BerTHELOT (teste Beck), Moll. Canar. 
Xerophila Pisana, HELD, Isis, 1837. 
ELuparypha rhodostoma, Hart. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 204, pl. 79, 80. 


Shell sub-globose, a little depressed, moderately strong, 
sub-opaque, rather glossy but not highly polished, almost 
smooth, of a squalid or cream white, rarely without mark- 
ings, usually with more or less numerous very narrow 
spiral bands of chestnut or chocolate brown, that are fre- 
quently interrupted, or a few of them apparently com- 


HELIX. Se 


posed of short oblique streak-like spots, occasionally con- 
fluent. Spire moderately raised, but depressed above ; 
the apex blunt and dark brown or blackish. Whorls 
five to five and a half, convex, moderately broad, the last 
deep, a little flattened above, not deflected, broadly rounded 
at the peritreme. Aperture broadly lunate, occupying 
at least half the total diameter, nearly as high as it is 
wide. Peristome thickened internally and more or less 
tinged with rose-colour (pale or whitish in a variety) only 
reflected upon the columella, where it half conceals the 
narrow umbilicus. Base well rounded. 

Diameter about three-quarters of an inch. There are 
usually two contiguous bands, sometimes confluent, on 
the centre of the base, with their outer edges feathered 
or streaked obliquely. 

The animal is large, of a yellowish-grey colour, with 
long purplish upper tentacula and dusky lines along the 
neck at their bases. The tail is depressed and pointed, 
and considerably exceeds the shell. 

This is one of our local and western snails, having been 
observed hitherto only in Cornwall, South Wales, and 
the south-east of Ireland. It is plentiful where it occurs, 
as at Dublin. 


H. vireata, Da Costa. 


Depressed, turbinate, smooth, banded; bands not linear; upper 
whorls for the most part with only a single zone above the suture, 
mouth usually livid red ; outer lip edged internally. 

Plate CX VII. fig. 10. 


- 


Helix zonaria, var.? Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 85, f. 133, 
A. probably. 
» virgata, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 79, pl. 4, f. 7.-—PuLTENEy, Hutchins, 


VOL. IV. I 


58 HELICIDA. 


Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 415, pl. 24, f. 1.— 
Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 195.—Dorset 
Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 7. — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 49. — 
Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xvi. pp. 334, 508. — Turr. 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 40, f. 31. — FLemine, Brit. 
Anim. p. 261. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 160, 
f. 31.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28. — Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49, pl. 17, f. 42, 43, 44.—CueEmn. (ed. 
Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 129, pl. 22, f. 15, 16, 19, 20.— 
L. Prem. Monog. Helic, vol. i. p. 157. 
Helix variabilis, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 84, pl. 5, £11, 12.— 
Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 58. — C. Preir. 
Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 28, pl. 6, f. 10, 
13.— Puiipri, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 182. — RossMAssL. 
Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p. 31, f. 3856.— 
Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 16.— Moreer, Moll. Terr. et 
Fluv. Portugal, p. 72. 
2 ,, ericetorum, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1194, 1195. 
» zonaria, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. p. 65. 
» subalbida, PorreT, Prodr. Coq. Terr. et Flay. Aisne, p. 83. 
,, striata, BRarp, Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 36, pl. 2, f. 5, 6. 
, Pisani, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 911. 
Xerophila variabilis, Huxp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. 
Theba virgata, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ, Frid. p. 14. 
var. Helia monilifera, MENK®E, Synopsis Mollusc. ed. 2, p. 22. 
VAR. 4, Zerverit, Michaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 26, 
pl. 14, f. 20, 21. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und 
Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, f. 354 d; and pt. 9, p. 7, f. 565, 


566. 
Xerophila * Hex, Isis, 1837, p. 913. 
Theba A Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 12. 


Shell of a somewhat depressed, turbinate form, moder- 
ately strong, nearly opaque, not polished, smooth or faintly 
striated, adorned with chocolate-coloured or rich dark 
brown spiral bands on a white ground, frequently with a 
rather broad band winding along the base of the lesser 
volutions, and continued just above the middle of the 
body whorl, with three or four additional narrow bands of 
the same hue upon the basal region of the shell, which are 
occasionally confluent, and one or sometimes two of them 


broken into streaks or spots. Spire somewhat. raised ; 


HELIX. 59 


apex brown or horn-coloured, a little blunt. Whorls five 
to six, rather convex, gradually increasing, the last a little 
deflected. Aperture rounded, lunate, generally about 
equal in breadth to half the basal diameter, not quite so 
high ; dirty red or purplish liver colour, usually with a 
whitish thread-like elevation surrounding it. Peristome 
acute, not reflected, except upon the columella, Base de- 
cidedly convex, umbilicus deep but not large. 

This species varies very much in size; half an inch is 
the diameter of our larger specimens, but individuals 
measuring three quarters of an inch are likewise recorded. 
The diversities of colouring which it exhibits are very 
remarkable ; among them we may reckon a dark brown 
variety with a single white band, an opaque white one 
with transparent, colourless zones, Ne. 

The animal is pale on the sides, purplish on the neck 
and head. 

This snail is found in prodigious numbers on many 
chalk and limestone districts, and on sandy places in their 
neighbourhood. It also affects the neighbourhood of the 
sea. Though local, it occurs in most parts of Britain, 
the north of Scotland excepted. It is widely diffused 
through Central and Southern Europe. 


H. caperata, Montagu. 


Depressed, pallid, brown ; banded, with regular close-set raised 
wrinkles ; body slightly angulated at the periphery ; mouth very 
small ; outer lip edged with white internally ; umbilicus mode- 
rately large. 


Plate CXVII. fig. 7. 


Helix caperata, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 430, pl. 11, f. 11.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 196.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, 
pl. 19, f. 20.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p- 51. — FLemine, 


60 HELICID A. 


Brit. Anim. p. 262. —Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. 
p- 335.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 42, f. 32.— 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 162, pl. 4, f. 32.— 
Macein. Moll. Aberd. p. 84. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p. 49, pl. 17, £. 37, 39. — Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 21. — 
Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 132, pl. 22, f. 11 
to 14.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 167. 
Helix striata, Drar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 106, pl. 6, f 18, 19.— 
Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 75. — C. Prerr. 
Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 51, pl. 6, f. 23. — 
RossMAsst, Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p. 28, 
. B54. 
,. intersccta, PoIrRET, Coq. Paris, p. 81 ?—Brarp, Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, 
p. 39, pl. 2, f. 7.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. 
p- 61? 
erenulata, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 895. 


Xerophila striata, HEvD, Isis, 1837, p. 913. 
Theba intersecta, Buck, Index Moll. Mus, Christ. Frid. p. 12. 


Shell rather small, depressed-globular, not very thin, 
scarcely at all shining; not translucent, of a squalid white, 
cream colour, or cinereous, with spiral bands of various 
shades of brown, which are frequently interrupted, and 
vary much in number and intensity; the body in general 
adorned with a subcentral, and for the most part broadish 
band (either interrupted or entire), which winds along the 
base of the lesser volutions likewise ; besides which from 
three to five fillets, at times rather indistinct ones, encircle 
the lower disk; occasionally the shell is brown, with a 
white edging below the dark upper band, and is speckled 
underneath with white; entire exterior marked length- 
ways with crowded costellar wrinkles. Spire a little 
raised ; apex rather blunt, darkish or pellucid. | Whorls 
six, convex, tolerably broad, not suddenly enlarging; the 
body not deflected, more or less subangulated at the 
circumference. Aperture abbreviatedly lunate, only equal 
to two-fifths the total diameter, nearly as high as broad. 


Peristome, strongly ribbed internally with white fulvous 


HELIX. 61 


or pinkish flesh-colour, acute at the edge, only reflected 
near the columella, where it is dilated, but does not at all 
conceal the perforation. Base moderately convex ; umbi- 
licus deep, large at its commencement, but contracted by 
the penult whorl. 

About three-eighths of an inch is the ordinary diameter; 
one of our larger specimens measures more than five lines. 

The animal is pale grey; silvery and slightly brown on 
the summit of the neck, which has a dusky band on each 
side passing on to the dusky tentacles. The sides of foot 
and the tail, which is short, are very pale. 

It is most common on and in the neighbourhood of 
calcareous soils. It occurs abundantly also in some trap 
districts, and Mr. Macgillivray notices the only locality 
for it near Aberdeen as being an old granite wall. It is 
local, but widely diffused, occurring very abundantly in 
the south. It is, however, an inhabitant of all our dis- 
tricts. 


H. ericerorum, Miiller. 


Depressed, semitransparent, not regularly striated, banded 
with brownish yellow ; mouth small; outer lip acute, not edged 
with colouring matter ; umbilical region capacious. 


Plate CX VII. fig. 4. 


PetiverR, Gazophylae. pl. 93, f. 16. 
Helix Ttala, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1245 (from type). 
» ericetorum, MisiuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 33. — Pu_TeNry, Hutchins, 
Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 347, pl. 24, f. 2. 
— Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 151, f. 2. — Maron and 
Rack. Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. viii. p. 194.—Dorset Catalog. 
p- 53, pl. 20, f. 8—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 49.—FLEM- 
inc, Brit. Anim. p. 260.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. 
vol. xvi. p. 338. — Turtr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 54, f. 37.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 163, 
pl. 4, f. 37.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 30.— 


62 HELICID. 


Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 50, pl. 17, f. 21, 23, 34 
(ericitorum). — Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1193.— 
Férus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 281.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. 
s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 60.—C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und 
Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 38, pl. 2, f. 23.—RossmAss_. Iconog. 
Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 67, f. 17; and pt. 8, 
p. 33, f. 517.— Krynick1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol, 1x. 
p- 190.—Cuarprnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. 
(1837), p. 12, pl. 1, f. 18. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. 
Cab. Helix, No. 131, pl. 22, f.21 to 26.—L. Preir. Monog. 
Helic. vol. i. p. 163. 
Helix striata, MUuuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 38 (teste Beck), dead. 
4 albella, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 132, pl. 85, f. 122. 
erica, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 53, pl. 4, f. 6. 
4 nivea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3639 (dead). 
» cespitum, b, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, pl. 6, f. 16, 17.—C. 
Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 2, p. 39, 
pl. 2, f. 24, 25. 
Oxychilus ericetorum, F1rzinG. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. 
FHellicella 33 Risso, Hist. Nat. ]’Europe Mer. vol. iv. No. 155. 
Theba “i Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 13. 
Xerophila “6 HE Lp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. 
Helix dubia, HARTMANN. 


Depressed, moderately firm, subopaque or semitrans- 
parent, indistinctly striated above, wrinkled below, some- 
what glossy, whitish or pale horn-coloured, with generally 
a yellowish brown band winding along the base of the 
smaller volutions, and running at some little distance from 
the suture upon the body-whorl. This principal fillet is 
sometimes obscure or entirely wanting, and in a rare 
variety it is interrupted and dispersed over the upper side 
of the whorls in transverse streaks; generally also there 
are from four to six narrower and less conspicuous spiral 
bands below the primary one. Spire scarcely raised ; 
apex brown or horn-coloured; whorls six, moderately 
convex, gradually increasing, the last cylindrical and more 
or less sloping downwards at its termination. Aperture 
small, roundish, only exhibiting the external colouring, 
not much interrupted by the penultimate volution, rather 


HELIX. 63 


longer than broad. Peristome thin, and not reflected, the 
columellar portion somewhat dilated, margins approximate. 
Umbilicus very large and deep, displaying three or four of 
the volutions. 

The diameter is generally four-fifths, occasionally five- 
sixths, of an inch, whilst the height rarely attains to four 
lines. In some of the smaller varieties the spire is more 
elevated than in the typical forms. 

The animal is pale, greenish or greyish, darker on the 
neck and head. 

This snail prefers calcareous soils, and is in many places 
abundant on sandy shores, especially near the sea. It is 
widely diffused through the British isles, ranging to the 
north of Scotland. 


H. osvotura, Miiller. 


Orbicular, of an uniform brown; spire concave; umbilicus 
spread ; peristome reflected. 


Plate CXVII. fig. 1, 2, 3. 


Helix obvoluta, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 27.—Linpsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol, xvi. p. 765.—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 510. 
—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 139, pl. 11, f. 131. 
— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 13, 14.— 
Férus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 107; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 
pl. 51, f. 4 (Helicodonta).— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. 
vol. viii. p. 63.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas, Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 41, pl. 2, f. 28. — Biarny. Man. Malacolog. p. 461, 
pl. 40, f. 7. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 69, f.61.— Dxsx. in Férus. Hist. Moll. p. 16. — 
CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. pl. 64, f. 13, 14, 15.—L. 
Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 413. 

»» trigonophora, LAM. Journ. Hist. Nat. pl. 42, f. 2. 
Helicodonta obvoluta, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 65. 
Trigonostoma obvolutum, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 98.—Harrm. 
Erd und Siisswas. Gasterop. pt. 1, p. 14, pl. 6. 
Gonostoma Fe He xp, Isis, 1837, p. 915. 
Vortex obvoluta, Bac, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 29. 


64 HELICIDA. 


Shell orbicular, depressed on both sides, tolerably strong, 
more or less glossy, umber-brown, not variegated, a little 
opaque, somewhat wrinkled (especially above), obscurely 
hispid, more evidently so below than above; neither 
keeled nor much rounded at the circumference, but a 
little subangulated above. Spire concave ; apex depressed. 
Whorls six, narrow, rounded, deeply defined, very slowly 
enlarging ; the penult rather prominent ; the last but little 
deflected, scarcely at all dilated, constricted towards the 
mouth, where by its abrupt indentation rather above the 
middle it forms a somewhat toothlike projection upon the 
inner margin of the outer lip. Aperture somewhat  tri- 
gonal or foot-shaped, nearly as high as it is broad, not 
equal in width to half the total diameter of the shell. 
Peristome reflected, often rather broadly so, paler than 
the general tint, and frequently of a pinkish hue inside ; 
basal edge straightish, lateral edge not arcuated. Umbi- 
licus very large, but much contracted by the penult 
whorl. 

Diameter about five lines ; height only two. 

The animal is dusky, the head and neck nearly black, 
the foot pale. 

This curious snail is very rare in Britain; abundant in 
the more hilly parts of central Europe. Hitherto it has 
been found only among moss at the roots of trees in 
Ditcham Wood, near Brenton, Hants, and for some 
distance on the northern side of the chalk escarpment 
of the South Downs. Its presence in Britain is ques- 


tionably indigenous. 


ey | 


HELIX. 6? 


H. wapicipa, Linneeus. 


Depressed orbicular ; circumference of the body sharply cari- 
nated ; peristome white, and reflected. 


Plate CX VI..fig. 3, 4. 


Helix lapicida, Linn. It. Oel. et Gothl. p. 8; Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241. — 


Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 182, pl. 84, f. 121.—Put- 
TENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.—Donov. Brit. Shells, 
vol. 11. pl. 39, f. 2.-—Monv. Test. Brit. p. 485. — Maron and 
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 187. — Dorset Catalog. 
p. 52, pl. 20, f. 9. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 140, pl. 5, f. 51. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, 
pl. 17, f. 9, 10, 11.—Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 88, 
pl. 126, f.1107.—Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 111, 
pl. 7, f. 35, 36, 37.—F&rus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 150; Hist. 
Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 66, f. 6 (Helicella).-—C. Pretr. 
Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 40, pl. 2, f. 26, 
27. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, 
p- 63, f. 11. —CHarprnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. 
vol. i, (1837), p. 9, pl. 1, f. 7, 8 (Carocolla). — Moreter, 
Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 57. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) 
Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 120, pl. 20, f. 10, 11; and pl. 38, 
f. 30, 31.—L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 370. 


5, acuta, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 53, pl. 4, f. 9—JEFFREys, Trans. Linn. 


Soc. vol. xvi. p. 344, 512. 


» finis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3621. 
Carocolla lapicida, LAM. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 148.—FLEMING, 


Helicogona  ,, 
Latomus an 
Lenticula,, 


Chilotrema 4, 


Brit. Anim. p. 258.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
proOste ol. 

Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 66. 

Firzine. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 97. 

Hexp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. 

Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 28. 


Telia Rhenana, HARTMANN. 


Shell depressed, lenticular, fully as convex below as 


above, most delicately shagreened, very sharply carinated 
upon the middle of the body-whorl, thin, slightly trans- 
parent, not polished, yellowish, horn-coloured, or pale 


rufous with alternating darker stains of deep chestnut. 


Whorls five, slightly convex, moderately broad, gradually 


VOL. IV. 


K 


66 HELICID ©. 


enlarging; the last suddenly deflected near the aperture ; 
apex blunt. Aperture somewhat oval, much broader than 
high, occupying about three-sevenths of the total diameter. 
Peristome white, united, not appressed upon the body, 
slightly notched by the termination of the keel, below 
which it is arcuated, retiring, reflected, and a little thick- 
ened. Base most prominent immediately around the deep 
and widely open umbilicus, thence sloping to the carina. 

The diameter is usually three-quarters of an inch. 

The animal is of a general dusky hue, with dark brown 
stripes running along the neck and on to the tentacula, 
both upper and lower. The sides of the foot are pale 
brown or greenish. The tail is slender, but rather obtuse, 
and scarcely extends beyond the shell. 

This very peculiar snail is locally distributed in Eng- 
land, and to be sought for in limestone and chalky 
districts. It oceurs abundantly in the south-eastern coun- 
ties, and in Derbyshire. It is not found either in Ireland 
or Scotland. It ranges northwards to Sweden, and south- 


wards to the Pyrenees. 


H. rurescens, Pennant. 


Depressed, bald, rufous, subangulated and whitish at the peri- 
phery ; outer lip remotely edged with white internally ; umbili- 
cus moderately large. 


Plate CX VIII. fig. 4, 7. 


Helix clandestina, Born, Mus. Cees. Vind. (teste Hartmann). 

rufescens, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 134, pl. 85, f. 127 (badly). 
-— Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 80, pl. 4, f. 6. — PuLTENEY, 
Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 420 
(not young), pl. 23, outer f. 2.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. 
pl. 167, f. 1.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. 
p. 196 (not young). — Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 6. — 
Turtr. Conch. Diction. p. 52 (not young). — JEFFREYS, 


” 


HELIX. 67 


Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 337. — Turr. Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 37, f. 28. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 156, pl. 3, f. 28. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p- 46, pl. 17, £47, 53. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. 
Helix, No. 87, pl. 16, f. 13 to 16.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. 
vol. i. p. 141. 
? Helix turiurum, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 
» Altenana, KixExs, Test. Tubing. (teste Férus. ) 
» corrugata and clandestina, W. Hart. in Neue Alpina, i. p. 256. 
» circinata, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 12.—Ferrus. Prodrom. Moll, 
No. 268. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 63, f. 12 a; and pt. 7, f. 422. 
» montana, C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 33, pl. 6, 
f. 10.— CHarprEent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. 
(1837), p. 11, pl. 1, f. 17 (Helicella). 
Fruticola cireinata, Hep, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 
Bradybena rufescens and circinata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. 
‘Trichia cireinata clandestina, HartM. Erd und Siisswas. Gast. 1, p. 125, pl. 38. 
var. Helix celata, SruDER, Schweiz. Conch. — CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. 
Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 11, pl. 1, £. 13.—Dexsu. Encycl. 
Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 219. 
Bradybena celata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. 
3 Helix montana, StupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 12. 
5 striolata, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 28, 
pl. 6, f. 8. 
» circinata var. montana, RossMASSL. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 63, f. 126, and pt. 7, f. 423. 
>» 7rufina, Parreys in Pfeif. Symbole, pt. i. p. 39. 
Parreysit, FirzinGER, Verz. Erzh. Weichth. 


Shell depressed, never hispid, rather thin, and a little 
translucent, coarsely striated lengthways, rather dull, in 
general of a reddish horn-colour, but ranging in tint from 
almost white to rufous brown, colouring usually disposed 
in alternate darker and lighter shades, subcarinated upon 
or above the middle, the angulation rendered more appa- 
rent by being of a paler tint. Spire (in the more typical 
form) scarcely raised; apex not particularly blunt. 
Whorls six, moderately convex, not abruptly enlarging ; 
the last neither deflected above, nor sinking at its termina- 
tion below the general level of the base. Aperture nearly 
crescent-shaped, broader than high, about equal in breadth 


68 HELICID®. 


to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, usually 
dark liver-coloured within, edged inside with a remote 
white rib, slightly expanding above, reflected below, 
dilated upon the columella, where it is subarcuated and 
rather oblique. Umbilicus large and profound. 

Diameter half an inch; specimens of three-quarters of 
an inch in diameter have been recorded, but are not 
common. <A smaller, stronger, and more globular form 
exists in the north, with a more elevated spire, and a 
paler style of colouring both externally and internally. 

The animal is grey upon the head and neck, with dark 
or brownish bands; its tentacles are long, the sides of 
the foot are pale yellowish white. The foot itself is 
narrow, and terminates in an acute tail, which does not 
project beyond the shell when the creature is crawling. 

This snail is most abundant, and the specimens finest 
in limestone and chalk districts. In the south of Eng- 
land and Ireland it is very common, more so than in the 


northern parts of the British islands. 


H. uisproa, Linneeus. 


Reddish horn-coloured, more or less depressed ; outer lip edged 
below with white internally ; umbilicus moderately large. 


Plate CX VIII. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (animal) Plate G.G.G. f. 1. 


Heli« hispida, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244.—Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 58, 
pl. 5, f. 10.—PuxnrEnny, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.— 
Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 151, f. 1—Dorset Catalog. 
p- 54, pl. 21, f. 10.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 
238.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 57, f. 41.—Gray, 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 154, pl. 4, f. 41.—THompson, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 27,—Macerniiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 
85.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48, pl. 17, £. 40, 46.— 
Mirer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 73.— Drap. Moll. Terr. et 
Fluv. France, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 20, 21, 22,—Lam. (ed. Desh.) 
Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 73.—C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und 


HELIX. 69 


Susswas. Moll. pt. i. p. 36, pl. 2, f. 20.—Krynicxi, Bull. Soc. 
Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 180.— RossmAssx. Iconog. Land 
und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 7, p. 2, f. 426, 427.—Cuemn. (ed. 
Kist.) Conch. Cab, Helix, no. 634, pl. 98, f. 19, 20, 21.—L. 
Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 148. 
Helix rufescens, young, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 145, pl. 23, inner fig. 2.— 
Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 52, — Fremine, Brit. Anim. 
p- 261. 

» sericea, C, Prxir. Deutsch. Land und Siiswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 34, pl. 2, f. 
17. — Atprr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340, 
teste Alder.— Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 153. — 
Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 48. 

» concinna, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 337, 510.— ALDER, 

Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 154, pl. 12, f. 135. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
vol. vi. p. 124.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48. 
5, plebeium, JerrReys, Trans. Lin. Soc. yol. xvi. p. 510. 
Helicella hispida, Vitzing. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 96. 
Fruticola hispida, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 
Helix depilata, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107. — Gray, Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 155, pl. 12, f. 135.*—Brown, Illust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 49. 
Bradybena hispida, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. 


Shell small, thin, semi-transparent, not very lustrous, 
varying in shape from depressed subglobose to depressed 
suborbicular, with delicate short and rather deciduous 
hairs, rufous horn-colour, varying in intensity, sometimes a 
little variegated by the stage of growth being indicated 
by darker shades, not granular, more or less strongly 
wrinkled lengthways, occasionally subangulated, and in 
that case with an obscure pallid spiral band upon the 
angulation. Spire a little raised; apex more or less 
blunt. Whorls five or six, moderately convex, not rapidly 
enlarging ; the last not ventricose, nor distinctly deflected. 
Aperture small, crescent-shaped, usually more or less 
depressed, and consequently broader than high, not equal 
in width to half the total diameter. Peristome acute, 


neither reflected nor patulous, ribbed with white internally, 


70 HELICIDA. 


especially near the base, which is a little disposed to 
expand, rather straight, and occasionally forms an angle 
with the short columellar lip. Base rounded; umbilicus 
profound, of a moderate size. 

Var. depilata. Bald, usually more depressed, whorls 
more rounded, peristome more thickened, columella angu- 
lation usually more distinct. 

Var. concinna. Thicker, hairs few and very deciduous, 
the umbilicus more displayed, columellar angulation in 
general more distinct. 

Diameter about the third of an inch. 

The animal is bluish-white, very pale on the sides of 
the foot, and on the rather short tail. The neck and 
summit of head are dark brown; the tentacles are pale- 
bluish, smooth, and not over long. 

It is abundant on waste places, by hedges, and under 
stones in all parts of the British Isles. 


H. revevtata, Férussac. 


Depressed-globular, very thin, olivaceous, downy ; whorls four, 
the last large in proportion ; outer lip acute ; a small umbilicus. 


Plate CXIX. fig. 1, 2, 3, 


Heliw (Helicella) revelata, Firus. Prodrvom. no. 273.—Gray, Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 152, pl. 11, f. 183. — Coucn, 
Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 47. — Brown, Ill. Conch. 
G. B. p. 48, pl. 17, f. 38, 4, 5. — Micnaup, Comp. 
Drap. Moll. France, p. 27, pl. 15, f. 6, 7, 8.—Lam. 
Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 88.—CuHEMN. 
(ed. Kiister) Conch. Cab. p. 188, pl. 34, f, 5—8.— 
L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 65. 

5» badiella, Z1nGL. (teste Anton.) 
Helicella revelata, Buc, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. 


Shell depressed-globular, thin, transparent, somewhat 


HELIX. | 


glossy, yet not polished, of an uniform greenish olive 
colour, with rather indistinct longitudinal wrinkles, which 
are partially concealed by the short and scattered hairs, 
that clothe the entire exterior. Spire short ; apex obtuse; 
whorls four, well rounded, moderately raised, rapidly 
enlarging, the last swollen. Aperture rounded crescent- 
shaped, as high as broad, occupying about one half of the 
total diameter. Peristome simple acute, spreading and 
a little reflected near the umbilicus, which is small but 
deep. Base rounded. Diameter a quarter of an inch. 

The animal is said to be grey above, yellowish on sides 
and foot, with dusky head and tentacula and a dark band 
on each side of neck. 

This is one of our rarest snails. Guernsey (E.F.); on 
hills near Torquay (S.H.); Magavissey (Couch) and 
Pendennis (Cocks, Benson) in Cornwall; Devon (Bel- 
lamy). Mr. Lowe of Nottingham has lately sent us 
specimens found by himself at Stanton-on-the-Wolds, a 
very anomalous locality. 


H. sericea, Draparnaud. 


Depressed globular, pallid, transparent, closely downy ; spire 
more or less raised ; umbilicus decidedly small. 


Plate CXVIII. fig. 5, 6. 


Helix sericea, Drav. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 16, 17.— 
JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 833.—Turt. Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 38, f. 29.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. 
Vert. vol. viii. p. 82.—F Hrus, Prodr. Moll. no. 272 (Helicella). 
—RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 7, p. 2, fi 
428, 429.—Krynicx1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moseou, vol. ix. p. 186. 
— CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 636, pl. 98, f. 
25, 26.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 145. 
5, hispida, Mont. (not Linn.) Test. Brit. p. 423, suppl. pl. 23, f.3.—MaTon 
and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198 (in part). — 
FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 261. 


i2 HELICIDA. 


Helix globularis, JnFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 507. 

Monacha sericea, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 95. 

Fruticola, 4, Hen, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 

Helix granulata, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberl. vol. i. p. 39; vol. 
ii, p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 151, pl. 
3, f. 29. Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48. 

sericea, var. CHEMN. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, pl. 99, f. 16, 17, 18. 


99 


Shell small, decidedly thin, transparent, subglobose, 
rather shining, of a more or less pallid fulvous horn-colour, 
everywhere densely clothed with very delicate down-like 
hairs, which when partially abraded cause the surface to 
appear somewhat shagreened or granular, very faintly and 
irregularly striated. Spire rather elevated, being only 
about a third less high than the body; apex rather blunt. 
Whorls five or six rounded, rather quickly but not ab- 
ruptly enlarging, tolerably broad; the last well rounded at 
the circumference, devoid of any pale band. Aperture 
crescent-shaped or abbreviatedly lunate, broader than high, 
nearly equal in width to half the total diameter, not 
produced at the base greatly beyond the general level. 
Outer lip acute, very slightly ribbed internally with white ; 
columellar lip dilated and somewhat reflected over the 
very small umbilicus. Base rounded. Diameter nearly 
the third of an inch. 

The animal is pale yellowish white, grey about the head 
and tentacula. The mantle is speckled with black, giving 
a peculiar mottled aspect to the shell. 

This species is widely distributed, but rather local. 
We have found it most abundant in the neighbourhood of 
wet, mossy rocks. It is perhaps more frequent in the 
west and south than elsewhere. 


HELIX. 73 


HH. vamentara, Jeffreys. 


Minute, conoid-globose, with longitudinal membranaceous 
lamellze that are not spinous ; mouth lunate. 


Plate CXVII. fig. 8, 9. 


Fleliv lamellata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 333, 507.— Gray, 
Manual L, and F. W.Shells, p. 150, pl. 5, f. 48.—Tuompson, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p.26.—Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. 
p- 86.—Browy, Illust- Conch. G. B, p. 47.—CueEmn. (ed. 
Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, no. 179, pl. 38, f. 13, 14.—L. 
Preir. Monog. Helic. yol. i. p. 51. 
Scarburgensis, BEAN, MSS. cited by AtpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
Northumb. vol. i. p. 36, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii.—Tunrr. 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 62, f. 48.— ALpzErR, 
p- 189.—A. MUiurer, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg. 1838, pt. 1, 
p- 208, pl. 4, f. 4. —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. viii. p. 37. 
seminulum, RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. f. 533. 


” 


” 


Shell minute, conoid-globose, nearly as high as broad, 
thin, a little transparent, not polished, but usually with 
a satin-like gloss, of an uniform pale yellowish horn-colour ; 
adorned with rather close and numerous longitudinal mem- 
branaceous lamine, which do not shoot into spinous pro- 
cesses. Spire raised, about the same height as the body- 
whorl; apex rather blunt. Volutions five or six, well 
rounded, strongly defined, gradually and not abruptly en- 
larging. Aperture depressed, narrow crescent-shaped, not 
projecting much beyond the preceding whorl, broader than 
high, scarcely equal to half the total diameter. Peristome 
thin, simple (destitute of an internal rib), not reflected 
except very slightly upon the pillar lip. Base tumid, rather 
suddenly shelving in the middle round the deep but small 
umbilicus. Diameter the tenth of an inch. 

The animal is pale grey. 

This curious little snail was formerly supposed to be 


WOL EV. L 


74 HELICIDA. 


peculiar to Britain, though now, however, proved to be a 
German species also. It lives among moss in woods, and 
is most abundant in the north of England. It is widely 
distributed in Ireland. 


H. acureata, Miller. 


Minute, with oblique longitudinal membranaceous lamellze, that 
project in a series of prickles around the lower volutions : mouth 
about as high as it is wide. 


Plate CX VII. fig. 5, 6. 


Helix aculeata, Mistuur, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 81.—F.LEmine, Brit. Animals, 
p- 262.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382, 507.— 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 149, pl. 4, f. 33.— 
Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 25.—Maceiziiy. Moll. 
Aberd. p. 86.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B, p. 47, pl. 17, f. 1. 
—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 82, pl. 7, f. 10, 11.— 
C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 24, pl. 4, 
f. 24, 25.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 79.—RossMASssL. 
Iconog. Land und Siissaw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 536.—Duruy, 
Moll. du Gers, p. 15.—Morexexr, Moll. Ter. et. Fluy. Portugal, 
p- 72.—CueEmn. (ed. Kist.) Helix, no. 178, pl. 33, f. 11,12. 
—Prerir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 50. 

», spinulosa, Licurroot, Philosoph. Trans. 1786, p. 166, pl. 2, lower com- 
partm.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 429, pl. 11, f. 10.—Maron 
and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 201.—Dorset Catalog. 
p. 54, pl. 19, f. 23.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 55; Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 43, f. 33.— Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 69. 

Trochus terrestris, var. DA Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 36, probably. 

Teba spinulosa, LeAcH, MSS. (cited by Turton, &c.) 

» Granatelli, Brvon. (filius) in Occhio 1839, no. 9, f. 2. 

Tuticola aculeata, Hevp, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 


Shell minute, globose-turbinate, thin, semitransparent, 
not lustrous, of an uniform yellow or brownish horn- 
colour, covered with an epidermis, which rises upon the 
lower whorls in regular obliquely longitudinal riblike la- 
mine, which shoot out above into somewhat lanceolate or 
spinous foliations, cresting, as it were, the upper portion 


of the middle of the whorls with a spiral row of membrana- 


HELIX. CS 


ceous prickles. Volutions four, rather broad, not rapidly 
increasing, ventricose, much elevated, deeply separated. 
Spire raised. Aperture rounded, of nearly equal width 
and height, about equal to half the basal diameter, produced 
below beyond the general level of the base. Peristome 
very thin and acute (an internal rib in aged individuals 
only), slightly expanded, only reflected at the columella. 
Base rounded; with a moderately large and deep umbi- 
licus. Diameter about the tenth of an inch. 

The animal is bluish or greenish grey, darkest on head 
and neck. 

Of all our minute species this is the most singular and 
beautiful. It lives among moss in woods, and is widely 


distributed through the British isles. 


H. ruztva, Miiller. 


Trochiform, minute, smooth, almost imperforated. 
Plate CXVIII. fig. 809. 


Helix fulva, MiuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 56. ?—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 61, f. 47.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 148, 
pl. 5, f. 47.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 2.— 
Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 8], pl. 7, f. 12, 13.—C. 
Preir. Deutsch. Land. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 23, pl. 2, f. 2.— 
T.am (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 78.— Krynicni, Bull. Soc. Nat. 
Moscou, vol. ix. p. 167.—RossmAssu. Iconog. and Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 8, p. 38, f. 535.—Duruy, Moll. du Gers, p. 15.—More er, 
Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 72.—CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. 
Cab. Helix, no. 212, pl. 30, f. 22, 23, 24.—L. Preir. Monog, 
Helic. vol. i. p. 30. 
Trochus terrestris Listert or var. a, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 35, probably. 
Helix trochiformis, Monr. Test. Brit. p. 427, pl. 11, f. 9.— Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 54.— Maron and Rack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. viii. p. 200.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. 
p. 331, 507. 
» nitidula, ALTEN, Erd u. Flusskonch. Augsburg, p. 53, pl. 4, f. 8. 
» trochulus, Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 916.— Maceriiiy. Moll. 
Aberd. p. 85. 


76 HELICIDA. 


Helia chersina, SAY, Journ. Acad. Sc. Nat. Philadelph. vol. ii. p. 156.—BINNrEy, 
Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 416, pl. 26, f. 3.—GouLp, 
Invert. Massach. p. 185, f. 105. 
» trochilus, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 260. 
» Mortoni, Jerrreys, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 332, 507. 
»  Mandralisci, Bivon (filius) in Giorn. lett. no. 198, f. 6. 
Cornulus fulcus, FirzinGeR, Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 94. 
Polita fulva, Hein, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 
Petasia trochiformis, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 41. 


Minute, globose-turbinate, thin, pellucid, glossy, all but 
perfectly smooth, not downy, of an uniform brownish or 
yellowish horn-colour; whorls six, convex, very narrow, 
well defined; spire in the typical form elevated (in the 
variety Mortont it is depressed, both sides being there of 
nearly equal convexity) ; apex rather obtuse. Base promi- 
nent in surface, yet slightly flattened, with a minute in- 


cipient umbilicus in the young, which is entirely concealed 


g 
by the reflection of the columella in the adult, Aperture 
narrow, depressed lunar, ordinarily equal to half the basal 
diameter ; peristome acute, simple, not reflected, except 
upon the columellar lip. Diameter nearly the sixth of an 
inch. Beneath a very powerful lens, the base of this tiny 
shell exhibits most exquisitely fine spiral striole. A 
smaller and darker variety, in which this sculpture is 
more than usually distinct, has been indicated by Mr. Al- 
der. Generally speaking the more humid is the habitat, 
the darker and more lustrous will the specimens prove. 
The animal is grey. 


It inhabits woods among moss, and is widely diffused.* 


* The Trochus terrestris of Pennant (Brit. Zool, ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 128, pl. 80, 
f. 108, copied Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. pl. 14, f. 80, 81, the 7. terrestris tertius of 
Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 36) appears to us to be a rude representation of this 
species, but has been referred by some to the Cwrocolla elegans of Lamarck, which 
is anative of Southern Europe. 


“I 
~] 


HELIX. 


H. rusca, Montagu. 


Depressed subglobular, almost imperforated, not minute, trans- 
parent, umber-coloured, wrinkled ; outer lip acute. 


Plate CXIX. fig. 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 4. 


Helix fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 424, pl. 13, f. 1.—Maron and Rack. Trans. 
Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 209. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 61.— 
FiLxemMinG, Brit. Anim. p. 264.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. xvi. p. 331, 391, 507.—Turr. Manual L., and F. W. Shells, 
f, 36.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 147, pl. 4, f. 36.— 
THomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 24. — Brown, IlIlust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 47, pl. 17, f. 25, 26.— Woop, Index Testac. 
pl. 34, f. 132.— L. Preir. Symb. Helic. pt. 2, p. 28. -CuEmn. 
(ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, no. 204, pl. 29, f. 17, 18, 19. — 
L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 33. 
», subrufescens, MitLER, Ann. Phil. New Series, yol. iii. (1822) p. 379 (fide 
Gray).—F Leming, Brit. Animals, p. 259 (from Miller). 
Zonites fuscus, Maceitiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 93. 


Shell rather small, extremely thin, almost membranaceous, 
of an uniform shining and transparent amber colour, not 
opaque underneath, of a depressed subglobose shape, adorned 
with longitudinal foldlike wrinkles. Spire a little elevated; 
apex rather blunt. Whorls five, convex, rapidly enlarging ; 
the last swollen, obscurely subangulated at the circumfer- 
ence, not deflected. Aperture rather large, crescent-shaped, 
decidedly broader than high, more than equal in width to 
half the total diameter, occupying half at least of the entire 
length. Peristome arcuated above and below, thin, sim- 
ple, not reflected, except upon the short and somewhat 
perpendicular columella. Base rounded, not distinctly 
performed. 

Diameter scarcely three-eighths of an inch. 

The animal is pale yellowish grey, with bluish tentacles ; 
a pale dusky line runs from each tentacle on the neck, 


but soon fades. There is a bluish purple line across the 


78 HELICIDA. 


forehead. The upper tentacles are rather long; the foot is 
bulky, rapidly declining and acute behind, scarcely ex- 
ceeding the shell. The whole surface of the body is gra- 
nulated ; there is no separate central row of granules upon 
the neck. 

So far as known this well marked and delicate snail 
is peculiar to the British islands. It is found in bushy 
places in many parts of England and Ireland, often 


creeping upon brambles. 


H. puncuenyua, Miiller. 


Minute, depressed, white; mouth nearly circular; its edge 
flatly reflected. 
Plate CXIX. fig. 8, 9, 10. 


Helix pulchella, Miiuxer. Hist. Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 30.—JEFrREys, 
Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 343.—Turt. Manual L. and F. 
W. Shells, p. 63, f. 49.—Forses, Malacol. Monensis, p. 9.— 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 14], pl. 5, f. 49. — 
Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28.—Maceintiv. Moll. 
Aberd. p. 87.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 45, pl. 14, 
f. 76.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 112, pl. 7, f. 30 
to 34.—Lam. Anim. s. vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 76.—C. 
Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. vol. i. p. 43, 
pl. 2, f. 82.—Krynicx1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 174. 
—Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) 
p- 8 (Chilostoma).—Dexsu. in Fer. Hist. Moll. p. 21, pl. 69, 
E. f. 12 to 17.— Binney, Boston Jl. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. 
p- 375, pl. 9, f. 2. — RossmAssr. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 7, p. 5, 6, f. 489, 440.—GouLp, Invert, Massachus. 

p- 176, £. 102.—C. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 365. 
costata, MULLER, Verm. Ter, et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 31.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. 
p- 263.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. vol. i, p. 43, 

pl. 2, f. 31.—L. Prrrr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 366. 
5 paludosa, WALKER, Test. Minut. Rar. f. 23.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 440, 
Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198, pl. 5, f. 5. 
crenella, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 441, pl. 13, f. 3. — Brown, Illust. Conch. 
G. B. p. 45, pl. 14, f. 78, 79. 
» mnuta, Say, Jl. Acad. Philadelph. vol. i. p. 123. 
5, erystallina, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. 11. p. 909. 
Turbo Helicinus, Ligutroor, Philosoph. Trans. vol. lxxvi. (1786) p. 167, 
pl. 3, upper compartment.—Da Cosra, Brit. Conch, p. 59. 


” 


”° 


———— 


HELIX. 19 


Turbo paludosus, Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 19, f. 25.—Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 228. 

Chilostoma pulchellum, Firzinc Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 98. 

Corneola pulchella, Hun, Isis, 1837, p. 912.—W AKER, Testacea minuta rariora, 
f. 23. 

Cireinaria pulchella, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 23. 


Shell minute, suborbicular, rather depressed, tolerably 
strong for its size, not very transparent, white or corneous 
white, not variegated or banded, either smooth or with 
longitudinal membranaceous costella. Spire scarcely at all 
raised ; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half, moderately 
convex, profoundly defined through their rather abrupt 
inflection at the suture, not particularly narrow, for the 
most part gradually enlarging, but rather abruptly di- 
lated at the termination of the last whorl, which is well 
rounded at its circumference, not distinctly or only slightly 
deflected. Aperture almost circular, as high as it is broad, 
margined by a broad and flattened solid opaque white 
peristome, which is expanded above and reflected below ; 
lips contiguous, not free all round, but connected on the 
columella by a layer of white shelly matter. Base rounded ; 
umbilicus large, exposing the upper volutions. 

Diameter the ninth of an inch. With every disposition 
to defer to the authority of the illustrious Pfeiffer, whose 
knowledge of the Helices is most comprehensive, we are 
unable to discern any permanent characters by which 
the ribbed variety may be distinguished from the smooth 
one, so as to maintain its position as a distinct species, in 
which light it has been regarded by Miiller and others. 

The animal is milky white. 

It lives under stones, on walls, and on the ground, often 
in dampish places. It is very generally diffused through- 
out the British Isles. Both varieties inhabit wet and dry 
localities indifferently. 


80 HELICIDA. 


H. rorunpara, Miiller. 


Flattish, with crowded costellar strize, for the most part radi- 
atingly spotted with chestnut; umbilical opening peculiarly 
large ; mouth lunate. 


Plate CXIX. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 2. 


Helix rotundata, Mttuuer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 29.— Tur. Conch. Diction. 
p- 53.—FLEeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 260.—JEFrrreys, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 342, 511,—THompson, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. vol. vi. p. 30.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 
17, f. 14, 18, 19, 20, 24.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, 
p. 114, pl. 8, f. 4 to 7.—F rus. Prodr. 196; Hist. Moll. Ter. 
et Fluy. pl. 79, f. 2, 3, 4 (Helicella)—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. 
vill. p. 74.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p- 44, pl. 2, f. 33, 34.—CuarpeEnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. 
Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 12 (Delomphalus). — Krynicxt, Bull. 
Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 210.— RossmAssz. Iconog. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 7, p. 13, f. 454. — More er, 
Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 55.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) 
Helix, no. 153, pl. 24, f. 14, 15, 16.— L. Preir. Monog. 
Helic. vol. i. p. 105. 
radiata, DA Costs, Brit. Conch. p. 57, pl. 4, f. 15, 16. — Mon. Test. 
Brit. p. 432, pl. 24,f. 3.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. 
vol. viii. p. 199. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 20, f. 15, 16.— 
Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 53.—Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p. 59, f. 44.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 32. f. 11. 
»  Turtoni, FLEm1nG, Brit. Animals, p. 260. 
Discus rotundatus, FrvzinG. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. Oester. p. 99. 
Patula rotundata, Hew, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 
Euryomphala rotundata, Bec, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. 
Zonites rotundatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 165, pl. 5, f. 44.— 
Maceituiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 88. 


3” 


Shell small, depressed, nearly equally convex on both 
sides, not polished, thin, semitransparent, yellowish horn- 
colour or reddish grey, so alternating with chestnut as to 
present the appearance of numerous narrow ray-like streaks 
of the latter hue diverging from the central axis ; longitudi- 
nally sculptured throughout with crowded but strong and 
regular costellar stria. Whorls narrow, from five to six 


HELIX. 81 


and a half, of very gradual increase, depressed, deeply 
defined, the last somewhat angulated, but not particularly 
deflected. Spire merely convex. Aperture small, usually 
occupying two-fifths of the base, rather depressed, but 
nearly as high as it is broad, lunate. Peristome simple, 
acute, not reflected. Base convex, excavated by an ex- 
tremely large and profound umbilicus which exhibits the 
superior volutions. 

The spire in the variety Turtoni is quite flattened. <A 
transparent and colourless variety is occasionally, though 
rarely, to be met with. 

Ordinary diameter a quarter of an inch. 

The animal is bluish, with dusky neck and tentacles. 
Up the sides of each upper tentacle runs a dusky line fading 
away on the neck. ‘The foot is short behind, tapering and 
not truncated at the end. The relations of this animal are 
with the typical Helices, and not with the group Zonites. 

This species is found under stones abundantly in all parts 
of the British Isles. 


H. umeriicara, Montagu. 


Small, dark brown, unpolished, merely wrinkled ; whorls five, 
of slow increase ; umbilicus large ; mouth small ; outer lip acute. 


Plate CXXI. fig. 7, 8. 


Helix umbilicata, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 434, pl. 13, f.2.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 200.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, 
pl. 19, f. 24.— Tur. Conch, Diction. p. 54.— FLEMING, 
Brit. Anim. p. 262 (not note),— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 342. —Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. 
p. 31.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p, 51. 

s rupestris, CHEMN. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. pl. 89, f 82 to 35, 40 to 43.— 
Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 86.—Draparn. Moll. Terr. et 
Fluy. France, p. 82, pl. 7, f. 7, 8, 9.—F rus. Prodrom. 201; 
Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 80, f. 2, 3.—Turr. Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 60, f. 45.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim, s. 


VOU, IV, M 


82 HELICID@. 


Vert. vol. viii. p. 79.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 3, p. 22, pl. 4, f. 22, 23.— Harr. in Sturm’s 
Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 8, pl. 2.—RossmAsst. Iconog. L. 
und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 534. —Morerer, Moll, Ter. 
et Fluy. Portugal, p. 72. 

Turbo Myrmecidis, Scaccui, Osserv. Zool. vol. i. p.11 (teste Philippi). 

Zonites umbilicatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 166, pl. 5, f. 45. 

Pyramidula rupestris, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 95. 

Patula rupestris, HELD in Isis, 1837, p. 916. 

Euryomphala umbilicata, and rupestris, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. 

Delomphalus rupestris, Hart. Erd und Siissw. Gast. i. p. 120, pl. 37, f. 1, 2, 3. 

x saxatilis, HARTM. Erd und Siissw. Gast. i. p. 122, pl. 37, f. 4,5, 6. 
Helix spirula, VILLA, Dispos. Syst. Conch. p. 56. 
» aliexa, ZiEGL. in Pfeif. Symbol, pt. 1, p. 39. 


Minute, depressed-turbinate, rather thin, slightly pellucid, 
not polished, of an uniform dark umber-brown, or reddish- 
chocolate colour, with concentric rugose striule. Whorls 
nearly five, convex, profoundly defined, of gradual increase; 
the last not suddenly deflexed. Spire but little elevated, 
apex rather obtuse. Base rounded, with a rather large 
and very profound funnel-shaped umbilicus. Aperture 
small, not usually much exceeding one-third of the basal 
diameter, rather broader than high, somewhat rounded ; 
peristome simple, acute, not reflected. 

At most the tenth of an inch in diameter; its height 
varies owing to the spire being capable of greater or lesser 
elevation. 

The animal is dusky, and nearly black upon the head 
and tentacles. 

It is abundant in many localities on the faces of rocks 
and walls, or under stones in dry places. It shows a pre- 
ference for calcareous soils, but is not confined to them, and 
delights in crawling upon lofty and exposed places, as long 
ago observed by Montagu. 


HELIX. 83 


H. pyeamaa, Draparnaud. 


Resembling the last, but minute, paler, more transparent, more 
depressed, composed of four turns at most; the mouth less 
circular. 


Plate CX XI. fig. 9, 10. 

Helix pygmea, DraP. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 114, pl. 8, f. 8, 9, 10. — 
Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (not described). — 
Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 343.—Turr. Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 61, f. 46.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. 
B. p. 51, pl. 18, f. 48*, 49.— Férus. Prodr. Moll. no. 200; 
Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 80, f. 1 (Helicella).—Lam. (ed. 
Desh.) vol. viii. p. 86.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 3, p. 21, pl. 4, f. 20, 21.— CuHarpent. N. Denks. 
Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 12 (Delomphalus). — 
RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 8, p. 37, 
f. 532. — Morever, Molij. Ter. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 55.— 
CuEmn. (ed. Kust.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 564, pl. 89, f. 24 to 
27.—L. Prexir. Monog. Helic. vol. i, p. 97. 

minuta, STUDER in Coxe, Travels. 

Kirbii, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv. p. 163 (probably ).—JEFFREYS, 

Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 512. 

Discus pygmeus, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 99. 

Patula pygmea, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. 

Euryomphala pygmea, Bucs, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. 

Zonites pygymeus, Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 167, pl. 5, f. 46. — 

Maceiutiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 323. 


” 


” 


Shell very minute, convex, thin, of an uniform pale and 
hardly transparent brownish horn-colour, with extremely 
delicate, but regular, longitudinal striz, of a silky gloss ; 
spire very short and small, the convexity being equal on 
both sides of the shell; apex blunt. Whorls three and a 
half to four, moderately broad, not rapidly increasing, 
deeply defined, convex. Aperture rather small, roundish, 
crescent-shaped, about equal in width to two-fifths of the 
total diameter, almost, if not quite, as high as it is broad, 
Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base much rounded ; 
umbilicus large and profound. 


84 HELICIDA. 


Diameter less than one line.  Distinguishable from 
umbilicata by its greater depression, lesser number of 
volutions, and by its less circular aperture. 

The animal is paler than the last. 

It inhabits wet places among dead leaves in ditches and 
by springs, and is consequently often overlooked on ac- 
count of its minuteness. It has been observed in many 
localities in all three kingdoms, and diffused in such a 
way that we cannot doubt of its being really a common 
shell. 


Mr. Jeffreys, who has bestowed peculiar attention upon the 
extremely obscure species of Walker and Adams, considers the 
three following to be the fry of shells belonging to this genus: 
the fourth, likewise, is supposed by Montagu to be the fry of a 
land shell. 


Helix resupinata, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. f. 24, from which Monv. Test. Br, 
444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 203, 
Turt. Conch. Diction. p.57.—Turbo resupinata, FLEMING, 
Brit. Anim, p. 300.—Delphinoidea resupinata, Brown, IIl. 
Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 45, 47. 
s, globosa, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. f. 25, from which Monv. Test. Brit. p. 444, 
Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viil. p. 203.—Turt. Conch. 
Diction. p. 57.—Turbo globosus, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 300.— 
Spira globosa, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 34, 37. 
» reticulata, Wax. Test. Min. Rar. f. 26, from which Monv. Test. Brit. 
p- 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 203, Turr. 
Conch, Diction. p. 57.— Turbo reticulatus, FLem. Brit. Anim. 
p- 300. —Spira reticulata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, 
pl. 8, f. 38, 39. 
» courctata, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. pl. 1, f. 80, from which Monr. Test. 
Brit. p. 444; Mar. and Rack. Tyans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 204; 
Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 57.—Turbo coarctata, Fium. Brit. 
Anim. p. 800.— Spira coarctata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. 
p: 20, pl. 8, f. 43, 52. 


HELIX. 85 


SPURIOUS. 


H. rerresrris, Chemnitz. 


Trochus terrestris, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 122, f. 1045.—Donov. Brit. 
Shells, vol. iv. pl. 111.—Monv. Test. Brit. p.287.—Maron 
and Rack. Trans. Lin. Soe. vol. viii. p. 157.—Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 55. 

Helix elegans, Guu. Syst. Nat. p. 3642. — Fiemine. Brit. Anim. p. 260.— 

RossmAsst Iconog. L. and F. Moll. pt. 6, f. 345, 346.— L. 
Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 179. 


A native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, which * 
Donovan figured, because he considered it identical with the ter- 
restris of Pennant. This last we believe to have been intended for 
the fulva of our work, 


H. uimpara, Férussac. 


Helix limbata, Firus. Prodr, Moll. no, 253 (Helicella)—A.tprEr, Mag. Zool. 
and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106.—Gray, Manual L. and P. W. Shells, 
p. 143, pl. 11, f. 132. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, 
pl. 18, f. 29, 30. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. 
p. 88. — RosmAssL, Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, 
p- 35, f. 362. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 16. — CuHEmMn. (ed. 
Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix no. 94, pl. 17, f. 15, 16.—L. Pree. 
Monog. Helic. yol. i. p. 139. 

Fruticola >» Hex p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. 

Bradybaena ,, Buxcx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 18. 


A continental species published as indigenous on the authority of 
Sowerby ; who had taken specimens near Hampstead. The species, 
though sought for, has not again been found, and its discoverer 
believes it must have been accidentally introduced with foreign 
plants. 


86 HELICIDA. 


BULIMUS. Scoport. 


Shell spiral, produced, oblong, ovate or turreted ; smooth 
or rough, not shining or glassy; aperture entire, longitu- 
dinal ovate, simple or toothed ; columella entire ; peristome 
simple or expanded. 

Animal exactly similar to that of Helix, and having a 
similar dentition. 

The large and beautiful assemblage of land-shells in- 
cluded under the genus Bulimus is separated from Helix 
more on account of general habit than because of pos- 
sessing distinctive characters of much importance. Our 
few British species, all of small size and ordinary aspect, 
are easily enough distinguished generically, but among 
exotic forms there are many, the true position of which, 
whether in Bulimus or in Helix, is a matter of doubt. 
The distribution of the Bulimi has been made the subject 
of a valuable and interesting memoir by Mr. Lovell Reeve. 


B. acurus, Miiller. 


Turreted-conical, white or clear brown, often with dark mark- 
ings. Body whorl comparatively short. 


Plate CX XVIII. fig. 5, and (animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 6. 


Helix barbara, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241 (probably). 

» «cua, Mitier, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 100.— Get, Syst. Nat. p. 3660. 
—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 956.—F rus. Prodrom. Moll. 
p. 378 (Cochlicella). 

Turbo fasciatus, PENNANT. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 131, pl. 82, f. 119. — 
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 91.— Monr. Test. Brit. p. 346, 
plas te. dle 

Helix cretacea, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 190, pl. 136, f. 1263. 

Bulimus «cutus, BRuG. Encycl. Meth. vol. i. p. 323. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. 
p. 265, — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 346. — 

Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 185, pl. 6, f. 67.— 


BULIMUS. 87 


Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 110.—Coucn, Cornish 
Fauna, pt. 2, p. 49. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 37, 
pl. 14, f.18.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 77, pl. 4. 
f. 29, 30-—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 234. 
—C. Prrir. Deutsche Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 35, pl. 
7,f. 1.—Puuviprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 140; vol. ii. p.112.— 
RossmAssu. Icon. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 41, 
f. 378. — CantTraine, Malac. Med. p. 134. — Kisrer, 
Chemn. Conch. p. 31, pl. 11, f. 9 to 12.—Moreter, Moll. 
Portugal, p. 73.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 214. 
Bulimus articulatus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 284.— DELEs. 
Rec. Coquilles, pl. 28, f. 8. 
»  turritella, ANDRZ, Krynicki in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, yol. vi. p. 415. 
Turbo turricula Maroceana, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. xi. p. 280, pl. 209, f. 2063, 
2064. 
Helix bifasciata, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49. —- Maron and 
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 210. — Dorset Catalog. 
p- 55, pl. 18, f. 8, 10.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 63.—Index 
Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 154. 
Bulinus variabilis, HARTM. in Sturm Fauna vi. pt. 6, pl. 12; Neue Alpina, vol. i. 
p- 223. 
Cochlicella meridionalis and turricula, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. vol. iv. 
: p- 78, pl. 3, f. 26. 
Bulimus fasciatus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 84, f. 67. 
Cochlicellus acutus, Buck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 63. 
Bulimus litoralis, BRumMat1, Cat. Conch. ter. Monfale. p. 34, f. 9. 


Shell turreted-conical, thin, not polished, at most glossy, 
very variable in colouring, usually variegated with very 
numerous longitudinal (often partially confluent) wavy 
streaks or veins of opaque whitish, and semitransparent 
brown (either hue preponderating), the latter ranging in 
tint from pale ash to dark chocolate ; sometimes minutely 
speckled all over with these lines; as frequently as not 
with an additional narrow brown zone running from the 
upper corner of the aperture to the lower third of the outer 
lip, more rarely with an adjacent interrupted band above 
it, sometimes with a broad band occupying the entire 
middle portion of the body whorl, and winding along the 
lower half of the principal smaller volutions; the painting 
at times, though rarely, almost obsolete. Surface pecu- 


88 HELICIDA. 


liarly and rather irregularly indented lengthways with 
broad corrugations that correspond in some degree with 
the coloured markings, so that under a lens, the exterior 
reminds one of the cutting of a cameo. Whorls nine or 
ten, of slow longitudinal increase, convex or a little rounded, 
separated by a well-marked but simple and but little slant- 
ing suture, tapering to a much attenuated, yet not acute, 
apex. Body not filling more than a third of the dorsal 
length, a little ventricose; its basal declination rounded, 
and usually more or less abrupt. Mouth devoid of sculp- 
ture, of an abbreviated oval or ovate shape, that is well 
rounded below, and rather suddenly contracted (not gra- 
dually peaked) above. Outer lip simple, acute, regularly 
arcuated throughout. Pillar lip filling more than half the 
length of the aperture, straightish, and rather broadly re- 
flected above, so as to partially conceal the narrow sub- 
umbilicus. Usual length half an inch, with a breadth of 
two lines and a third, but these dimensions are often 
exceeded, especially in foreign examples. 

Animal stout and rather short, dusky on the head and 
neck, with darker lines passing to the four tentacula ; 
sides of the body and tail yellowish-white. The posterior 
extremity does not extend much, if at all, behind the body 
whorl. There is a dark line down the centre of the fore- 
head. The upper tentacles are rather thick and clavate, 
the lower ones very short. 

This pretty snail is gregarious in its habits, local in its 
distribution. It is most abundant near the sea, and in the 
western districts, especially on sandy or limestone soils. 
Abundant in the Channel Isles and on the waste lands of 
Dorsetshire (on chalk, Purbeck, Portland stone), Devon, 
and-Cornwall, South and North Wales, Lancashire, the 


Isle of Man (on sand and limestone, never on slate), parts 


BULIMUS. 89 


of the west of Scotland and Hebrides. Local in Ireland, 
but found from the Giant’s Causeway to Youghal; com- 
monest in the eastern districts, and occasionally occurs 


inland (W. Thompson). 


B. Lacxuamensts, Montagu. 


Elongate-conoid, with a blunt apex, chocolate-brown ; surface 
shagreened. 
Plate CKXVIII. fig. 6. 


Bulimus montanus, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 65; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. 
France, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 22.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 80, f. 62. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, 
pl. 14, f. 22, and pl. 18, f. 14.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. 
Desh.) vol. viii. p. 235.—Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. 
pt. 3, pl. 6.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 8, f. 10. — RossmAssz. Icon. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 86, f. 41, and pt. 6, p. 46, f. 386.— 
Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 14, 
pl. 2, f. 2 (Bulimulus)— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. 
p- 120. 
Helix Lackhamensis, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 394, pl. 11, f. 83.—Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 212.—Turr. Conch. Diction. 
p. 64. — Dmuw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 953.— Index 
Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 148. 
», sylvestris, STUDER, in Coxe, Travels (Hartm.). 
5, buccinata, ALTEN, Erd und Fluss Conch. Augsburg, p. 100, pl. 12, f. 22. 
» obscura, SCHRANK, Fauna, iii. 273. 
Bulimus obscurus, HArtM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222. 
»  Montacuti, Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 345, 512. 
Lackhamensis, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 265.—Gray, Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 181, pl. 6, f. 62. 
a En Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 71. 
Ena montana, Luacu, MSS. (cited by Turton). — Harr. Erd und Siissw. 
Gast. vol. 1. p. 75, pl. 20. 


” 


Shell elongated-conoid, tapering gradually to a blunt 
apex, rather thin, more or less glossy, somewhat trans- 
lucent, of an uniform chocolate or brownish hue, very 
finely, and rather indistinctly, wrinkled lengthways; be- 
neath the lens visibly, though minutely shagreened. Whorls 


VOL. IV. N 


90 HELICID&. 


quite seven, simply convex, of rather slow but regular 
longitudinal increase, profoundly divided by a simple and 
not much slanting suture. Body filling about two-fifths of 
the dorsal length ; its basal declination rounded but rather 
abrupt. Mouth unarmed, suboval, being semielliptic 
below, and obliquely acute above, occupying barely three- 
eighths of the ventral length, livid or reddish brown, 
changing to white near the outer edges. Outer lip not 
very prominent, rather narrowly reflected or expanded, 
projecting a little at first somewhat obliquely, and without 
much convexity, then moderately arcuated. Pillar lip 
broadly reflected, almost perpendicular, filling at least one 
half the length of the aperture, flanked by a conspicuous 
umbilical chink. Ordinary length six lines and a half; 
breadth three limes. 

The animal closely resembles that of Bulimus obscurus, 
but is rather paler. 

This is one of our rarest and most local land shells. It 
is found only in the southern counties of England, occur- 
ring in limited localities, usually in wooded districts, 
Essex, Kent, Surrey (Professor Bell finds it at Selborne), 
Wilts, Somerset, and Gloucestershire. 

It is abundant in many districts of Germany, France, 


and Switzerland. 


B. ogscurus, Miller. 


Yellowish brown ; in shape like the last but smaller ; surface 
not shagreened ; mouth with white lips. 


Plate CX XVIII. fig. 7. 


Turbo rupium, Da Cosva, Brit. Conch. p. 90 (from List. An. Angl. pl. 2, f. 8, 
very badly). 

Helia obscura, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3661.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 391, pl. 22, 
f.5.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 212, 
pl. 5, f. 11.— Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 19, f. 17 (not well). — 


. 


BULIMUS. 91 


Torr. Conch, Diction. p. 64.— Avren, Erd und Fluss. Conch. 
Augsburg, p. 98, pl. 12, f. 21.—-Ditw. Recent Shells, vol. ii, 
p- 953. 
Bulimus obscurus, Drav. Moll, Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 23.— 
SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 166. — C. PFEIF. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 3, f. 11.— 
FLEminG, Brit. Animals, p. 265.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 345.-Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 81, f. 63,—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 183, 
pl. 6, f. 63.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 109.— 
Macaintiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 98. — Brown, Illust. Conch. 
G. B. p. 36, pl. 18, f. 13, and pl. 14, f. 21. — RossmAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pl. 6, p. 46, f. 387.— 
Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 14, pl. 2, 
f. 1 (Bulimulus).—Porro, Malac. p. 54.--Morener, Moll. 
Portugal, p. 73.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 124. 
»  hordeaceus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334.—Lam. Anim. s. 
Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii, p. 236. 
Bulinus obscurus, B, HARtM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222; in Sturm’s Fauna, 
sect, vi. pt. 8, pl. 1. 
Ena obscura, Leacu, MSS. (cited by Turton). —Bzck, Amtl. Kiel. 1846, p. 122. 
Merdigera obscura, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 917. 
| Buliminus obscurus, Breck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 71. 


The shell so closely resembles the preceding as not to 
require a separate detailed description. It is only, how- 
ever, about half its size, being usually three lines and a 
half long, and from a line and three-quarters to a line and 
a half broad. The shape is more cylindraceous, the penult 
volution being almost equally as wide as the body, so that 
whilst in Lackhamensis the tapering commences from the 
body, in this species it usually seems to originate from the 
next turn only. The whorls are decidedly more rounded, 
and not perceptibly shagreened; the mouth is rather 
shorter; the lips quite white (not merely blanched at the 
edge), and the outer one more arched in the middle, and 
rather more disposed to expand. ‘The external colouring 
is of an uniform yellowish-brown; but an albino variety is 
occasionally taken. 

The animal is somewhat rugose, dark grey or brownish 


92 HELICIDA. 


above, mottled with nearly black irregular spots, which 
become fainter on the paler sides, where they fall into 
rows. The sole of the foot is pale grey. ‘The upper ten- 
tacles are somewhat clavate, the lower ones short. Pro- 
fessor Macgillivray remarks that when crawling, it carries 
its shell at an angle of about 50°, and directed backwards 
a little to the right; when at rest the shell is directed to 
an angle of 45°. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux remarks that 
the young of this species do not arrive at their last stage of 
growth before the first month of their second year. 

This Bulimus is found under stones, on old walls and 
ruins, and on trees in woods. It is widely distributed 
through the British Isles, extending to the north of Scot- 
land. In many districts, however, it is local, and is not 
unfrequently found chiefly in those parts where there is a 


limestone soil. 


Note.—It is just possible that the obscure and undetermined Helix stagnorum of 
Pulteney (Hutchins, Dorset, p. 49) may be intended for this species; we know 
not where else to notice it. It is thus described :— Ovate-oblong, whitish, 
sometimes brown; about three lines long; subturreted. Volutions six, minutely 
striated, or rather wrinkled obliquely, in the transverse direction. Aperture 
ovate, bordered with a white edge. Inhabits plants in moist places by rivers and 
brooks, and in woods in Dorset.” 


SPURIOUS. 


B. Guapatoupensis, Bruguiere. 


Helix ewilis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3668 (merely from figures). 

Bulimus Guadaloupensis, Bruc. Enc. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 313. 

Helix detrita (not Miller), Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49. —Monvr. Test. 
Brit. p. 8384.— Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn. 
Soe. vol. viii. p. 217. — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 56. 
—Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 66. 

Limnea  ,, FF LeMinG, Brit. Animals, p. 273. 

Bulimus exilis, L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 223 (and his synonyms). 


lt is manifest that a great part of the description of the H. 


BULIMUS. . 93 


detrita * of British writers, a shell introduced by Pulteney on the 
authority of Mr. Bryer, as from a pond in Dorsetshire, was derived 
from the common West Indian Bulimus, jigured by Chemnitz 
(Conch. Cab. vol. iv. f.1224) ; yet the statement that British spect- 
mens are not banded, but of a somewhat transparent light horn 
colour, renders it not improbable that the original specimens, although 
at the time considered identical with the banded shell, were specifi- 
cally distinct. Of their spuriousness, however, there can be no 
doubt. 

The figure in the Dorset Catalogue (pl.19) ts too rude for 
recognition, and that of Montagu (pl. 11, f. 1) ts by no means 
satisfactory ; both, however, might pass for B, Guadaloupensis. 
Probably Turton’s drawing of his Limneus detritus was copied 
from Montagu’s ; assuredly it bears not the least resemblance to the 
shell described by him (not declared to be indigenous, but only pur- 
chased for such), which he states to have three brown bands on the 
first whorl, to have rather tumid volutions, and “in size and 
jigure” to “answer exactly to the H. Bontia of Chemnitz” (vol. ix. 
ay. 1216, 1217. 


B. Goopauu, Miller. 


Helix Goodalli, MtttER, Ann. of Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822) p. 381. 
Bulimus ,, Gray, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. ix. p. 414; edit. Turt. Man. 
p- 6, f. 61, as spuriousx—FLemine, Brit. Animals, p. 266.— 
L, Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 159 (with synonyms). 
»  clavulus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 79, f. 61. — ALDER, 
Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 110. 
From Guadaloupe, &c. ; introduced by Miller, who had found it 
in some pine-beds at Bristol. It is one of the most widely-dis- 


tributed of land shells. 


B. pecotiatus, Linneus. 


Helix decollata, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, p. 1247. 

Bulimus decollatus, Bruc. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 326. —Turr. Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 77, f. 60.—FLEMING, Brit. Anim, 
p- 266.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii, p. 152 (with 
synonyms). 


* The B. detritus of Pfeiffer’s monograph is figured in Kenyon’s paper on British 
Shells, but only as illustrative, not as indigenous. ‘The species was erroneously 
imagined by Férussac to be the Helix detrita of British writers (Gray). 


4 


94 HELICIDA. 


An inhabitant of the South of Europe and Asiatic and African 
shores of the Mediterranean ; introduced into our Fauna by Dr. 
Turton from the species having bred in a hot-house in South Devon, 
into which no foreign mould was known to have been admitted ; the 
colony is now extinct. 


B. pura, Linneeus. 


Helix pupa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1248. 

Bulimus tuberculatus, Tur. Zool. Journ. vol, ii. p. 363, pl. 13, f. 45 Manual L, 
and F. W. Shells, p. 81, 142, f. 64. 

pupa, L. Prev. Monog. Helic. vol, ii. p. 128 (with synonyms). 


” 


A native of Sicily, Greece, Algiers, de. ; introduced by Dr. 
Turton as from Worcestershire. 


B. Guitpineu, Pfeiffer. 


Bulimus articulatus (not of Lamarck), Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 85, 
f. 68. 
Bulinus signatus (not of Wagner in Spix), Sowersy (as of Guilding), Conch. 
Illust. Bulim. f. 57. 
Bulimus Guildingii, L. Prute. Symbole, pt. 2, p. 115.— Rexve, Conch. Icon. 
vol. vy. Bul. pl. 64, f. 445. 


A West Indian shell, asserted by Turton to have been taken in 
the vicinity of Penzance, in Cornwall. Mr. J. E. Gray, in his 
“ Introduction” to Turton’s Manual, considers tt to form but one 
species with the formosus and cylindrus (which last name has 
priority) ; in the recent Monograph of the genus, by Reeve, how- 
ever, the three shells are figured as distinct. 


J. venrricosus, Draparnaud. 


Bulimus ventricosus (not Bulla ventricosa, Chemn.), Draparn. Moll. Ter. et 
Fluv. France, p. 78, pl. 4, f. 31, 32. — Turr. Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 86, f. 69. — Gray, Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 12, f. 69 (as spurious). 

5,  ventorsus, L. Prxtr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 215 (with synonyms). 


A native of the South of France, &e.; introduced into our Fauna 
by Turton, who evidently mistook a variety of acutus for it as 
Cornish. His figure appears to be copied from Draparnaud. 


PUPA. 95 


PUPA, LAMARCK. 


Shell spiral, produced, cylindrical, terminating abruptly 
and obtusely ; whorls numerous, narrow; mouth oval or 
lunate in the greater number of species, toothed within ; 
peristome usually reflexed or thickened. 

Animal short, stout, acute behind, its upper tentacles 
developed, its lower ones short or almost obsolete. 

The very small dimensions, or rather apparent absence, 
of the lower tentacles in certain Pupe, led to their being 
constituted into a genus under the name of Vertigo. 

Our native species are all small shells, some of them 
minute. 


P. umprmicata, Draparnaud. 


Of a shortened cylindrical shape ; wrinkles indistinct; peri- 
stome broadly and flatly reflected. 


Plate CX XIX. fig. 7. 


Turbo cylindraceus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 89, pl. 5, f. 16. 
Bulimus muscorum, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334 (partly). 
Turbo s Putt. Hutchins. Dorset, p. 46 (in part).—Donov. Brit. Shells, 
vol. iii. pl. 80 (probably).—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 335, pl. 22, 
f. 3—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 182 
(in part). — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 51, pl. 21, f. 16 (pro- 
bably).—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 220, f. 73. 
Pupa umbilicata, Drav. Tableaux Moll. p. 58; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, 
p- 62, pl. 3, £39, 40.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. 
p- 856.—Turvr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 97, f. 78.— 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 19, pl. 7, f. 78. — 
Tompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 111. — Macaiiriv. 
Moll. Aberd. p. 99. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, 
pl. 18*, f. 39, 39*.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. 
p- 179. — Cuarrent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. 
p- 15. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, 
p. 15, f. 327.— Brumati, Monfalc. p. 38.— Porro, Malac. 
p. 66.—Canrrainez, Malac. Med. p. 143.— Puiniprt, Moll. 
Sicil. vol. ii. p. 114.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 40.— 


96 HELICIDA. 


KUstTer, p. 22, pl. 3, f. 10, 11, 12.— More.er, Moll. 
Portugal, p. 74.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 329. 

Helix umbilicata, FGiRrus. Prodrom. 474 (Cochlodonta), 

Pupa muscorum, FLEMiNG, Brit. Anim. p. 268. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p- 39 (probably), pl. 18*, f. 38, 38*. 

Pupilla umbilicata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 64. 

Eruca 45 Swarnson, Malacology, p. 334. 

Stomodonta umbilicata, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 53. 

Pupa bidentata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 39, pl. 14, f. 6 (probably). 


Shell small, oblong-cylindrical, or subcylindrical, but 
distinctly tapering, thin, somewhat pellucid, pale olivaceous 
brown, or fulvous horn-coloured, shining, indistinctly strio- 
late, and chiefly so near the sutures. Whorls six or 
seven, rounded, distinctly though gradually enlarging; the 
last about equal to two-fifths of the entire length; apex 
more or less blunt. Aperture obliquely semi-oval, nar- 
rowed, and angular below (or anteriorly), usually (there 
exists an edentulous variety) provided with a laminated or 
angular tooth closely adjacent to the junction of the outer 
lip with the body, and often connected with, and sub- 
parallel to the former. Peristome broadly and flatly re- 
flected, especially at the columella, unarmed, white or 
stained with rufous. Columella longer than the space 
between it and the outer lip. Base compressed, broadly 
perforated ; umbilicus bounded by a kind of rib-like fold. 
Length the ninth of an inch ; breadth the twentieth of 
an inch. Da Costa, as usual, whilst regarding this species 
as the muscorwm of Linnzeus, endeavoured to substitute a 
name of his own selection. 

In this species and in Pupa anglica, Mr. Alder was 
first to observe that a spiral ridge or lamina runs around 
the columella, and another in the centre of the upper side of 
the whorls, whilst they are crossed by small flat transverse 


lamine like rudimentary partitions. The structure is not 


PUPA. 97 


present in the adult whorls, and has some relation to the 
young stage of the animal. 

The animal is rather stout, with long upper tentacles, 
and very short but distinct lower ones. Its colour is pale 
blue, deepening to dark grey on the neck and head. The 
sides of the foot are steep, and, as well as the sole and 
tail, very pale and nearly white. 

This is the commonest of all our native Pupas, occurring 
everywhere under stones, among moss, on walls, and about 
hedges, woods, and sand-banks. It is present in all our 
provinces and outlying islands, and is found high up on 
mountains, as well as on low grounds, and on the verge of 
the sea-shore. It is a widely-distributed species, extend- 


ing throughout Europe and into the north of Africa. 


P. muscorum, Linneeus. 


Outer lip margined externally by a strong rib-like callus ; 
teeth parietal, if any. 


Plate CX XIX. fig. 8, 9. 


Turbo muscorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. —Cuemn. Conch. Cab. 
vol. ix. p. 61, pl. 123, f. 1076. — Dittw. Recent Shells, 
vol. ii. p. 878. 


Helix a, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 105.— Fiérus. Prodr. Moll. 
p- 475 (Cochlodonta). 
Bulimus ,, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334 (partly). 


Pupa marginata, Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 58; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. de France, 
p. 61, pl. 3, f. 36 to 38. — Fiemina, Brit. Anim. p. 268.— 
Torr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 98, f. 79. — Gray, 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 196, pl. 7, f. 79. — Mac- 
GILLIV. Moll. Aberd. p. 99. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p- 39, pl. 18, f. 33, 34. —C. Pru. Deutsch. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 59, pl. 3, f. 23, 24. 

Turbo chrysalis, Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 220, 

Pupa muscorum, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 180. — NiLuson, 
Moll. Sueciz T. et Fl. p. 49.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und 
Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 57, pl. 3, f. 17, 18, and pt. 3, p. 61.— 
Waener, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 165, pl. 235, f. 4109 


VOL. IV. oO 


98 HELICIDA. 


to 4112.— Drsu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 405, — 
RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 83> 
f. 37, and pt. 5, f. 323. — Porro, Malac. p. 62. — Dupuy, 
Moll. du Gers, p. 40. — Kistrr, p. 12, pl. 2, f. 1 to 5. — 
L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 313. 

Pupa unidentata, C. Pre. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 58, pl. 3, 
f, 19, 20. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 39, pl. 18*, f. 40 
(probably). — CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. 
vol. i. p. 15. 

», bidentata, C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. i. p. 59, pl. 3, 
f. 21, 22 


sis 
Alea marginata, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 357. — SOWERBY, 
Conch. Manual, f. 292. 
Turbo a SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 155. 
Jaminia muscorum, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meér. vol. iv. p. 89. 
Pupilla marginata, LEAcH MSS. (cited by Turton). 
»  muscorum, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 84. 
Torquatella marginata, HED, Isis, 1837, p. 919. 
Stomodonta sy MeErmeEtT, Moll. Pyren. p. 53. 
Pupa badia, AvAms, Boston Jl. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 331, pl. 3, f. 18. 


Shell cylindrical, small, moderately strong, yellowish 
brown, or chestnut coloured, not much shining, indistinctly 
striolated. Whorls six or seven, short, a little rounded, 
well-defined; body about equal to one-third the entire 
length; apex blunt. Aperture small, nearly semicircular, 
with generally a small tubercular denticle (there exists an 
edentulous variety) deeply seated on the body whorl, about 
half way between the columellar and the outer lip. Peri- 
stome scarcely reflected ; outer lip not denticulated, simple, 
margined externally by a strong white rounded callus or rib. 
Pillar lip somewhat reflected, with a small subumbilicus 
lying behind it. Columella for the most part shorter than 
the inner wall of the aperture. 

Length the ninth of an inch; breadth about half a line. 
The species is recognised as the original Turbo muscorum 
by an examination of specimens in the Linnean cabinet. 

The animal is slenderer than the last, very dark blue 
black upon the neck, head, and upper tentacles, darker 


PUPA. 99 


lines running along the back from the latter organ. The 
sides and tail are white, the lower tentacles are very short, 
appearing only as prominences. 

This Pupa is widely distributed, though not quite so 
general as the last. It has been found in every well- 
searched district. It is, perhaps, especially prolific on 
calcareous soils, and lives in similar situations with P. 
umbilicata. 


P. Aneuica, Férussac. 


Dextral, not very minute; whorls six or seven, not much 
rounded ; peristome very thick, flatly reflected ; mouth with five 
teeth. 

Plate CX XIX. fig. 6. 


Vertigo Anglica, F&rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 64. —Turtr. Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 102, f. 82. — Poriez and Micuaup, Galerie Douai, 
Moll. vol. i. p. 195, pl. 20, f. 1, 2. 

Turbo Anglicus, GRAY, in Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, f. 12. 

Pupa ringens, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. xvi. p. 856, 514. 

» Anglica, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberl. vol. i. p. 33.—Gray, 
Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 195, pl. 7, f- 82. — THomp- 
son, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 112. — Brown, Illust. Conch. 
G. B. p. 40, pl. 18, f. 35, 36.— MoreE.er, Moll. Portugal, 
p. 75.—L. Prrir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p, 351. 

Shell small, oblong-cylindraceous, but distinctly tapering 
above, perforated, moderately strong for its size, obscurely 
striolate, rather opaque, chocolate brown, with usually a 
more or less distinct paler band at the base of the body, 
yet sometimes of an uniform pale horn colour. Whorls 
six or seven, regularly enlarging but little rounded; the 
last occupying more than one-third the length of the shell, 
and compressed at its base in front; suture but little 
oblique; apex rather obtuse. Aperture resembling in 
general shape the lobe of the human ear, obtusely rounded, 
and not much attenuated below; peristome very thick, 


flatly reflected, more or less tinged with liver colour ; the 


FOO HELICID®. 


shelly matter between the two lips on the penult whorl 
very thinly spread. A somewhat tubercular projection on 
the inner edge of the outer lip, conjointly with a conspi- 
cuous curved and remarkably prominent laminar parietal 
tooth, which is united to the outer lip by a callus, almost 
isolates a small portion of the aperture; there is a second, 
but smaller and more deeply-seated parietal lamina, a 
strong columellar one, a remote inferior palatal one, and 
a basal denticle, which is very far within the aperture, 
making in all five teeth. 

Length very nearly two lines; breadth not quite half 
that measurement. 

The animal is described by Mr. Alder (who has given 
an interesting account of the internal structure of its shell 
in his Memoir on the Land and Fresh-water shells of 
Northumberland) as being of a dark lead colour above, 
white below. 

This species, though usually regarded as more especially 
belonging to the North of England districts, is probably a 
member of our Atlantic fauna, and of southern or south- 
western origin. Mr. F. D. Lukis finds it in great abun- 
dance on the south coast of Guernsey; and Mr. W. 
Thompson records it as occurring in north, south, east, and 
west of Ireland, though not general. The same active 
naturalist has found it in the south-west of Scotland. The 
naturalists of Newcastle have found it in several localities 
in the Northumberland district, where it occurs in moss, 
and under stones, but is scarce. It was first taken in the 


neighbourhood of Scarborough, by Mr. J. S. Miller. 


PUPA. 101 


P,. secatze, Draparnaud. 


Not minute, dextral ; mouth with seven or eight teeth. 


Plate CX XIX. fig. 5. 


Pupa secale, Drav. Tableau Moll. p. 59; Hist. Moll. Terr, et Fluy. France, p. 64, 
pl. 3, f. 49, 50.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 355.— 
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 177.— C. Pruir. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 14. — 
WAGNER in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 171, pl. 235, f. 4119. — 
Desu. Encycl. Méth. vol. ii. p. 401.—Kiisrmr, p. 44, pl. 6, £. 3, 
4, 5. — RossmAss. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 13, 
f. 317. — Coarpent, N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 16 
(Chondrus).—SoweErsy, Conch. Manual, f. 518.— Dupuy, Moll. 
du Gers, p. 42. — Morever, Moll. Portugal, p. 74. — L. Pree. 
Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 341. 

Turbo juniperi, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 340, pl. 12, f 12.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 182.— Dorset Catalog. p. 51, 
pl. 19, f. 11*.— Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 219. — Diniw. 
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 877. 

» cylindricus, Harr. in N. Alpina, vol. ii. p. 212. 
Chondrus secale, Cuvier, Regne Anim. (ed. Voigt) vol. iii. p. 89. — Harrm. in 
Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 7, pl. 4.— Harrm. in 
Neue Alpina (var. a). 

Helix cylindrica, SruDER in Coxe, Travels. 

Torquilla secale, SruDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 19.—Firzina. Verz. p. 107, 
—Beck. Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 86. 

Felina »  Frus, Prodrom. Moll. 488. 

Jaminea 4, Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. vol. iy. p. 89. 

Vertigo »  TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 101, pl. 7, f. 81. 

Pupa juniperi, FLeminG. Brit. Anim. p. 268.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 197, pl. 7, f. 81.—Brown, Mlust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, 
yo WES tie Ue 

Granaria secale, Hed, Isis, 1837, p. 918. 

Stomodonta ,, Mermut, Moll, Pyren. p. 51. 


Shell subeylindrical, but distinctly attenuated above, of 
a dull brown, or pale chocolate-brown, but little pellucid ; 
not very thin, with fine oblique longitudinal costellar 
strix. Whorls from seven to nine, regularly but very 
gradually enlarging, the upper ones but little convex, the 


lower more rounded ; last whorl short in proportion, com- 


102 HELICIDA. 


pressed at the base, exhibiting externally near the mouth, 
in the shape of three or four spiral white lines, the traces 
of the internal lamine; apex of the spire not particu- 
larly obtuse. Aperture semi-oblong, rounded below, some- 
what squared above, not occupying quite one-third the 
length of the shell, furnished with seven or eight 
tooth-like folds, of which three are upon the outer lip, 
with generally a smaller very deep seated one above them, 
two on the columella, and two are parietal. Of these 
last, the anterior or lower is the smaller and the deeper 
seated ; whilst the posterior is large, conspicuous, external, 
adjacent to, and connected by a callus with the outer lip, 
and often provided with an additional denticle above it. 
Peristome white, acute, not broadly expanded, but re- 
flected over the umbilical chink. 

Length from a quarter to the third of an inch; breadth 
not much more than a third that measurement. 

The animal is rather more elongated than its allies ; it 
is blackish-brown above, pale beneath ; the lower tentacles 
are very short. 

This is in the main a southern species, though found 
in limestone localities throughout a great part of Eng- 
land. It occurs in the Channel Islands, is very abundant 
on the chalky and limestone districts of the south and west 
of England, and is plentiful on the limestone of Kendal, 
in Westmoreland ; it is not found in Scotland, nor in Ire- 
land; it isa widely distributed continental] shell. When 
young it invests its shell with mud, a coating which usually, 
but not always, is dispensed with when it arrives at its 
full growth, 


PUPA. 103 


P. epentuta, Draparnaud. 


Minute, cylindrical ; wrinkles indistinct ; mouth toothless ; 
outer lip simple, not reflected. 


Plate CX XX. fig. 1. 


Pupa edentula, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 59, pl. 3, f. 28, 29. — 
ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 33.— 
FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 269. — Turron, Manual L. and F, 
W. Shells, p. 99, pl. 7, f. 80. — Cuanpenr. N. Denks, 
Schweiz. Ges. Nat. p. 15 (Sphyradium). 
Helix exigua, SrupER, in Coxe, Travels (teste Hartm.) 
Vertigo edentula, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 89.—Gray, Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 199, pl. 7, f. 80.— THompson, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. vol. vi. p. 113. — Macerntv. Moll. Aberd. p. 101. — 
Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 36*.—C, Preir. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 42, pl. 7, f. 28, 
29.—Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72.—Porro, 
Malac. p. 67.—HeELp, in Isis, 1836, p. 277.—RossMAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 28, f. 646. 
»  nitida, FiRuS, Prodrom. Moll. p. 68. 
Helix Offtonensis, SHEPPARD, Trans, Lin. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 155. 
Jaminia edentula, Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 89. 
Turbo edentulus, Woop, Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, Turbo, f. 14 (young). 
Alea nitida and revoluta, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. pp. 358, 515. 
Vertigo lepidula, HELD, in Isis, 1837, p. 307. 
Alea edentula, Brcr, Ind. Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. 
Stomodonta edentula, Murmert, Moll. Pyren. p. 54. 


Shell small, more or less perforated, cylindraceous, but 
tapering towards the apex, very thin, transparent, glossy, 
of an uniform horn colour, finely and rather indistinctly 
wrinkled lengthways. | Whorls six or seven, rounded, 
deeply divided by a but slightly slanting suture, de- 
cidedly short, the height being considerably less than half 
the breadth; antepenult whorl often broader than, and 
always nearly, if not quite, as wide as the penult mouth, 
quite as long as it is broad, somewhat quadrant-shaped 
(the pillar being almost at right angles to the parietal 
portion of the inner lip), usually not occupying more than 


104 HELICID®. 


a fourth of the entire length, and filling rather more than 
half the basal width, devoid of any teeth or lamine. Lips 
disunited, the outer one more or less arched, not strength- 
ened by any external rib or callosity, neither dilated, nor 
folded back; pillar lip not much curved, oblique at the 
edge, broadly reflected above. Length rather more than 
the tenth of an inch. 

The animal is dark grey above, paler beneath ; its lower 
tentacles are almost obsolete. 

It is widely diffused, but local, though occurring in the 
three kingdoms and in the Isle of Man (T. Hincks). It 
is found chiefly among grass and dead leaves in woods. 
Mr. C. C. Babington has observed it in great abundance 
in Lanarkshire on the under surface of the frond of 


Aspidia in autumn (Lowe). 


P. minutissima, Hartmann. 


Minute, cylindrical ; with distinct close-set raised wrinkles ; 
mouth edentulous ; outer lip scarcely at all reflected. 


Plate CXXX. fig. 2. 


Pupa muscorum, Drap. (not Turbo muscorum of Linn.) Tableau Moll. p. 56 ; 
Hist. Moll. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 26, 27.—Cuarpernr. N. Denks. 
Schweiz. Ges, Nat. vol. i. p. 15 (Sphyradium).—More er, 
Moll. Ter. et Fl. Portugal, p. 74. 

»» minutissima, HARTMANN, Neue Alpina, vol, i. p. 220, pl. 2, f. 5.—C. 

Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 38, pl. 7, 
f, 12, 138.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 1, p. 84, f. 38.— Porro, Malacol. p. 62. — Dxsu. in 
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 189.—Dupuy. Moll. Gers. 
p. 39. — Kisrer, pl, 13, f. 27, 28. — L. Pre. Monog. 
Helic. vol. ii. p. 306. 

Vertigo cylindrica, Firus. Prodrom. 2.—ALpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. North- 
umb. vol. i. p. 40; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.— 
Gray, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 200, pl. 12. f. 140. 
— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 38. 

Pupu obtusa (not Drap.), FLumine, Brit. Anim. p. 269. 


PUPA. 105 


Alea cylindrica, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 359. 

Vertigo muscorum, Micuaup, Comp. Draparn. Moll. France, p. 70. 
»  pupula, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 308. 

Alea minutissima, Beck, Ind. Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. 

Eruca muscorum, Sw Anson, Malacol. p. 334, 

Vertigo minutissima, GRAELLS, Cat. Mollus. Espag. p. 7. 

Stomodonta muscorum, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 55. 


Shell minute, thin, cylindrical, only slightly lustrous, 
semitransparent, of an uniform pale yellowish umber co- 
lour, closely wrinkled lengthways with rather oblique 
raised lines. Whorls five and a half, short, much rounded, 
of slow longitudinal increase, deeply divided by a simple 
and scarcely slanting suture: apex obtuse. Body merely 
filling about a third of the dorsal length; its basal de- 
clination more or less abrupt. 

Mouth unarmed, occupying a fourth only of the ventral 
length, of a somewhat roundish-oval figure, being bluntly 
angulated above, rounded and much receding below. Outer 
lip very narrowly and thinly reflected, not thickened in- 
ternally, jutting out rather abruptly for a short space, 
straightish in the middle, arcuated below. Pillar lip sub- 
trigonal, rather broadly reflected, curved anteriorly, but 
straightish above, where it runs almost at right angles 
to the scarcely slanting parietal portion of the inner lip. 
Umbilical chink conspicuous. Length not one line ; 
breadth not quite two-fifths of a line. 

The animal is rather slender, dark and streaked with 
black on the neck and tentacles, white on the sides and 
tail. The lower tentacles are almost obsolete. 

This is one of our rarest British Pupa, though common 
enough upon the Continent. The first record of it as a 
native species is the account of it by Dr. Fleming under 
the name of Pupa obtusa ; to him it was communicated 
in 1813, from Fifeshire, by Mr. Chalmers, of Kirkaldy. 


VOL. IV. P 


106 HELICIDA. 


It was not re-discovered for many years, until noticed 
by Mr. Jeffreys on Durdham downs, near Bristol, and 
among the debris of Salisbury Crags, at Edinburgh, where 
it is not rare, by one of the authors of this work. <A 
specimen was communicated as collected in Skye, by our 
lamented and talented friend, the late Mr. Macaskill. It 


is strangely local and confined in its distribution. 


P. pyemaa, Draparnaud. 


Dextral, very minute, smooth, or nearly so; whorls five, 
rounded ; mouth with four or five teeth. 


Plate CX XX. fig. 4, 5, 6. 


Pupa pygmea, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 57; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, 
p. 60, pl. 3, f. 30, 31. — FLemine, Brit. Animals, p. 268. — 
Lam. Anim. s, Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 190. — Dupuy, 
Moll. du Gers, p. 41.—Puiviver, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 221.— 
L. Prizr, Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 862 
Turbo sexdentatus, junr., Mont. Test. Brit. p. 337. 
Vertigo quinquedentata, and quadridentata, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. 
Pupa quinquedentata, and pygméa, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219. 
Helix Isthmia cylindrica, GRAY, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (no descrip- 
tion). 
Vertigo pygmea, F&Rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 64.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 103, f. 883.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 201, pl. 7, f. 83.—Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. 
p- 114.—Browny, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 37. 
—Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 71.—C. Freie. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. i. p. 72, pl. 3, f. 47, 48. 
—WaGneER, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 176, pl. 235, 
f, 4125.—Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. 
p- 18.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, 
p- 29, f. 648.—GrakE zs, Cat. Moll. Esp. p. 7. 
Alea vulgaris, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 359. 
Vertigo alpestris, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot, vol. ii. p. 112 (locality only); 
Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340.— Gray, 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 202, pl. 12, f. 141. 
Alea pygmea, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. 
Stomodonta pyymea, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 55. 


Shell very minute, cylindraceous-subovate, subperfo- 


PUPA. 107 


rated, tolerably strong for its size, smooth, or very nearly 
so, glossy, a little translucent, fulvous brown. Whorls 
five, rounded, rather large, increasing with moderate ra- 
pidity ; spire perceptibly attenuated; apex minute. 

Aperture scarcely one-third the length of the shell, 
almost semi-oval, not angularly produced beneath, armed 
with four or five deeply seated teeth, of which one is 
parietal and situated half way between the two lips, two 
are palatal, one columellar, and the fifth, which is very 
obscure and minute (often, indeed, obsolete), lies at the 
base of the aperture. Peristome reddish, thickened, re- 
flected but not broadly expanded, the outer lip very 
slightly indented ; lips united by a thin callus. 

The variety alpestris (fig. 6) differs from the more 
typical form (f. 4) of pygmea, in its somewhat olivaceous 
yellow or fulvous colouring, its greater transparency, its 
‘more elongated cylindrical shape, and somewhat narrower 
teeth, of which latter four alone are present. 

The animal is rather stout and very active ; dark grey 
above, pale below, with stout upper tentacles, and nearly 
obsolete lower ones which have the aspect of sessile knobs. 

This little shell is widely distributed, and perhaps the 
most common of the Pupas of the Vertigo section. It 
may be taken in numbers by laying a piece of old wood 
upon the grass at nightfall, and examining it in the 
morning, when the Pupas will be found adhering under- 
neath a log. It occurs in all three kingdoms, and in most 
of the outlying islands. The variety a/pestris occurs in 
Cumberland and Northumberland, and other northern 
counties. Mr. Gough observes that at Kendal it is chiefly 


found on slate. 


108 HELICIDA. 


P. sussrriava, Jeftreys. 


Dextral, very minute, striated ; whorls much rounded; mouth 
with six teeth (four alone are easily perceptible) of which two 


are parietal. 
Plate CX XX. fig. 3. 


Turbo seadentatus, Mon’. Test. Brit. p. 337, pl. 12, f. 8 (not young) ; Maron 
and Rack. Trans, Linn, Soc. vol. viii. p. 183.—Turr. Conch. 
Diction, p. 221.—Driniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 879. 
Vertigo sexdentata, TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 84.— 
Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 14, f. 8. 


Pupa 55 Axper, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 34. 
Alea substriata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 515. 
Vertigo 4, AxpEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.—Gray, Manual 


Land and F. W. Shells, p. 202, pl. 7, f. 84. — THompson, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 114. 
Pupa mA ApER, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 339.—L. 
Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 363. 
Vertigo curta, Hxxp, Isis, 1837, p. 304. 

Shell minute, cylindraceous, or oblong-cylindraceous, 
somewhat glossy, a little translucent, tawny, or yellowish 
horn-coloured (more rarely of a pale olivaceous tint), regu- 
larly striated longitudinally and rather obliquely. Whorls 
nearly five, well rounded, rather high, enlarging moderately 
and with tolerable regularity, the penult bulging a little 
beyond the others; spire obtuse. Aperture rather sinu- 
ated, obliquely subpyriform, occupying rather less than one- 
third of the entire length of the shell, slightly expanded 
and margined, somewhat indented externally a little above 
the middle, armed. with six deeply seated and mostly pli- 
ciform teeth, of which two are parietal (lying on the space 
between the outer and pillar lips), two columellar, and 
two palatal (or inside the outer lip). Of these, the upper 
or posterior palatal being very small, and the lower or 
anterior columellar denticle at times being almost imper- 
ceptible, four alone are generally visible to lenses of ordi- 


nary power. Perforation indistinct. 


PUPA. 109 


The animal closely resembles that of the last species. 

Probably a not uncommon shell, but often overlooked. 
It was originally noticed in the southern English counties 
by Mr. Jeffreys who found it near Barnstaple. It occurs 
in the Northumberland, Westmoreland and Yorkshire dis- 
tricts, but rarely, and among wet moss. In Ayrshire, in 
Scotland, and widely distributed in Ireland, though rare 
(W. Thompson). 


P, antivertico, Draparnaud. 


Dextral, minute, smooth ; mouth with from seven to nine teeth 
and denticles. 
Plate CX XX. fig. 7. 


Pupa antivertigo, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 57 ; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 
France, p. 60, pl. 3, f. 32, 33.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. 
Desh.) vol. viii. p. 692. — L. Prxrr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. 
p- 361. 
» vertigo var. «@ and y, Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219. 
»  octodentata, HArTM. do, 
Vertigo septemdentata, FGirus. Prodr om. Moll. p. 64. — Cuarrent. N. Denks. 
Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 18—RossmAsst. Iconog. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. x. p. 28, f. 647. 
»  octodentata, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. 
»  seadentata, C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 71, pl. 3, 
f. 43, 44. —WaGner, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 175, 
pl. 235, f. 4124. 
»  antivertigo, MicHaup, Compl. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72. — GRra¥ Ls, 
Cat. Moll. Esp. p. 7. 
»  pdélustris, Tort. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 104, f. 85.—Gray, 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 204, pl. 7, f. 85. — 
THomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 114.—Brown, Ilust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 39. 
Alea palustris, JEFFREYS, Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 360, 516. 
5 antivertigo, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. 
Stomodonta ,, Mermetr, Moll. Pyren. p. 54. 


Shell minute, ovate-oblong, much shining, dark chestnut 
brown, or tawny chestnut coloured, smooth, tolerably 


strong for its size, subumbilicated, well defined. Whorls 


110 HELICIDA. 


five, rather quickly enlarging; the penult more convex 
than the preceding, and peculiarly large in proportion, 
being almost equal to the length of the aperture, which 
latter occupies nearly one-third of the shell; apex obtuse. 
Mouth somewhat trigonally subcordate, the outer lip being 
indented by an external sinus which runs parallel to the 
spire ; with seven deeply seated distinct teeth, and usually 
two additional denticles, thus distributed: three parietal 
(or the upper part of the inner lip), three columellar, and 
three palatal (or on the outer lip), of which the upper 
palatal, which lies between the indentation and the poste- 
rior corner, and the lower parietal one are scarcely per- 
ceptible ; the lower columellar one, which is exactly in 
the centre of the anterior corner, is likewise smaller than 
the two above it; the palatal teeth are sublamellar. 
~ Peristome slightly expanded, whitish, a little behind which 
is a broad but rather obscure rib. Base of the aperture 
produced and angular. 

Animal blackish-grey ; lower tentacles nearly obsolete. 

This species was communicated to Dr. Leach as British 
by Mr. J. E. Gray, who found it on Wimbledon Common, 
near London, in 1817. It lives in or near marshy places. 
It is local, but has a wide range. South Wales, on the 
water flag in marshy ground near Swansea; at Bristol 
and Bath under ash boughs that have lain long on the 
ground (Jeffreys) ;. Devon (T. Hincks); Northumberland 
(Alder); Ayrshire (W. Thompson) ; in localities, both 


south and north, in Ireland (W. Thompson). 


PUPA. 1h 


P. vusmta, Miller. 
Sinistral, mouth with from six to eight teeth and denticles. 


Plate CX XX. fig. 8. 


Vertigo pusilla, MtLuEr, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 124. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 8361, 516.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 205, pl. 7, f. 86. —-Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
vol. vi. p. 115. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 42, pl. 18, 
f, 41. — Férus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 65. — C. Prem. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, pl.3, f. 45, 46.—Wacner, 
Chem. Conch. vol. xii. p. 177, pl. 235, f. 4126. — Micnaup, 
Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72.— Cuarrrent. N. Denks. 
Schweiz. Gers. Nat. p. 18.— A. MittyEr, in Wiegm. Archiv. 
Nat. 1838, pt. 1, p. 211, pl. 4, fig. 5. —Porro, Malac. p. 68. 
—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 29, 
f. 649.—Sowerrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 293. 
Helix vertigo, GMELIN. Syst. Nat. p. 3664. 
Pupa x5 Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 57; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, 
p. 61, pl. 3, f. 34, 35. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) 
vol. vii. p. 191.—H arr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219 (var. B). 
‘Turbo vertigo, var. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 365.—Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn. 
Soe. vol. viii. p. 183.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 226. 
Vertigo heterostropha, TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 105, f. 86. 
Pupa pusilla, L. Pret. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 364. 


Shell minute, sinistral, of a produced subovate form, 
transparent, glossy, not distinctly striated, at most only 
obscurely striolate, somewhat perforated, of an uniform 
fulvous or pale brownish horn-colour. 

Whorls five, moderately rounded, well defined; the 
last compressed at the base, and delicately scrobiculated 
‘at the aperture. Spire regularly attenuated; apex rather 
obtuse. Aperture contracted, semi-oval, rounded beneath, 
occupying scarcely one-third the length of the shell; 
peristome thin, whitish, only reflected at the columella, 
thickened within, and armed with six or seven deeply 
seated rather solid teeth; of which two (the lower one 
the larger) are parietal, two are palatal, or on the outer 
lip (the lower again the larger), and the remainder, of 


112 HELICID A. 


which that near the middle of the pillar is the more con- 
spicuous, are either columellar or basal. An eighth den- 
ticle is stated to occasionally exist upon the pillar lip. 

Animal dark grey above, pale at the sides and foot ; its 
lower tentacles almost obsolete. 

It lives among damp moss in wooded places, and is 
a local species, though not uncommon in the southern and 
eastern English counties. South Wales (Jeffreys). Mr. 
Alder records it from Northumberland, and Mr. Gough 
finds it usually upon slate in Westmoreland. Mr. W. 
Thompson notes it as very rare in Ireland, having been 
found only near Belfast by Mr. Hyndman and _ himself, 
and at Miltown Malbay in Clare by Professor Harvey. 


P. Venerzu, Charpentier. 


Sinistral, mouth with less than six teeth or denticles. 
Plate CX XX. fig. 9. 


Turbo vertigo, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 363, pl. 12, f 6 (not var. p. 365) copied, 
Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. vili. p. 183 (mot var.) 
Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 226 (not var.) and Ditiw. Recent 
Shells, vol. ii. p. 880. 
Vertigo angustior, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p- 361. — ALpzER, Mag. 
Z. and B, vol. ii. p. 112.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 205.—Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 42, pl. 14, f. 9. 
Venetzii, CHARPENT. Denks. N. Schweiz. Gesel. p. 18, pl. 2, f. 11. — 
RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 30, 
pl. 49, f. 650. 
hamata, Hevp. in Isis, 1837, p. 304, probably. 
»  plicata, A. MiLiEer, Wiegm. Archiv. Nat. 1838, pt. 1, p. 210, pl. 4, f.6. 
Pupa Venetzii, L. Preie. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 364. 


bb) 


” 


Shell very minute (not being a single line in length), 
thin, not much shining, reddish fulvous, or pale umber- 
coloured, closely but not coarsely striate lengthways. 
Shape oval, swollen below the middle, abruptly and con- 
siderably contracted at the base, tapering above, with 


PUPA. 113 


convex lateral outlines, to a very blunt apex. Whorls 
about five in number, rather short, moderately convex, 
the penult rather large in proportion to the very short 
body, which latter barely exceeds it in length, and almost 
immediately slopes downwards with an abrupt but not 
planulate declination. Suture oblique, simple, well-pro- 
nounced. Mouth whitish, very small, filling about a 
third of the ventral length, bluntly triangular (the angles 
being rounded off ), appearing somewhat heart-shaped from 
the abrupt stricture which occurs on its outer lip at about 
two-fifths of the distance from its upper end, and divides 
the lip, as it were, into a smaller and larger loop. At this 
contraction, which produces upon the body externally, 
a broad and conspicuous spiral indentation, and internally 
a similar rib-like callus, there springs forth a sharp, 
curved tooth with an upward inclination, which forms 
nearly a circle with the first of the two laterally com- 
pressed and nearly equal sized parietal teeth or lamine, with 
which the almost horizontal top of the aperture is armed. 
Pillar projecting into the aperture so greatly as to contract it, 
and presenting the appearance of a single broad and seem- 
ingly unarmed plate. Outer lip narrowly reflected, not 
at all prominent above, but slanting towards the axis almost 
from its commencement. Umbilical crevice indistinct. 

The name angustior has priority, but the species was 
not defined under that appellation with sufficient clearness 
to ensure identification. 

A rare shell. Near Swansea (Jeffreys); Cork (Hum- 
phreys fide Jeffreys) ; Miltown Malbay in Clare (Harvey 
Jide Thompson). 


Note.—The P. cinerea of Draparnaud, a native of Southern Europe, cited as 
British by Gray, in the Medical Repository for 1821 (vol. xv. p. 239), was 
introduced in error, having been intermixed by Dr. Leach with some shells col- 
lected at Battersea. (Gray, Manual, p. 13.) 


VOL. IV. Q 


114 HELICIDA. 


BALEA, PripEAux. 


Shell spiral, produced, many-whorled, elongated, resem- 
bling a Clausilia, but having no clausium; mouth ovate 
or sub-pyriform, plicated, usually with one imperfect 
fold ; its margins unequal ; columella simple or plicated. 

Animal closely resembling that of Bulimus. 

The species of this genus are intermediate in aspect 
between Pupea and Clausilia. From the former they 
differ in the unequal margins of the mouth. They are few 
in number, and very dissimilar in aspect. 


B. rraeiuis, Draparnaud. 


Plate CX XVIII. fig. 8, 9. 


Turbo perversus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. — Prnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4. 
vol. iv. p. 120, pl. 82, f. 116. — Monv. Test. Brit. p. 355, 
pl. 11, f. 12; Suppl. p. 131.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. 
Soe. vol. viii. p. 181, pl. 5, f. 2.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 51, 
pl. 19, f. 11.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 226. 

Bulimus  ,, Portrer, Prodr. p. 57. 

Pupa fragilis, DRAp. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 68, pl..4, f. 4. —C. Prxrr. 

Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 56, pl. 3, f. 16. — 
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 178. — Nits. 
Moll. Suecize Ter. et Fluv. p. 48. — Desu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, 
vol. ii. p. 406.—Morevet, Moll. Portugal, p. 74. 

Clausilia parvula, GART. Conch. Wett. p. 22. 

» fragilis, Stup. Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 20. — Jzerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 351. — Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 215. 
—Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 7, pl. 1.—C. Preir. 
Deutsch. L. and S. Moll. pt. 3, p. 62. 
Odostomia perversa, FLEMING, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 76. 
Balea fragilis, Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. i. p. 61.— SowErBy, Conch. Manual, 
f. 296. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, 
p. 24, f. 636. 
»  perversa, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 271.—Macai iy. p. 104.—PuHuiierr, 
Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 220. — L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. 
p. 387. 
» Jragilis, ALDER, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii—Turr. Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 87, f. 70.—Brown, II]. Conch. G. B. p. 37. 


BALEA. 115 


Clausilia perversa, CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. 1837, p. 17. 

Fusulus fragilis, Firzinc. Vers. Ostreich Weichth. p. 105. 

Balea perversa, GRAy, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 207, pl. 6, f. 70. — 
Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 115. 

Clausilia uniplicata, CALCARA, Effem. Sc. et Let. Sicil. p. 82. 

Stomodonta fragilis, MErM. Moll. Pyren. p. 48. 


Shell small, sinistral, very thin, fusiform-turreted, of 
a semi-transparent olivaceous or yellowish horn-colour, 
with a satin-like lustre, slightly roughened by delicate 
somewhat irregular, and partially obsolete longitudinal 
raised wrinkles. Whorls from six to nine, moderately 
convex, strongly defined; the last rounded at the base ; 
spire turreted ; apex rather acute for the genus. Aperture 
from angulated pyriform to rounded pear-shaped; outer 
lip a little areuated. Peristome thin, simple, slightly 
reflected upon the columella, where it is white, and forms 
an incipient subumbilicus; margins united in the aged 
shell by a thin callus, from whence issues a small parietal 
lamella ; no other folds ; left lip sinuous above. 

A third of an inch is about the ordinary length of 
specimens, although some are occasionally obtained five 
lines long. 

The animal of this shell reminds us more of the aspect of 
a Bulimus (especially of B. acutus) than of a Pupa or 
Clausilia. It is dusky grey above, striped with a mottled 
dark band on each side of the neck ; these bands become 
very dark on the rather stout and long clavate upper 
tentacula, and send branches down to the very short lower 
tentacula. The foot, sides and tail are very pale grey. 
When crawling it carries the shell in a line straight away 
behind it. 

This shell is widely, if not quite generally distributed 
throughout the British Isles. It delights more especially 


in living upon trees, and may be found in numbers often 


116 HELICIDA. 


lodged under the loose bark. It occurs also in walls and 
under stones. 


CLAUSILIA, Draparnaup. 


Shell spiral, produced, elongato-fusiform, almost always 
sinistrorsal. Aperture elliptic or pear-shaped, always 
toothed, and closed in its throat by a testaceous elastic 
folded lamellar valve or clausium. 

Animal short and usually broad, obtuse behind, with 
stout clavate upper tentacula, and very small lower ones. 

The shells of this genus are equally remarkable for the 
peculiarities of their shape, and for the curious opercular 
valve, or rather independent process of the shell closing the 
throat of their apertures. The majority of species are 
centralized in south-eastern Europe. 


C. vaminata, Montagu. 
Large, smooth, or nearly so. 


Plate CX XVIII. fig. 10. 


Helix bidens, MLLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 116.—Srurm, Fauna Deutsch. 
sect. vi. pt. 2, pl. 9. 

Turbo ,, CHEMN. (not of Lin.) Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 1, p. 119, pl. 112, 
f, 960, no. 1. — PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. pl. 81 (no 
numeral).—GMeELIn, Syst. Nat. p. 3609. 

Bulimus ,,  BruGurers, Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 352.—Porrer, Prodr. 

Cog. T. et Fl. Aisne, p. 57. 

Turbo perversus, PULTENEY, Hutchins, Dorset. p. 46, in part. 

,. laminatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 359, pl. 11, f. 4. —Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 179. — Dorset Catalog. p. 51, 
pl. 19, f. 9.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 224, f. 70.—Diniw. 
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 874. 

Pupa bidens, Drar. Tableau Moll. France, p. 61. 

Clausilia bidens, DRAP. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 68, pl. 4, f. 3 to 7.— 

Friemine, Brit. Anim. p. 27].— Gray, Manual L. and F. 
W. Shells, p. 212, pl. 5, f. 53. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. 
B. p. 37, pl. 14, f. 12, and pl. 18*, f. 24, 25.—Lam. Anim. 


CLAUSILIA. LAF 


s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 252. — C. Przir. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 60, pl. 3, f. 25.—Harrm. 
Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 217. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land 
und Siissw. Moll. vol. i. p. 76, f. 29; pt. 7, p. 16, f. 461 to 
465, 467.— CuarPeEnt. N,. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. 
p. 17.—Roru, Moll. Orient. p. 20.—Puivirri1, Moll. Sicil. 
vol. ii. p. 118. 
Helix derugata, Firzus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 529 (Cochlodina). 
Clausilia derugata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 354. 
~ laminata, Turv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 70, f. 53.—Dupuy, 
Moll. du Gers, p. 35. — J. Prerr. Monog. Helic. yol. ii. 
p. 397. 
es lucida, MENKS, Synopsis Moll. ed. 2, p. 129. 
»  wngulata, Brcx, in Pfeif. Symbole, p. 61. 


Shell fusiform, highly glossy, rather pellucid, of a rufous 
or brownish horn-colour, rarely of a transparent greenish 
white, nearly smooth, but a little striated at the base of 
the last whorl. Whorls ten to twelve, depressed convex ; 
spire turreted, apex rather obtuse. Suture distinct, not 
crenated. Aperture ranging from oval-pyriform to roundish 
oval; peristome whitish, continuous, margined, and a little 
expanded, but not reflected, subangulated above, rounded 
below ; parietal or upper plait small and straightish, lower 
fold strong, prominent, and much curved, no lunella; 
four deep-seated palatal folds, of which the upper is by 
far the longer, and the next very short; a very slight 
umbilical crevice. 

Fine specimens measure three quarters of an inch in 
length, and two lines in breadth. 

Animal of a general brownish yellow hue, dusky on 
neck and head, with dark lines leading to the stout upper 
tentacles. Sides mottled with tawny ; foot slenderer than 
usual in this genus, but obtuse and expanded behind. 

This handsome land-shell delights in living among the 
dead leaves of beech wood, and crawls up the trunk of the 


beech, a tree which, as remarked to us by Mr. Webster, 


118 HELICIDA. 


is a favourite resort of numerous mollusks such as Limax 
arborum, Helix lapicida, and other species, Balea and 
Clausilia; these do not seem tempted merely by the 
smoothness of the beech, for they reject the sycamore and 
ash growing in the same woods. Clausilia laminata is in 
the main a south British form, though found in various 
districts of both South and North of England, extending 
from the Channel counties to Northumberland. In Ireland 
it is rare and local, as at Cavan (T. W. Warren), and 
Florence Court, in Enniskillen (W. Thompson). 


C. srericata, Montagu. 


Greyish brown, ventricose, often with whitish streaks ; the 
raised striz neither crowded nor granular : mouth with only two 
plaits. 

Plate CX XIX. fig. 4. 
Helix perversa, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluv. p. 118 ? 
Turbo biplicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 361, pl. 11, f. 5. — Marton and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 179.—Turr. Conch. Diction. 


p- 224.—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 874. 
Clausilia plicata, Girt. Wetteran Conch. p. 22. 


a » var. b, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 217. 
» perversa, C. Perrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, pl. 3, 
f, 28, 


»  ventricosa, C. Prxir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, pl. 3, 
f. 29. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 354.— 
Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. pt. 2, p. 251. 
»  biplicata, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 61, pl. 3, 
f. 27.—FLEeminG, Brit. Animals, p. 271.—Turr. Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 72, f. 55.—Gray, Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 214, pl. 5, f. 55. — Brown, Ill, Conch. 
G. B. p. 88.—Forst. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. p. 277, 
pl. 58, f. 8—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii..p. 469. 
Odostomia 4, Fuemine, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. 
Clausilia similis, Montagui, Gray, Annals Philos. 1825, p. 413 (name only). 
5 55 CHARPENT. in Rossm. Iconog. pt. 1, p. 77, f. 30; pt. 7, p. 17, 
f. 168; pt. 11, p. 7, f. 705, 706. — Cuarpent. Cat. Moll. 
Suisse, p. 17.—Rorn, Moll. It. Orient. p. 20.—RossmAss-. 
Iconog. pt. 7, p. 17, f. 469. 
vivipara, HELD. in Isis, 1837, p. 319. 


CLAUSILIA. 119 


Clausilia cordata, Forsr. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 269, pl. 58, f. 1. 

= vulnerata, Forst. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 270, pl. 58, 
foros 

- infuleformis, Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 272, pl. 58, 
f. 3. 

= radicans, Forsr. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 273, pl. 58, 
f, 4. 

= rostrata, Forsr. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 274, pl. 58, 
rp vie 

¥ quadrata, Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. (1841) p. 275, pl. 58, 
f. 6. 


Shell fusiform, not very strong, a little transparent, 
greyish-brown, occasionally streaked with linear whitish 
or cinereous longitudinal markings, with distinct and 
numerous well-raised fine costelle, which become rather 
distant near the mouth, and are neither crowded nor at all 
granulated. Whorls about twelve, rather flat, but well 
defined by a profound suture; the last whorl with the 
basal crest, or external fold, prominent; spire rather 
quickly attenuated, apex moderately blunt. Aperture 
subpyriform-oval, or oboval, canaliculated at the base ; 
peristome continuous, whitish, raised all round, expanded, 
slightiy produced, sublabiated, the outer lip not simply 
arcuated, but subangulated below. Upper lamella very 
distinct, submarginal, nearly adjacent to the outer lip; 
lower lamella more deeply seated, approaching the pre- 
ceding as it recedes inwards, not lying low down in the 
aperture. Lunella, or inner basal lamina thin, but distinct 
when the shell is held up to the light, as likewise are the 
two inwardly converging thread-like palatal folds, of which 
the second, which lies about the middle of the outer lip, 
is the shorter and stronger. Occasionally two additional 
minute, short laminar denticles intervene between the folds 
upon the pillar lip. 

Usually two-thirds of an inch long, but occasionally 
three-quarters, 


126 HELICIDA. 


Animal dark-grey. 

This is a southern species. It occurs around London, 
and was stated by Miller to exist in the neighbourhood of 
Bristol. 


C. puicatuta, Draparnaud. 


Plate CXXIX. fig. 3. 


Clausilia plicatula, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 72, pl. 4, f. 17, 18. — 
Friemine, Brit. Anim. p. 272.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 8353.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. 
Moll, pt. 1, p. 64, pl. 3, f. 31.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. 
Desh.) vol. viii. p. 201.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 79, f. 32; pt. 7, p. 18, f. 471 to 475. 
—Forst. Nov. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. pt. 2, p. 276, pl. 58, 
f. 7.—L. Pprir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 481. 
Furbo conversus, ALTEN, Erd und Fliissconch. Augsburg, p. 18, pl. 2, f. 3. 
Clausilia corrugata ? GArtn. Conch, Wetteran, p. 21. 
Iphigenia Rolphii, GRAY, Medical Repository, 182] (no description.) 
Rolphii, Gray, Annals Philos. 1825, p, 413 (no description). — Turr. 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 71 (ed. Gray), p. 215,f. 54. 
—Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 38, pl. 18, f. 31. 
Stomodonta plicatula, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 47. 


” 


” 


Shell subcylindraceous fusiform, neither slender nor much 
elongated (often, indeed, abbreviated), nor transparent, 
moderately strong, subrimate, umber, or of a reddish 
chocolate brown, not variegated ; costellar strize close (yet 
slightly wider than their intervals, which are not appa- 
rently striated across), fine, only slightly raised. _Whorls 
ten to thirteen, not particularly convex; spire regularly 
tapering; apex not peculiarly blunt. Mouth rounded, 
pear-shaped ; peristome continuous, slightly raised (the 
edge not appressed above), dilated, and somewhat reflected 
throughout. Parietal, or upper lamella prominent, reach- 
ing the edge; pillar fold, or lower lamella, projecting, yet 
not advancing to the margin; space between the principal 
folds set with two or three smaller marginal ones; lunella 


CLAUSILIA. TOE 


and subcolumellar fold, for the most part, tolerably evi- 
dent ; a single posterior (subsutural) palatal ridge. Ordi- 
nary size three-fifths by a full eighth of an inch; but 
sometimes larger. 

The animal is very short, thick, and broad, rugosely 
granulated, of a dead dusky blackish grey, the dark colour 
broken up into lines and squarish spots as it approaches 
the paler margin of the foot. Sole of the foot greyish- 
white, tail broad, linguiform. Upper tentacles stout and 
clavate, black ; lower ones extremely short, paler. When 
at rest and protruded, it carries its upper tentacles nearly 
erect. This description is drawn up from some living 
examples communicated by our talented friend Mr. W. 
Thomson, of King’s College. 

This rare species was first discovered in Britain by Mr. 
Rolph, who found it in Charlton Wood, Kent. It occurs 
in other Kentish localities. Hastings, Sussex (Gray) ; 
Hampshire; Dovedale in the Marsh, Gloucestershire 


(Beevor, Jeffreys). 


C. niagricans, Maton and Rackett. 


Slender, chocolate brown: the raised strie crowded, fine, sub- 
granular ; mouth small, with three plaits. 


Plate CX XIX. fig. 1, 2. 


Strombiformis perversa, young, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 187.* 
Turbo perversus, PULTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46, in part.— Donov. 
Brit. Shells, vol. ii. p. 72. 
»» bidens, (not Linn.) Monv. Test. Brit. p. 357, pl. 11, f. 7. 


* The shell which Da Costa describes as the adult state of this species appears 
distinct, and if indigenous, was probably one of our larger corrugated species. He 
states that it differs from the young in being double or treble the size, with coarser 
strie, and proportionably stronger in its several parts: he further states, that most 
have eleven or twelve turns, and some are bidentated, and that the much reflected 


VOL. IV. R 


122 HELICIDA. 


Clausilia dubia, (A VARIETY) Drapv. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 70, pl. 4, 
f. 10 2—Auper, Trans. Northumb. yol. ii. p. 339. 
—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 216, 
pl. 12, f. 1483. — Desu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 
vol. viii. p. 209? 
Turbo nigricans, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. viii. p. 180,—Monr. 
Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 181.—Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 51, pl. 19, 
f, 10.—Turvr. Conch. Diction. p. 225.—Dittw. Recent Shells, 
vol. ii. p. 375. 
Odostomia nigricans, FLEMING, Ed. Encyel. vol. yii. pt. 1, p. 76. 
Clausilia roscida, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 20. 
cruciala, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 20.— CuHarrent. Moll. 
Suisse, p. 17, pl. 2, f. 9? 
plicatula, var. b2 and d, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 216. 
Everettii, Minter, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822) p. 377 (teste 
Jeffreys, Gray, &c.). 
perversa, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 271. 
nigricans, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 351, -— THompson, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 116.— Gray, Manual L. and 
F, W. Shells, p. 217, pl. 5, f. 58. — L. Preir. Monog. 
Helic. vol. ii. p. 476. 
parvula (A vaRIETY), Turt. Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 566; Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 75, f. 59.—Jurrreys, 
Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 352, 513. 
crasula, Poriez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 180, pl. 18, 
£9 U0ie 
rugosa, C. Prrtr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, pl. 3, 
f. 30.—Tourr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 74, f. 58.— 
AxpER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 111.—Brown, Ilust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 38. —Forst. Noy. Act. Leopol. vol. xix. 
p: 279, pl. 58; £1.92 
obtusa, C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, 
f, 33, 34. 


” 


Shell cylindraceous-fusiform, usually slender, strong, 
nearly opaque, with a satin-like lustre, chocolate brown, 
with, for the most part, short irregular whitish, or ash- 
coloured streaks or spots; whorls, from seven to eleven 
(usually ten), in number, flattish, or only moderately 
outer lip is flat, thick, milk-white, and very broad. From this last character it 
has been conjectured that it was identical with the Turbo labiatus of Montagu, but 
the figures given by the two writers are dissimilar ; perhaps, however, Da Costa’s 
(Brit. Conch. pl. 5, f.15, copied as pl. 21, f. 15, in the Dorset Catalogue), although 


from its rudeness it is impossible to pronounce with certainty upon it, was drawn 
from our nigricans, and enlarged to the size of the supposed adult. 


CLAUSILIA. 123 


convex, crowded with fine longitudinal raised strize, which 
assume a somewhat granulated appearance under the lens, 
from being closely decussated by almost obsolete spiral 
lines ; last whorl much contracted near its base, and some- 
what scrobiculated by the hollows on either side of the 
rather prominent basal fold ; spire perceptibly attenuated ; 
apex but little obtuse. Aperture small, pyriform, rather 
elongated than otherwise, occasionally subcanaliculated at 
the base ; peristome of a whitish or pale brownish hue, 
rather strong, elevated, continuous, not broadly reflected. 
Upper lamina of the pillar-lip, acute, prominent, and near 
the outer lip; lower lamina more deeply seated, bifur- 
cated ; an occasional intermediate minute fold. <A distinct 
lunella or basal fold, a sunken subcolumellar one, a narrow 
superior palatal one, and sometimes a second running trans- 
versely from the palatal callus. Scareely half an inch 
long. 

Variety dubia (f. 2). Larger, more ventricose anteriorly, 
brownish ; the lunella and subcolumellar fold more or less 
obsolete. 

The animal is rather elongated for its genus, the foot 
being narrower than in allied forms. It is dark grey, rather 
mottled and rugose above, paler about the foot and tail. 
The upper tentacles are stout and clavate, the lower ones 
very short. 

This is a universally diffused British and Irish shell, 
living under stones, on walls, and occasionally in crevices 
of trees. On chalk downs the smaller variety is common. 
The large form, dubia, is well known in the north-east of 
England. Like many other widely distributed land-shells, 
it is subject to great variation, and has been split up by 


Continental authors into several spurious species. 


124 HELICID. 
SPURIOUS.* 


C. siwens, Linneus. 


Turbo bidens, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. Pun. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, 
p- 46, from type—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol, viii. 
p. 178, pl. 5, f. 3.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 224. 
Clausilia papillaris, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 71, pl. 4, f. 13. 
>  bidens, TuRT. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 73, f. 56. 


A common species in the South of Europe. Pulteney, whose 
specimen was figured in the “ Linnean Transactions,” mentions i 
as a Dorset species, but this locality has never been trusted to. 

For the foreign synonymy see “ Monographia Heliceorum,” vol. 
ti. p. 453 (Cl. bidens). 


C. vasiata, Montagu. 


Turbo labiatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 362, pl. 11, f6.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. viii. p. 180.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. 
p- 51. — Turr. Conch, Diction., p. 225.— Dittw. Recent 
Shells, vol. ii. p. 875. 
Odostomia labiata, FLEMING, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. 
Clausilia Pa FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 272.— Jerrreys, Trans. Lin. 
Soc. vol. xyi. p. 323, 513.— Tur. Manual Land and F. 
W. Shells, p. 74, f. 57. 


Shell fusiform, not slender, nor cylindrical, but much attenu- 
ated above, and a little swollen at the penult and antepenult 
volutions ; more or less strong, not variegated, ash-coloured, with 
extremely fine and numerous raised longitudinal threads that are 
narrower than their intervals. Whorls nine, flattish, rather 
broad; the apical coils rounded and smooth. Mouth large, 
broadly and somewhat squarely oval, the cavity itself obliquely 
subpyriform: the peritreme free, white, strong, and broadly 
reflected all round. 


* The drawing of C. solida, in Kenyon’s paper on British Shells (Mag. Nat. 
Hist. vol. i. p. 426, f. 183, m), is merely illustrative, and not avowedly taken 
from a British specimen. Similarly, the rude representation (fig. 183, /) of what 
is termed the C. ventricosu of Draparnaud, is merely given from Mr. Kenyon’s 
belief that it is identical with our biplicata. 


ZUA. LS 


Lamellz close, acute, approaching each other internally, the 
oblique one deep-seated, high up : two posterior palatal threads ; 
a thick subcolumellar fold. Length two-thirds of an inch, 
breadth a line and two-thirds. 

An exotic (? from Malta or the Grecian Archipelago) species, 
introduced by Montagu, on the authority of a Mr. Swainson, who 
supposed rt identical with some shells he had seen taken from Hyde 
Park and Battersea Fields. Our description is taken from Turton’s 
exanrple. 


ZUA. LeEacu. 


Shell spiral, cylindrical, elongate-ovate, smooth, and 
shining with a vitreous lustre, derived from the polished 
epidermis. Mouth ovate, peristome entire, simple, thick- 
ened, but not reflected. Columella imperforate. 

Animal closely resembling that of /ediv, and having a 
similar dentition; the central denticle of each series is very 
minute. 

The brilliant little shells composing this group, have a 
peculiarity of habit which entitles them to be kept 
generically apart from Bulimus as much as Pupa or 
Balea. Comparatively few species have, as yet, been met 
with. They represent (in conjunction with the next 


genus) the Pupine among the Cyclostomide. 


Z. ctusrica, Miller. 


Plate CX XV. fig. 8, and (animal), Plate G.G.G. fig. 5. 


Helix lubrica, MLLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 104.— Monz. Test. Brit. p. 390, 
pl. 22, f. 6.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. vili. 
p- 213, pl. 5, f. 12.—Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 21, f. 18.—Turr. 
Conch. Diction. p. 64.—F&rus. Prodr. 374 (Cochlicopa). 
»» subcylindrica, CuEMN. Conch. Cab, vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 167, pl. 135, f. 1235,— 
Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 952. 
» splendidula, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3655. 
Turbo muscorum, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. pl. 82, f. 118? 
Bulimus lubricus, Bruc. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 311. — FLEMING, Brit. 
Anim. p. 265.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 82, 


126 HELICIDA. 


f. 65.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 110. — 
Maceiuv. Moll. Aberd. p. 97. — Brown, Illust. Conch. 
G. B. p. 36.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 75, pl. 4, 
f. 24.—Lam. Anim. S. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 237.— 
Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 4, pl. 14.—C. Preir. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 17, p. 50, pl. 3, f. 7.— 
Krynickt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. vi. p. 14.—GouLp, 
Invert. Massach. p. 193, f. 124.—Morexer, Moll. Portugal, 


p- 73. 
Bulinus lubricus, HAarrM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222.— Sowxrpy, Conch. Manual, 
f, 285. 
Cochlicopa lubrica, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 80. 
Cionella » JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 347, 513. 
Achatina » MeEnk®&, Synopsis Moll. ed. 2, p. 29.— AutpER, Mag. Zool. 


and Bot. vol. ii. p. 210.—MicHaup, Comp. Moll. Ter. et 
Fluy. France, p. 51.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. vol. i. p. 88, f. 48.—Brumarti, Monfalcone, p. 30.— 
Puuiprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 115. 

Columna » JAN, Catal. p. 5. 

Styloides lubricus, Firzinc. Syst. Verz. p. 105. 

Zua lubrica, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 188, pl. 6, f. 65. 


Shell elongated oblong, the lower portion (extremity 
excepted) subcylindrical, the upper portion rather slowly 
tapering to a very blunt and depressed apex ; rather thin, 
smooth, highly polished, transparent, wholly of a brownish 
umber, or of a smoky horn-colour (more rarely greenish 
white). Whorls six, regularly convex, or even a little 
rounded, of not very rapid increase, divided by a fine 
yet distinct and moderately slanting suture ; penult turn 
rarely twice as broad as high, quite as broad, and rather 
large in proportion to the body, which fills about three- 
sevenths only of the dorsal length, is narrow, not at all 
ventricose, has a gradual convex basal declination, and 
tapers early to a bluntly rounded extremity. Mouth 
small, only filling about a fifth of the ventral area, and 
scarcely a third of the total length; of a somewhat 
lanceolate-oval form, being acutely angulated above, de- 
void of sculpture. Outer lip regularly areuated, but little 


AZECA. 137 


prominent, especially anteriorly, not expanded nor reflected, 
but thickened within by a narrow callus, usually reddish 
or claret colour. Pillar lip narrow, a little strengthened, 
short, very slightly twisted, most indistinctly subtruncated 
below. No umbilical chmk. Length, a quarter of an 
inch ; breadth, rather more than a line. 

The animal is thick and short, of a general lead-blue 
hue, darker on the neck and tentacula. The upper ten- 
tacles are. stout and clavate, the lower ones very short. 
The foot is acute and short posteriorly, not reaching 
beyond the bound of the second whorl. 

A very common and pretty little shell, plentiful under 
stones, and among fallen leaves, in both moist and dry 
places, in all parts of the British Isles. It ascends to a 
considerable elevation among mountains. It has a very 
wide range throughout Europe. 

Note—The Buccinum obtusulum of authors (Monv. Test. Brit. p. 250; Maron 
and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. p. 140; Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 18; Fremine, 
Brit. Anim. p. 344; Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 4, pl. 4, f. 18) is derived solely 


from a wretched drawing (f. 59) in Walker’s “ Testacea Minuta,” which may 
possibly be intended for the fry of this species. 


AZECA. LeEacu. 


Shell spiral, cylindrical, elongate-ovate, smooth, and 
shining with a vitreous lustre, derived from the polished 
epidermis. Mouth ovate, peristome entire, toothed, 
thickened but not reflected. Columella imperforate. 

Animal like that of Zua. 

This genus is so nearly allied to the last, that it might 
with convenience be regarded as a subdivision of it. 
Practically, its characters are easily recognized. The 
denticulated (and as if ringent aperture) of the shell con- 


spicuously distinguishes it. 


128 HELICIDA. 


A. rrivens, Pulteney. 


Plate CX XV. fig. 9. 


Turbo tridens, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.— Monrv. Test. Brit. 
p- 338, pl. 11, f. 2; Suppl. p. 125.—Maron and Rack. Trans, 
Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 181.—Dorset Catalog. p. 51, pl. 19, f. 12. 
— Laskey, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. i. p. 406, pl. 8, f. 11.— 
Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 219. 

Helix Goodallii, Finus. Prodrom. 492, ter. (Cochlodonta). 

Carychium Menkeanum, C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 70, 

pl. 3, f. 42. 

Pupa Menkeana, C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 62, pl. 7,f.7,8. 

Azeca tridens, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 269.—ALpErR, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
Northumb. vol. i. p. 32.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p. 189, pl. 5, f. 52.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 42, pl. 14, 
f. 2.—Sowerrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 290. 

Pupa Britannica, Kenyon, Mag. Nat. vol. i. p. 426, f. 162, n. 

Carychium politum, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 365. 

Azeca Matoni, Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 68, f. 52.— Vina, 

Syst. Disp. p. 20. 
Cionella Goodallii, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 517. 
Pupa 5 Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 68, pl. 15, f. 39, 40. 
—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 193. 
Azeca Goodallii, ALDER, Mag. Zoo]. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 110. 
Achatina 4, RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 33, f. 654. 
=. tridens, L. PrEir. Zeitschrift Malacozool. 1846, p. 152; Monog. Helic. 
vol. ii. p. 277. 


Shell of a narrow chrysalis shape, being elongated- 
oblong, subcylindrical in the middle, and tapering at the 
blunted extremities, suddenly so below, gradually so 
above ; tolerably firm, but more or less translucent, highly 
polished, fulvous or reddish tawny horn-colour (rarely of 
a greenish white), smooth, excepting a few longitudinal 
wrinkles towards the not-strongly defined simple suture. 
Whorls seven or eight, merely but equably convex ; the 
earlier ones very short and of a slow longitudinal increase ; 
the penult longer; the body short (not much more than half 
as long as the spire), not at all ventricose, but attenuating 
immediately with a gradual but decidedly convex declin- 


AZECA. 129 


ation to a rounded extremity. Mouth remarkably small, 
usually filling only an eighth of the ventral surface, not at 
all projecting, but leaning rather to the left, obliquely sub- 
trigonal pear-shaped. Peristome rendered entire by a 
pale callous rim (that is raised at its edge, excepting at 
the slightly sinuated upper end of the outer lip), armed 
internally with a moderate-sized tooth in the middle of 
the outer lip, a solid blunt one at the anterior end of 
the pillar, and a projecting lamella or laterally pinched 
tooth on the parietal portion of the inner lip (just above 
and sloping towards the opposite labral one); two den- 
ticles are also for the most part present, one immediately 
over the lamella, the other half way between it and the 
columellar tooth. No umbilical crevice. Length, a 
quarter of an inch; breadth, a little more than a third 
of the length. In a variety there is a strong additional 
tooth in the throat beneath the labral one, and one or 
two more palatal teeth are sometimes visible. 

The animal is very dark in colour, nearly black above, 
and resembles closely that of Zua lubrica. 

This pretty shell, though scarce and local, is, neverthe- 
less, widely distributed in England, ranging from the 
southern counties to Northumberland, and occurring, for 
the most part, in wooded districts, where it is found 
among moss. It lives in company with the preceding 
species, but is found much more sparingly. Where it 
occurs, it is quite as plentiful in the north as in the south, 
but appears to be rare in the south-west. It is probably 
most abundant in the northern English counties, whence 
it may extend into the southernmost Scotch counties, but 
soon reaches its limits. It does not occur in the Isle of 
Man nor in Ireland. 

It is widely distributed on the Continent. 


VOL. IV. s 


130 HELICIDA. 


ACHATINA. Lamarck. 


Shell spiral, ovate or elongated, turreted, invested with 
an epidermis, which is frequently (in exotic species) co- 
loured, but not polished and shining. Mouth ovate or 
elongated, canaliculated below in consequence of the trun- 
cation of the pillar-lip ; peristome simple, never reflected. 

Animal closely resembling that of the Bulimus. 

Some of the largest of known land-shells belong to this 
extensive, though somewhat artificially composed, genus. 
They are mostly tropical, and often as remarkable for 
beauty of colouring as for size. In Britain we possess only 
a single, and that diminutive representative. 


A. acitcuta, Miller. 


Plate CX XVIII. fig. 4. 


Buccinum acicula, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 150. — Ditiw. Recent Shells, 
vol. ii. p. 652. 
Bulimus »  BruGurereE, Encycl. Méth. vol.i. p.311.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et 
Fluy. France, p. 75, pl. 4, f. 25, 26.— C. Preir. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. p. 51, pl. 3, f. 8, 9.— CuarpEnr. 
N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. yol. i. p. 13 (Polyphemus). 
Helix octona, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3653. 
Buccinum terrestre, Mon’. Test. Brit. p. 248, pl. 8, f. 3. — Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe, vol, viii. p. 189.—Turr. Conch. Diction. 
p. 18. 
Helix acicula, SrupER in Coxe, Travels (Hartm.).— Férus. Prodrom. 371 
(Cochlicopa). 
Achatina ,, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 304. — FLeminc, 
Brit. Animals, p. 267. —'Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 89, f. 71.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 191, 
pl. 6, f. 77.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, pl. 18, f. 12. 
Puiippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 142, pl. 8, f. 25; vol. ii. p. 115. 
—CANTRAINE, Malac. Med. p. 138. — RossmAsst. Iconog. 
Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 35, f. 658. — L. Preir. 
Monog. Helic. yol. ii. p. 274. 
Bulinus ,, Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222. 


ACHATINA. [32 


Acicula eburnea, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iy. p. 81. 

Cionella acicula, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xvi. p. 348. 

Columna ,, JAN, Catal. p. 4. 

Styloidis ,,  Frrzincer, Syst. Vers, p. 105. 

Acicula »  Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 79. 

Polyphemus,, Vitwa, Disp. Syst. p. 20.—GRaAxLzS, Cat. Moluscos Ter. p. 7. 
Cecilioides ,, Bucx, Amtl. Ber. Vers in Kiel (1846), p. 122. 


Shell small, slender, turreted-cylindraceous, being a 
little attenuated below, and gradually tapering above to a 
very blunt and rounded apex; uniform white, perfectly 
smooth and shining, very fragile. Whorls six, merely 
convex, often indeed but slightly so, bemg more or less 
flattened in the middle, of rather irregular increase, the 
apical coil being somewhat bulbiform, and the penult 
volution abruptly elongated. Body filling two-fifths of 
the dorsal length ; its basal declination rounded, but not 
sudden. Suture simple, profound, moderately slanting, 
often appearing marginated, from the transparency of the 
shell. Mouth lanceolate, devoid of sculpture, not filling 
two-fifths of the ventral length. Outer lip simple, acute, 
not prominent, arcuated below, barely convex above. 
Pillar curved, narrowly truncated at the extremity; the 
lip appressly reflected: no vestige of an umbilicus. Length 
a fifth of an inch, nearly quadruple its breadth. 

The animal is white; its foot is acute behind. The 
upper tentacula are said to be deprived of eyes. 

This pretty but minute mollusk lives at the roots of 
grass, and apparently prefers moist places, though the 
dead shells are found in many localities rather plenti- 
fully ; living specimens are comparatively rarely to be met 
with. In many places, where it is plentiful, it must be 
regarded as subfossil, and like Suwecinea oblonga appears 
to have abounded in Britain, towards and after the close 
of the tertiary epoch. It is distributed at present, though 


132 HELICIDA. 


sparingly, throughout England, and ceases probably in the 
south of Scotland. It is not found in the Isle of Man. 
In Ireland it is found in the neighbourhood of Dublin 
(Mr. Hopkins), and other localities, but is scarce. It is 
widely diffused on the Continent. 


SUCCINEA. Draparnaup. 


Shell spiral, ovate, oblong, or rounded, thin and trans- 
lucent ; body whorl very large, imperforate, covered with a 
corneous epidermis. Mouth ovate or oblong, oblique ; 
peristome thin, disunited. 

Animal bulky, head with four tentacles, the upper ones 
stout and inflated, the lower ones very short. Foot very 
large. Dentition intermediate in character between Helix 
and Vitrina. 

The shells of the amber-snails resemble Lymnei in shape; 
the animal however is very different. Species of this 
genus are found, for the most part in damp and wet places, 
all over the world, and bear so close a resemblance to each 
other, that it is very difficult to pronounce with certainty 
on the distinctness of many of them. 


S. purris, Linneus. 


Spire small, aperture oblique. 


Plate CKXXI. fig. 1—5. 


Helix putris, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 376, pl. 16, 
f. 4. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 168, f. 1. — Dorset 
Catalog. p. 56, pl. 18, f. 19.— Get. Syst. Nat. p. 3659, — 
SrurM, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 1, pl. 16.—F rus. Prodrom. 
Moll. 9; Hist. Moll. pl. 11, f. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 (Cochlohydra). 

» suecinea, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 97.—Turz. Conch, Diction. p. 67. 
— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 218. — 

CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 178, pl. 135, f. 1248. 


SUCCINEA. 133 


Bulimus succineus, BRUGUIERE, Encyclop. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 308. 
4,  limosa, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset. App. p. 48.—DiLiw. Recent 
Shells, vol. ii. p. 966. 
Suecinea amphibia, DRAPARN. Tableau Moll. p. 55; Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, 
p. 58, pl. 3, f. 22, 23.—Turr. Manual Land and F. W. 
Shells, p. 91, f. 73. — Cooper, Mag. N. H. (ed. Charles- 
worth) vol. ii. p. 477, partly. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. 
B. p. 35, pl. 15, f. 41, 42.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. 
Desh.) vol. vii. p. 316.— C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 67, pl. 3, f. 36, 37, 38; pt. 3, p. 55. 
—Brainy. Manual Malacol. p. 455, pl. 38, f. 4. —DEsuH. 
Annales Sc. Nat. xxii. p. 345 (anatomy).—RossmMAsst. 
Tconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 9], f. 45.— 
CuHarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. i. (1837) p. 4. 
—Swarns. Malae. p. 328, f. 96.—Sowxrsy, Conch. Man. 
f. 265.— REEVE, Conch. Systemat. vol. ii. pl. 180, f. 3.— 
Purippt, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 102.— Morexet, Moll. 
Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 52, pl. 5, f. 2. 
Tapada putris, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 11. 
Amphibina ,, Harr. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 247. 
Lymnea succinea, FLEMING, Encycl. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. 
Succinea putris, FLEMING, Brit. Anim, p. 267 (not var.).—Gray, Manual Land 
and F. W. Shells, p. 178, f. 73. — Maceituiv. Moll. Aberd. 
p- 95 (not var.).—L. Prerr Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 514 


VARIETY, gracilis. 


Succinea amphibia, NILLsoN, Moll. Sueciz, Ter. et Fluv. p. 41. 
a i var, B. Cooper, Mag. Nat. Hist. (ed. Charlesworth) vol. ii. 
p- 477, in part.—Purirpt, Moll, Sicil. vol. i. p. 142. 
Helix putris, var, Firxus. Hist. Moll, Ter. et Flav. pl. 11, f. 13 (Cochlohydra). 
Succinea oblonga, LEAcH (not Drap.) in Turton, Man. Land and F. W. Shells, 
p. 92, pl. 4, f. 74.—Buan, in Trans. Soc. Nat. Hist. North- 
umb. vol. i. p. 31. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. pl. 18, 
f. 21. 
Aimphibulina putris, var. HARTM. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna. sect. vi. pt. 8, pl. 6, 7. 
Succinea Pfeiffert, RossMAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 92, f. 46. 
Gray, Manual.—Puiirri, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 102. — 
L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 515. 
».  Levantina, Desu. Expéd. Scient. Morée, Mollusq. p. 170, pl. 19, f. 25, 
26,27.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 317. 
—CantTrRAINE, Mém. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii., and Malac, 
Méditer. p. 154. 
» gracilis, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106; Trans. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 389.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. 
B. p. 35, pl. 15, f. 34, 35, and var. pl. 18, f. 22, 23. 
» putris, var. gracilis, Maceiruiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 96. 


(34 HELICID®. 


We are induced, by the examination of a large number 
of examples, collected from various and remote localities, 
and more particularly by the interesting series kindly 
communicated to us by Mr. Alder, to re-unite the S. 
Pfeifieri to this species. It is easy to pick out certain 
individuals, which unite in themselves all the peculiarities 
of character from which the variety (for such we hold it) 
has been regarded as specifically distinct, but a still larger 
proportion of specimens exist, which, from their mixed 
characteristics, can be assigned with certainty to neither 
form; and these connecting links (not mere hybrids, but 
living in separate little communities) forbid, as we con- 
ceive, any essential separation of the forms of common 
Succinea. 

The shell is very thin, pellucid, glossy or lustrous, and 
of an uniform tint that ranges from rufous orange, through 
amber and yellow to pale straw colour. The shape varies 
from ovate-conic or oval-acute to narrow oblong conic: the 
surface exhibits neither folds, spiral sculpture, nor reticula- 
tions, but is more or less manifestly marked with crowded 
wrinkles of increase. The whorls, whose apex is small, 
but not acute, are from three to three and a half in num- 
ber, of rapid longitudinal increase, taper above, rounded 
below; and in the more produced or slender form, are for 
the most part planulate or even a little subretuse beneath 
the strongly pronounced suture, which latter, by the amount 
of its obliquity and occasional final deflection, modifies 
greatly the general contour; the slant is least in short- 
spired ventricose examples. Five-sevenths of the dorsal 
length, sometimes even four-fifths, more rarely only three- 
fifths, are occupied by the body-whorl, whose basal decli- 
nation is more or less rounded and gradual. The aper- 


ture, which is contracted above, and broadly rounded 


SUCCINEA. 5 


below, ranges from ovate to elongated ovate according to 
the general shape ; it is moderately large for the genus, fill- 
ing from half to at most two-fifths of the ventral area. 
The outer lip does not project abruptly above, and is more 
arcuated below than above. The pillar lip in the broader 
examples is moderately arcuated, in the narrower ones is 
more frequently straightish. Large individuals attain to 
three quarters of an inch in length. 

The form amphibia is oval, more or less swollen, and of 
a more pallid and less rufous yellow than in the succeed- 
ing variety. Its whorls are typically much rounded ; its 
suture not peculiarly oblique; and its spire never elon- 
gated. The mouth is ovate, fills about two-thirds of the 
length, and does not recede much at the anterior extre- 
mity. The pillar is more or less curved. 

In the slender and often compressed Pfeiferi the shape 
is oblong-conic ; the growth, as indicated by the slanting 
suture, very oblique; and the colouring, though occasion- 
ally dirty yellow, oftentimes reddish amber. The whorls 
(barely three in number) are never ventricose, are flattened 
above, and rounded below ; their apex is peculiarly minute. 
The aperture is much elongated, and recedes considerably 
below : the inner lip is more or less straight. 

In the variety intermedia, whose aspect presents the 
modified peculiarities of either of the preceding extreme 
forms, there are three and a half coils, so that the spire is 
occasionally more elongated in proportion than in Pfeiferi 
or amphibia. 

The animal of the form amphibia is usually pale and 
often of a yellowish hue, mottled with dusky, and striped 
darkly down the centre of the neck ; the tentacula are 
very stout at their bases, and very pale ; the tail is obtuse 
and expanded. That of the form gracilis is usually much 


136 HELICIDA. 


darker, often bluish black on the neck and sides, with paler 
foot, tail, and tentacula. Mr. Spence Bate thinks that he 
has made out some differences in the shapes of the lingual 
teeth. The animal of the intermediate form is often of a 
hyaline violet hue, or greenish. All the varieties live in 
wet places, among herbage on the banks of rivers, and by 
the side of pools and lakes. ‘They seem to be distributed 
indifferently throughout the British islands. Our friend, 
Mr. Pickering, who has paid much attention to the distine- 
tive features and habits of British land and freshwater 
shells remarks on some specimens of the two leading varie- 
ties taken in the neighbourhood of Hoddesdon, Herts, 
that putris occurs ‘‘on the grass in damp meadows ; 
gracilis, on aquatic plants and mud by the sides of streams 
and ditches ; the former may occasionally be met with in 
the same situations as the latter, but I have never met 
with gracilis in those in which pufris is usually found, 
i.¢., in damp meadows. The difference of habitat and 
the widely different form and character of the two shells 
induce me to consider them as distinct species, having the 
same affinity to each other as Limneus auricularius and 
pereger. Ihave frequently met with gracilis on the plants 
growing in brackish water in which Assiminea and Rissoa 
congregate, but never amphibia.” Mr. William Thomson 
informs us that he finds the slender variety on the stems 
and leaves of plants at Battersea, which are immersed 
at every tide. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux observes that 
the young of Succinea putris attain their majority by the 
end of their first year. The eggs are globular, yellowish 
and hyaline, and are found adhering to plants and stones 
in agglutinated masses. 


SUCCINEA. toe 


S. opronea, Draparnaud. 


Acutely ovate, with ventricose whorls, prominent spine and 
obovate scarcely oblique aperture. 


Plate CX XXI. fig. 6, 7. 


Succinea oblonga, Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 56; Hist. Moll. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 24, 25. 
—Jrrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 325, 505. — 
Axper, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106.—Lam. Anim, s. 
Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 317. —C. Preir. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 68, pl. 3, f. 39; pt. 3, p. 56. 
—Desu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 20. — RossmAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 92, f. 47. — 
CuarpEnT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 3.— 
L, Prerr. Monog. Helic, vol. ii. p. 516. 

Helix elongata, F Hrus. Prodr. Moll. 10; Hist. Moll. pl. 11, f. 1, 2 (Cochlohydra). 

Amphibina oblonga, HARTM. in Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 248. 

Amphibulina ,, Harr. in Sturm. Deutschl. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 8, pl. 8, 9. 

Succinea arenaria, BoucHARD-CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. d’Ag. de Boulogne, 
2nd ser. vol. i. p. 190.— Porrez and Micuaup, Galerie 
Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 67, pl. 11, f. 3, 4. 


Shell acutely ovate, scarcely if at all oblique, thin but 
not peculiarly so, not much shining externally, pellucid, 
with inconspicuous crowded striule, but without distinct 
foldlike wrinkles, of a reddish horn or rufous amber colour, 
sometimes pale and whitish. Whorls three and a half to 
four, particularly tumid, abruptly rising from the pro- 
foundly impressed sutures; antepenult whorl, when viewed 
from the lower side of the shell, equal to either half or 
more than half the succeeding one: spire rather elongated 
for the genus. Epidermis often thick. Aperture sub- 
ovate or oboval, not oblique, not acuminated above, 
hardly occupying more than half the entire length of 
the shell, rounded and not produced, nor attenuated at 
the base: outer lip arcuated, inner lip moderately sub- 
arcuated. 


VOL. IV. Ak 


138 HELICIDA. 


Length scarcely the quarter of an inch. Easily distin- 
guishable from its smal] size, and short aperture. 

Animal varying from pale to dusky or quite black, 
stout, and rather broad, with pale tentacles, and a short 
ovate foot. 

This shell appears to have been anciently much more 
abundant in England than it now is, since we find it 
contained in considerable numbers in superficial deposits 
around London, and in the eastern counties. It is rare 
now, and very local. Mr. Jeffreys discovered it near 
Swansea. In Scotland it has been found near Glasgow 
by Mr. Kenyon. In Ireland it has occurred in the south, 
near Baltimore, to Mr. M‘Andrew, who found it along 
with Baléa fragilis under the stones of a dry wall, and 
near Cork to Mr. S. Wright, jun., and Mr. Isaac Carroll. 

It lives in sandy places, as among dunes by the sea- 
side, as well as inland. We have found it plentiful be- 
neath the bark of willows on sandy ground near the sea at 
Elsinore in Denmark (E. F.). M. Bouchard-Chantereaux, 
who supposed it to be distinct from the oblonga of Dra- 
parnaud, observes, that near Boulogne it inhabits the dunes, 
constantly covering its shell with a viscous secretion, and, 
in winter, buries itself in the sand. 


139 


LIMNAAD™. 


‘Tu fresh-water pulmoniferous snails constitute a very 
natural family, the animals of all bearing a great similarity 
to each other, and being similarly organized. All have 
short broad snouts, and two tentacula of considerable size, 
either triangular or subulate in shape, with eyes placed 
at their inner bases. Their tongues are armed with rows 
of numerous quadrate hooked denticles. Their shells are 
very variously shaped, spiral, and turreted, dextral or 
sinistral, discoid and even patelliform, They have no 
operculum, They live in lakes, ponds, pools, ditches and, 
though not so abundantly, in rivers ; occasionally they are 
found in brackish waters. They crawl on the mud and 
stones at the bottom, or on water plants, and in warm 
sunny weather ascend to the surface, and creep, as it were, 
reversed on the surface of the water, as if the film of water 
immediately in contact with the air was in a different 
condition from the fluid beneath, and served as a floor or 
ceiling, along which these mollusks progress. They lay 
their eggs in consistent transparent gelatinous masses on 
the leaves and stems of water plants, or on stones. 

The characteristic forms of the generic types of this 
family have undergone very little change in the course of 
time since the earliest appearance of the group as yet 
traced. We find Limneade in the fresh-water strata of 
the oolitic epoch strikingly resembling those which inhabit 


the pools and ditches of Britain at the present day. 


140 LIMNAADA. 


PHYSA. DrRArARNAUD. 


Shell thin, spiral, ovate, oblong, subglobose, sinistral, 
smooth, polished ; mouth with the base entire, the colu- 
mella more or less contorted. 

Animal with two long subulate or setaceous tentacula ; 
eyes at their inner bases. Foot lanceolate. 

The British species of this genus have been referred to 
two genera, Physa and Aplecus. The animal of the former 
has a dilated mantle with lobed edges; that of the latter 
has a simple mantle. We believe these to be specific, or 
at best sectional distinctions ; they should at least be re- 
garded as such until the characters of the animal in the 
majority of exotic species have been carefully examined. 
The genus Physopsis differs from Physa as Achatina dif- 
fers from Bulimus, having the base of the columella trun- 
cated. It is South African: there are no European 
species. Fossil Physe, closely resembling existing forms, 
are common in the Purbeck strata in Dorsetshire. 


P. rontinatis, Linneeus. 


Oval: spire very short and obtuse. 


Plate CX XII. fig. 8, 9. 


Bulla fontinalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1185.— Punr. Hutchins, Hist. 
Dorset, p. 40.—Monv. Test. Brit. vol. i. p. 226; Suppl. p. 96. 
— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 126.— 
Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 43, pl. 21, f.6.— Tur. Conch. 
Diction. p. 26.— Dintw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 487. — 
Woop, Index Testac. pl. 18, f. 37. 

Turbo adversus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 96, pl. 5, f. 6. 

Planorbis bulla, MLLER, Verm. Hist. vol. ii, p. 167. 

Bulinus perla, MiéLLER, Naturforsch. 1781, vol. xv. p. 6, pl. 1. 

Physa fontinalis, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 54, pl. 3, f. 8, 9.— 
FreminG, Brit. Animals, p. 276.— Turt. Manual L. and 


PHYSA. 141 


F. W. Shells, p. 127, f. 110. — Jerrreys, Trans, Linn. Soc. 
vol. xvi. p. 379.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 251, 
pl. 9, f. 110.—Maoei. Moll. Aberd. p. 112.— Brown, III. 
Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 14, f. 5455.— Brarp, Coq. Paris, 
p. 167, pl. 7, f. 7, 8.—Srurm. Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, 
pl. 10. — C, Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p- 94, pl. 4, f. 28.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. 
p- 899. — Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 54. — Purrippr, Moll. 
Sicil. vol. ii, p. 120.—Kisr. Conch. Cab. i. sect. 17, pl. 2, 
f. 14, 15, 16.— Canrrainr, Mém. Ac. Sc. Brux. vol. xiii. 
p,» 163.—Sre1n, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 6. 

Helix Bullaoides, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. y. pl. 168, f. 2, probably,* from which 
Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 223. 

Bulla fulviatilis, Turr, Conch. Diction. p. 27. 

Limnea fontinalis, SowERBY, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 6. — Reve, Conch. Syst. 

vol. ii. pl. 192, f. 8. 


Shell oval or abbreviated oval, with a very short spire, 
which only fills about a fifth of the dorsal length, tapers 
quickly and convexly to its obtuse apex: more or less 
transparent, extremely thin and fragile, highly polished, 
smooth or nearly so (yet sometimes with rather strong 
longitudinal wrinkles), and of a slightly and palely oliva- 
ceous yellowish horn-colour, becoming pallid in the larger 
examples. Whorls four to five, simply but decidedly 
convex, neither angulated nor planulately shelving below 
the fine suture, which becomes more slanting between 
the last two turns; superior volutions very short, of 
moderately fast longitudinal increase ; body ventricose, its 
basal declination moderately rounded, yet not abrupt. 
Mouth lanceolate-subpyriform, capacious, filling almost 
one-half of the ventral area, and from three-fourths to 
four-fifths of the total length, dilated below, where it 
projects anteriorly, gradually contracted above by the 
swell of the body to a very acute curved peak. Outer 
lip sharp, prominent, subarcuated, not expanded, nor mar- 


* The expression “ ovate, spire short,” modifies the ideal of the figure, which 
exhibits a rather more elongated spire, and is narrower than is usual in fontinalis. 


142 LIMN AMADA. 


ginated ; its edge not sinuated, advancing above, receding 
below. Columella white, narrow, only a little twisted, 
forming an obtuse angle by its comparative straightness 
with the obliquely arcuated upper outline of the inner lip. 
No vestige of an umbilical chink. Size of a large indi- 
vidual one-third of an inch long, nearly a quarter of an 
inch broad. The variety acuta is larger, with the spire 
more elongated, so that the aperture fills only two-thirds 
of the ventral length. 

The rare long spired variety (f. 10), may possibly 
prove a distinct species, and, assuredly, differs as much 
from the typical form as many of the supposed species of 
Physe do from each other. Yet in that event, we should 
be unable to allocate those examples of fontinalis which 
only differ from the type by the greater projection of their 
spire.* It is the shell represented by Maton and Rackett, 
in the Linnean Transactions (vol. vui., pl. 4, f. 1), as B. 
fontinalis, and is the Physa fontinalis, var. 1, of Gray 
(Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 251, pl. 11, f. 110, 
a), and, in all probability, the same species, var. 2, of 
Brown,+), Ill. Conch. G. B., p. 30, pl. 14, f. 83, 84. 
It is a narrower shell than the typical form, is more 
obliquely coiled, and, consequently, has a more produced 


* The following observation of Mr. Gray, in his excellent edition of Turton’s 
“ Manual,” merits the attention of every naturalist :—“ Mr. Hinch informs me, 
the first variety is always found in very small plashes of water, or in water 
among grass, while the larger one is found in canals or nearly still rivers, which 
may account for the difference between them; for we haye often been inclined to 
consider varieties as distinct, because they were found in different situations, 
whereas the difference of situation may be the only cause of the variation.” 

+ Not his P. acuta, pl. 14, f. 58, 59, which is copied from Draparnaud (Moll. 
France, pl. 3, f. 10, 11), and has an acute apex and very short spire (p.30). We 
haye no proofs that that species has ever been found in Great Britain. The 
erroneous introduction of it occurred through the supposed identity of the ex- 
amples queried for acuta by Mr. J. Sowerby (one of whose specimens we have 
figured, with the true P. acuta of the French conchologist. 


PHYSA. 143 


spire. The penult whorl appears peculiarly developed, 
the apex is decidedly blunt, the aperture fills at times but 
five-eighths of the total length, and the pillar is short and 
twisted. The original individuals were obtained from 
Anglesea, in 1833, but afterwards bred in a water-butt, 
which unusual habitat may have changed the aspect of 
their progeny. 

The animal is of a pale yellowish grey, darkening in in- 
dividuals to a deep fuscous hue. Its tentacles are long 
and slender, with conspicuous black eyes at their inner 
basis. The mantle is highly contractile, and when ex- 
panded envelopes a great part of the shell, and is divided 
at the edge into finger-like processes. It is bilobed, the 
columellar division having more digitations (usually five), 
than that which is projected over the spire. The foot is 
obtusely angled in front and pointed behind. It does not 
appear that there are any essential differences distin- 
guishing the animals of the different varieties. They all 
advance with a jerking motion. 

This pretty mollusk is common in pools, lakes, and 
ditches throughout the greater part of the British islands, 
ceasing, probably, only in the extreme north. Both large 
and small varieties occur in most districts. 


P. nypnorum, Linneus. 


Oblong-conical ; spire pointed, elongated. 


Plate CX XII. fig. 6, 7. 


Bulla hypnorum, Lixn. Syst. Nat.ed. 12, p. 1182. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 228. 
— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. viii. p. | 
pl. 4, f. 8. — Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 43, pl. 18, f. 20.— 
Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 488.—CuHEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. 
pt. 1, p. 34 (in part), pl. 103, f. 883, a, b. — Ditiw. Recent 
Shells, vol. i. p. 488.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 18, f. 39. 


144 LIMN AAD. 


Planorbis turritus, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluv. vol. ii. p. 169. 
Helix marmorata, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3665 (from Scurér. Fliise. p. 269, 


pls) t. 9.) 
Physa hypnorum, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 12, 13.— 
Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 381.— Brown, 


Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 14, f. 60, 61.—Vorrn. in Sturm. 
Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 11. —C. Przir. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 97, pl. 4, f. 29, and 
animal, pl. 1, f. 12. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) 
vol. viii. p. 400. —Nixxs. Moll. Suecize Ter. et Fluv. p. 57. 
— Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 58. — Cuarrenr. Cat. Moll. 
Suisse, pl. 2, f.12.—Canrr. Mém. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. 
p. 162.— Gras. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 60, pl. 4, 
f, 41.—Kissrer, Conch. Cab. i. sect. 17, pl. 2, f. 9 to 138.— 
Srery, Schneken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 7. 

Limnea turrita, SowERrBy, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 10.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. 

vol. ii. pl. 192, f. 10. 

Apleaa hypnorum, FLeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 276. 

A pleaus is Gray, Manual Land and F, W. Shells, p. 255, pl. 9, f. 1138.— 
Waker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 54. 


Shell of a narrow oblong-conic shape, thin, lustrous, 
smooth, of a dark-yellowish horn-colour, marked occasion- 
ally at the stages of growth with a ferruginous line. 
Body sub-cylindraceous in the middle, by no means ven- 
tricose, with a convex and gradual anterior declination. 
Spire filling three-sevenths of the dorsal length, of five 
tapering turns, that are barely convex, of moderately 
fast longitudinal increase, occasionally white beneath the 
slanting suture: penult volution rather large, moderately 
high : apex very blunt, and little elevated. Mouth oblong- 
lanceolate, being very bluntly (often indeed subtruncately) 
rounded below, gradually and very acutely peaked above, 
fillmg rather more than half of the total length, and 
between a third and a fourth only of the ventral area. 
Outer lip curling a little inwards, ferruginous at the simple 
edge, which recedes rather suddenly below, not promi- 
nently arcuated above, rounded below. Columella white 
or pink, short, solid, not broad, somewhat raised, not 


PHYSA. 145 


forming a decided angle with the outline above it. No 
vestige of an umbilical chink. Ordinary size, half an 
inch (occasionally nearly three quarters) (Mont.) long; 
two lines and a half broad. 

A specimen forwarded to us from Ohio as the P. elon- 
gata of Say (Journ. Ac. N.S. Philad. ii. p. 171) is, except 
in superior size, precisely identical ; others from Massa- 
chusetts (Gould, Inv. Mas. p. 214, f. 143) differ only in 
the volutions being more convex, and of a more olivace- 
ous cast. 

The animal is of a deep brown, or nearly black hue, 
with paler tentacles, which are subulate, slightly com- 
pressed, and not auriculated at their bases. The mantle 
is simple-edged, and not reflected over the shell. The foot 
is lanceolate. 

_ This species, though generally diffused throughout Eng- 
land and Ireland, is somewhat local, and in Scotland 
occurs only in the southern and midland districts. 


SPURIOUS. 


P. rivauis, Maton and Rackett. 


Bulla rivalis, MATon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 126, pl. 4, f. 2.— 
Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 97. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 26 
(in part).—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 488. 

Aplexa ,, Frenne, Brit. Anim. p. 277. 

Physa  ,, Turv. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 128, f. 112 (copy from 
Linn. Trans. ). 

Limnea ,, Sowxrspy, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 9.— ReEve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. 
pl. 192, £9. 

Physa Soverbiana, D’Orxic. H. N. Cuba, Moll. pl. 18, f. 11, 12 (probably). 

Aplexus rivalis, Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 21 (as spurious). 


A West Indian species, introduced by Maton and Rackett, as 
from Hampshire. The P. Antonii of Kiister’s ‘ Conchilian 
Cabinet” (i. sect. 17, p. 12, pl. 2, f.7, 8) appears to be most 
closely allied, if not identical. 

VOL. Iv. U 


146 LIMNEADA, 


P. acura, Draparnaud. 


Physa acuta, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 10, 11.—Brown, 
Ill. Conch. G, B. pl. 14, f. 58, 59 (copied from Drap.).—Brarp, 
Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 69, pl. 7, f. 5, 6.—Micuaup, Comp. Drap. 
Moll. France, pl. 16, f. 19, 20.— D’OrsiG. Moll. Canar. p. 74. 
— Desu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 403. — 
Mermet, Moll. Pyren. p. 70. 
» subopaca, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 401 (teste Michaud), 


A southern Continental species, figured by Brown for the P. 
fontinalis, var. acuta. 


P. asa, Turton. 


Physa alba, Turv. Zool. Journ. 1825, vol. ii. p. 363, pl. 13, f. 3; Manual Land 
and F, W. Shells, p. 128, f. 11.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. xvi. p. 521.) 
» contorta, Micuaup, Bull. Linn. Soe. Bordeaux, 1829, vol. iii. p. 368 (from 
which Esp. Nouv. Coq. 1829, p. 9, pl. 1, f. 15, 16; Comp. 
i Drap. Moll. France, p. 83, pl. 16, f. 21, 22). 
Diastropha ,, Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 16, f. 111, as spurious 
(no description). 
Physa fontinalis, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 14, f. 56, 57. 


A native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, introduced 
by Turton as from the river Torvin, in Wales. 


PLANORBIS. MiLuer. 


Shell spiral, discoid, dextral, of many whorls; aperture 
elliptical or semi-lunar, margin entire. 

Animal with a stout, broad, proboscidiform head, flanked 
by two setaceous, or subulate tentacula, with eyes at their 
inner bases. Foot short, obtuse behind. ‘Tongue with 
transverse rows of numerous quadrate uncinated teeth. 

This very natural genus, representatives of which dif- 
fering but slightly from species still lving, are found in 
fresh-water strata of even the oolitic epoch, has preserved 
its form with great constancy, nor do the members 


PLANORBIS. 147 


which are natives of tropical climates, ditfer materially in 
general contour and ornament, from those found in tem- 
perate regions. 


P. corneus, Linnzeus. 


Large, stout, with rounded ventricose whorls; upper disk 
concave, lower plane. 


Plate CX XVI. fig. 4, 5. 


Helix cornea, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1243.—PEnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. 
p- 134, pl. 83, f. 126.—Punrenny, Hutchins, Dorset, p. 47. — 
Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pl. 39, f. 1.— Monr. Test. Brit. 
p- 448,—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 190. 
— Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 20, f. 13. — Turr. Conch, Diction. 
p. 47, f. 52.—CuHemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 93 (in part), 
pl. 127, f. 1113, 1114.—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 906.— 
Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 48. 
Planorbis purpureus, MiLiER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 154 (not var.). 
3 similis, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 166 (young). 
Helix nana, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 133, pl. 83, f. 125 (young). 
5, cornu-arietis, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 60, pl. 4, f. 13. 
Planorbis corneus, DRAp. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 43, pl. 1, f. 42, 48, 44.— 
FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 277.—JEFFreEys, Trans. Linn. 
Soe. vol. xvi. p. 383.—Turvt. Conch. Manual, p. 112, f. 95; 
ed. Gray, p. 258, pl. 8, f. 95. Brown, Lllust. Conch. G. B. 
p- 31, pl. 14, f. 31, 32, 33—Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 147, pl. 6, 
f. 1, 2.—Vorru. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 4, pl. 4. — 
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 382. — C. 
Prerir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 77, pl. 4, 
f. 3, 4.— Nixs. Moll. Suec, Ter. et Fluv. p. 74. — Biainv. 
Manual Malacol. pl. 37 bis. f. 3.—Sowxrsy, Genera Shells, 
Plan. f. 1. — RossmAssn. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 2, p. 14, pl. 7, f. 113; pt. 1, pl. 5, f. 86 (animal). — 
CANTRAINE, Mem. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 164, — Gras, 
Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 4, f. 31. — Durvuy. 
Moll. Gers, p. 46.—Srern, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 15. 
Planorbe cornée, CHENU, Traité Elém, Conch. p. 167, f. 541, 542. 


Shell large, rather strong, glossy, from greyish olive to 
ferruginous olive (more rarely pallid), not quite thrice as 
broad as high, with only irregular wrinkles of increase, 
and very fine close-set spiral strie, that are chiefly appa- 


148 LIMN HAD A. 


rent on the smaller turns. Whorls five, deeply divided, 
rounded, neither angulated nor planulate on either side, of 
moderately fast increase. Upper disk much and abruptly 
sunken in the middle; lower disk flattish. Body about 
equally broad above and below, not peculiarly contracted 
towards the mouth; its lower shelve rather the more 
slanting ; its periphery neither keeled nor obtuse, but well 
rounded. Mouth rather large, filling about a third of the 
breadth, of a rounded lunate figure, not particularly ob- 
lique, quite as high as broad, much receding below, often 
stained with purplish smoke-colour, very slightly beyond 
the level of either disk. Outer lip neither expanded, 
thickened, nor strictured behind, its junction with the 
pillar arched, not angular. Breadth an inch; height, four 
lines and a half. 

Young shells are conspicuously spirally striated, and in 
that state have been regarded as a distinct species. 

The animal is nearly black, with a tinge of brown. Its 
tentacles are bluish-black. When irritated it gives out a 
purple fluid. 

This fine species is abundant in canals, ponds, ditches, 
and slow-running streams in the south-east, east, -and 
middle of England, but becomes rare and disappears before 
reaching Scotland. Its northernmost recorded locality is 
Darlington (Alder.) It is absent from Cornwall and 
Devon, and is not found in the Isle of Man. Mr. E. J. 
Lowe has remarked that it attains a peculiarly large size 
in a dirty ditch at Nottingham, into which a constant 
supply of warm water runs. Weston-super-Mare (T. 
Hincks). In Ireland it was first noticed near Maynooth, 
in Kildare, by Captain Brown. It occurs also about Naas 
(R. Ball) ; and in Queen’s County (Rev. B. J. Clark). A 


white variety occurs in the neighbourhood of London, 


PLANORBIS. 149 


P. axzus, Miiller. 


Small, rather depressed, slightly convex on both disks, whorls 
with decussating strie, and pilose. 


Plate CX XVI. fig. 1, 2. 


Planorbis albus, Mtuter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 164.—Jerrruys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 387.—FLEemuine, Brit. Anim. p. 279.—Turv. 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 114, f. 97. — Gray, Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 259, pl. 8, f. 197.—Maceitriv. Moll. 
Aberd. p. 119. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 31, pl. 14, 
f. 52, 53.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p. 80, pl. 4, f. 9, 10. — Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 47. — SrEIn, 
Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 23. 
Helix alba, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 459, pl. 25, f. 7. — Maron and Rack. Trans. 
Linn. Soe. vol. vil. p. 192.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 18.— 
Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 48.—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 909. 
Planorbis hispidus, Drav. Moll. Ter, et Fluv. France, p. 43, pl. 1, f. 45 to 48.— 
Brarp, Cog. Paris, p. 159, pl. 6, f. 6, 7.-- Vorrn in 
Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 4, pl. 5.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 
(ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 887. — Nurs. Moll. Suecie Ter. et 
Fluy. p. 75. — Kickx, Moll. Brabant. Austral. p. 64. — 
Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 57, pl. 4, f. 32. — 
Mermet, Moll. Pyrén. p. 59. 
»  hirsutus, GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 206, f. 135 ? 
Gyraulus hispidus, Hany. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 25. 


Shell small, pale horn-coloured, rather depressed (about 
thrice as broad as high), very thin, not much _ polished. 
Upper disk flattish, slightly sunk, quite in the centre ; 
concavity of lower disk more extended, not profound. 
Whorls four or five, deeply divided, simply and moderately 
rounded, of tolerably fast increase, not peculiarly narrow, 
adorned with fine close-set raised spiral lines that are 
decussated by still finer and more crowded spiral ones, and 
are clothed, when recent, with a deciduous pile. Body 
decidedly broader than high, about equally wide on either 
disk; its slopes nearly equal; rather narrowly rounded at 


the periphery, at times assuming a subcarinated appearance 


150 LIMN ADA. 


from the greater prominence of one of the spiral lines. 
Mouth oboval-lunate, peculiarly receding below, rather 
large, filling more than a third of the breadth, quite as 
broad as high, not peaked below, where it projects slightly 
beyond the level, slightly beneath the level above. Outer 
lip acute, a little disposed to expand, curving to the pillar 
without angularity. Diameter a quarter to a fifth of an 
inch. 

The animal is variable in colouring. Individuals which 
we have taken near London, are of a pale ashy grey, with 
black head and neck, and very pale tentacles; those we 
have gathered in ditches among the peat bogs in the Isle 
of Man are of a general reddish-yellow colour, darkening 
to red on the neck and head, and shining red through the 
body whorls; and Mr. Spence Bate has communicated a 
drawing, taken from specimens at Swansea, in which the 
head, neck, and tentacles of the animal are represented of 
a brownish white, and the sides of foot and proboscis, of a 
deeper brown. The colouring of Scottish specimens de- 
scribed by Mr. Macgillivray, is also somewhat different. 

It lives on water-plants, especially Potamogeton, and is 
widely distributed through the British Islands; so ge- 
nerally, indeed, that any enumeration of localities would 


be superfluous. 
P. ciaser, Jeffreys. 


Small, depressed, not keeled, smooth or nearly so (no spiral 
sculpture), whorls of rather fast increase, mouth roundish. 


Plate CX XVI. fig. 8, 9. 


Planorbis glaber, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 387, teste Jeffreys — 
Poriez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. p. 211]. 
mS levis, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 337; Mag. 
Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 115. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 261, pl. 12. f. 148. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
vol. vi. p. 121.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 31. 


PLANORBIS. 151 


Shell small, pale olivaceous horn-coloured, depressed, 
about three or four times as broad as high, very thin and 
semitransparent, glossy. Both disks, the left more par- 
ticularly, moderately concave in the middle, the apex rather 
abruptly sunken. Whorls about four, very deeply divided, 
rounded, somewhat projectingly so upon the right disk, 
where the inner slope is much more abrupt, of fast in- 
crease, smooth, or at most only slightly wrinkled across, 
Body about as broad as high, equally wide on both disks ; 
well rounded at the periphery, the slopes tolerably even, 
the lower, if anything, rather shorter and less convex. 
Mouth as in albus. Diameter two lines. 

Mr. Jeffreys having forwarded to us examples of his 
P. glaber, and the characteristics of the species, agreeing 
with his published account of the distinctive features be- 
tween it and albus, we are compelled to adopt the prior 
appellation. The P. /wvis was published as new, because 
the specimen of P. glaber given to Mr. Alder by the author 
of the species, proved to be a variety of albus. 

The animal is grey, dark about the head and sides of the 
neck, with pale tentacula, and a rather large foot for its 
size. Mr. Spence Bate has observed that the teeth have 
more strongly serrated margins to their hooks than those 
of albus. 

This shell is local. It occurs near Penzance (R. T. Mil- 
let); near Falmouth (Cocks); in Staffordshire and So- 
mersetshire, and in marshes on the sea-coast near Swansea, 
Cardiff, and Manorbeer, in Pembrokeshire (Jefireys) ; in 
ponds at Whitley Quarries, and on Holy Island, North- 
umberland (Alder). In Ireland it occurs near Belfast (W. 
Thompson); and at Cork (J. D. Humphreys). 


152 LIMNAADSA. 


P. nautiteus, Linneus. 


Very small, usually with membranaceous ridges; periphery 
angulated ; mouth entire, rounded-oval. 


Plate CKXVI. fig. 6, 7. 


Helix Nautileus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 464, 
pl. 25, f. 5. 
Planorbis imbricatus, MGuLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 165.— Jerrreys, Trans. 
Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 8388.— Turr. Manual L. and F. 
W. Shells, p. 111, pl. 8, f. 94.— Gray, Manual L. and 
F. W. Shells, p. 261, pl. 8, f. 94. — Brown, Iilust, 
Conch. G. B. p. 31, pl. 14, f. 46, 47, and pl. 18, f. 10.— 
Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 44, pl. 1, f. 49, 50, 
51. — Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 163, pl. 6, f. 10, 11.— 
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 389.— 
C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 80. 
pl. 4, f. 15, 16. — Nixs. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 76. 
—Harrm. in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 14. — 
Kickx, Moll. Brabant. p. 67. — Meret, Moll. Pyrén. 
p. 59. 
Ss cristatus, DRAv. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 44, pl. 2, f. 1, 2, 3.— 
Harrm.in Stwm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 13.—Merrmert, 
Moll. Pyrén. p. 60. 
Turbo Nautileus, Matron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viil. p. 169, pl. 5, f. 4. 
—Racx. Dorset Catalog. p. 50, pl. 19, f. 16.—Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 227, f. 78.— Woop, Index Testac. p. 32, f. 162.— 
Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 882. 
Planorbis Nautilus, FLEMtNG, Brit. Anim. p. 278. 
=< Nautileus, Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 51.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, 
f. 24.—WaLkKER, Testac. Minut. Rariora, f. 20, 21. 


Shell very small, much depressed, very fragile, not lus- 
trous, of a slightly olivaceous horn-colour, often invested 
with a black incrustation, adorned for the most part (for 
occasionally they are obsolete) with distant subimbricated 
longitudinal membranaceous rings, or ridges, which are 
usually more marked on the lower disk, and serrate the 
periphery by their projection as vaulted scales. _Whorls 
three, very rapidly developed, profoundly divided, more 


convex on the lower disk, which is umbilicately hollowed, 


PLANORBIS. 153 


than on the upper disk, which is flat, or has the inner coils 
a little elevated. Body much less high than broad, nearly 
equally wide above and below, well rounded on the lower 
disk, and shelving upwards from thence so as to form a 
keel-like angulation with the superior flattened surface. 
Mouth rounded, oval, entire, occasionally detached from 
the preceding coil, broader than long, filling quite two- 
fifths of the total width, projecting below the basal level. 
Outer lip acute, disposed to expand. Diameter from an 
eighth to a tenth of an inch. 

The animal is pale-grey. 

This minute and elegant water-snail may be found on 
plants in ponds and ditches in most parts of England, 
Treland, and the south and middle of Scotland. Aberdeen 


(Macgillivray); Isle of Man (E.F.). 


P. carinatus, Miiller. 


Highly polished, smooth or nearly so, strongly carinated, and 
planulately depressed. 


Plate CX XVII. fig. 4, 5. 


Helix planorbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1242 (in part). — Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 45.—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 896. 

Planorbis carinatus, Mittuer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 157.— Fiemine, Brit. 
Animals, p. 279. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p. 106, pl. 8, f. 89 (error for 87).— Gray, Manual L. 
and F. W. Shells, p. 262, pl. 8, f. 89.—Brown, Illust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 32, pl. 14, f. 35, 36, 37.— Drap. Moll. 
Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 36, pl. 2, f. 13, 14, 16.—Vorru 
in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 3, pl. 5.— Brarp, Coq. 
Paris, p. 150, pl. 6, f. 3.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. 
Desh.) vol. viii. p. 383.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 76, pl. 4, f. 5, 6. — Nis. Moll. 
Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 81.—Kickx, Moll.Brabant. Austral. 
p- 65.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 
1, p. 102, pl. 2, f. 60.—Canrrainge, Mém. Acad. Brux. 
yol. xiii. p. 166.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, 
p- 59, pl. 4, f. 389. —Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 
31.—Mermet, Moll. Pyrén. p. 62.—Srer, Schnecken 
Berlins, pl. 2, f. 19. 


VOL, IV. x 


154. LIMN/ADZ. 


Helix carinata, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 451, pl. 25, f. 1. 
y» planatu, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. viii. p. 189, pl. 5, f. 14° 
—Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 20, f.18.—Woop, Index Testaceclog. 
pl. 33, f. 23. 
Planorbis lutescens, JerFR. (not Lam.) Trans, Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 385, changed 
to disciformis, p. 521 (from type). 
5  planatus, Torv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 110, f. 92. 


Shell of an ashy horn-colour, moderately depressed, the 
height to the breadth being usually as one to five, more 
or less translucent, much shining, smooth, or nearly so. 
Upper disk rather deeply concave in the middle, lower 
disk flat. Whorls five, deeply divided, of rapid increase, 
simply rounded on the right disk, convex on the left one. 
Body decidedly broader than high, more especially on the 
upper disk, where it is peculiarly large in proportion to the 
preceding turn (so that a line drawn across it at one-third 
the circumference from the aperture is more than equal to 
the diameter of the remaining coils); encircled below the 
middle, but above the level of the lower disk, by a project- 
ing keel-like rim, above which the rounded surface does 
not arch simply to the edge, but shelves towards it. Mouth 
somewhat rhomboidal, broader than high, rounded above 
and below, angulated laterally. Outer lip acute, projecting 
a little above the upper level, and only slightly disposed to 
expand there, scarcely extending beyond the lower level. 
Breadth half an inch. 

In the variety disciformis the middle of the lower disk 
is almost convex, and the keel in consequence seems more 
central. 

The animal is of a pale translucent yellowish hue, dark- 
ening to brown. 

This is a local species, but widely diffused in England, 
and occurring in scattered localities in all our districts, pro- 


bably becoming more common towards the east and south- 


PLANORBIS. 155 


east. It is generally diffused but very local also in Ireland 
(W. Thompson), where the variety disciformis occurs at 
Nenagh, in Tipperary (T. Hincks). It does not reach 
Scotland. 


P. marernatus, Draparnaud. 


Less compressed than. the last species, wrinkled and roughish, 
not polished, shallowly concave above, flat below, carinated. 


Plate CX XVII. fig. 1, 2, and (var. rhombeus) fig. 3. 


Helix planorbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1242 (in part). — Pennant, Brit. 
Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 133, pl. 83, f 123. — PuLrenry, 
Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p.46.— Maron and Rack. Trans. 
Linn, Soe. vol. viii. pl. 5, f. 13.—Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 14, 
f. 8, and pl. 20, f. 10. 
Planorbus umbilicatus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 160.— Jerrreys, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 384. —-THompson, Ann, Nat. 
Hist. vol. vi. p. 124. 
Helix limbata, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 63, pl. 4, f. 10, and pl. 8, f. 8. 
Planorbis marginatus, DRaparn. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 45, pl. 2, f. 11, 
12, 15.— Tur, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 107, 
f. 87.-— AtpER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.— 
Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 265, pl. 8, f. 87, 
88, 90.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 32, pl. 14, 
f. 39, 40, 41.—Brarp, Cog. Paris, p. 152, pl. 6, f. 5.— 
C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 75, 
pl. 4, f. 1, 2.— Nis. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 80.— 
Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. Austral. p. 64. — RossmAssi. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 102, pl. 2, f. 59. 
—Puuirrt, Moll. Sicil. vol.i. p. 145, and pl. 2, f. 119. 
— Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 59, pl. 4, f. 38.— 
Harr. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 33. — Mrermer, 
Moll. Pyrén. p. 62. 
Helix complanata, Mont, Test. Brit. p. 450, pl. 25, f. 4.—Turr. Conch. Diction. 
p- 46.— Woon, Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 24.— Ditiw. 
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 897. 
Draparnaudi, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 158 (fide Gray 
from type in Brit. Museum). 
Planorbis turgidus, JerrR. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 383. 
Draparnaldi, JerFR. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 386, 522. 
rhombeus, TuRT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 108, f. 90. 
complanatus, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 278.—Turr. Manual L. and F. 
W. Shells, p. 108, f. 88 (error for 89).— Dxsx. Lam. 
Anim. s, Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 390. — CAnrr. 


” 


” 


” 


3” 


156 LIMNAADA. 


Mem. Acad. Bruxelles, vol. xiii. p. 163. — Srxin, 
Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 18. 
MonsrrosiT1&s, Helix cochlea, BRown, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 528, 
pl. 24, f. 10. — Helix terebra, Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 62, 
f. 55.—Plan. marginatus, monst. Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p. 32, pl. 14, f. 38. 


Shell brownish, or olivaceous horn-colour, usually co- 
vered with a black or ferruginous coating, not polished, 
merely a little glossed, moderately depressed (the height of 
the body, not of the orifice, being for the most part about 
a fifth, not quite so pellucid as in carinatus, finely, closely, 
and distinctly wrinkled across, the wrinkles assuming be- 
neath a powerful lens a somewhat decussated appearance. 
Upper disk moderately and rather diffusely concave ; 
lower disk almost flat, but indented in the middle. Whorls 
five, deeply divided, of moderate increase, not peculiarly 
narrow, prominently though simply rounded on the upper 
disk, merely convex on the lower one. Body not so vastly 
larger than the preceding coil (so that the diameter of the 
upper internal gyration, measured as in carinatus, greatly 
exceeds it in breadth), rather wider on the upper disk, 
about as high as it is broad, with a carinated rim at the 
periphery that is barely above the basal level; surface 
above the keel rather abruptly arched (not shelving), 
below it almost horizontally convex. Mouth bluntly qua- 
drant-shaped, of about equal height and breadth. Outer 
lip acute (more rarely slightly thickened within), dilated 
above, where it decidedly projects beyond the level, neither 
peaked nor angulated below, where it scarcely, if at all, 
exceeds the general level. Breadth of a large individual 
five-eighths of an inch. 

The keel, which in some examples is continued along 
the edge of the penult turn, is in others almost altogether 


obsolete. In the variety rhombeus the shell is higher than 


a 


PLANORBIS. 157 


usual, with the gyration rather more compact, less concave 
on the upper disk, profoundly hollowed in the centre of 
the lower one: the keel being indistinct, the aperture 
which projects below rather than above is suborbicular. 
The form Draparnaldi somewhat resembles it, but is pallid, 
small, and with the keel more central. 

The animal is entirely dusky, almost black ; the tenta- 
cles have dark centres and pale linear bases; the foot is 
thick and obtuse. 

This species in most districts is the commonest of the 
genus, and is very widely diffused through almost all parts 
of the British Islands; so general, that any list of locali- 
ties would be superfluous. It is absent, however, from 
Professor Macgillvray’s Aberdeenshire catalogue. It is 
widely diffused on the Continent. 


P. vorrex, Linneus. 


Extremely depressed ; whorls narrow and of slow increase ; the 
two disks not concave together ; periphery gradually carinated, 
mouth not angulated. 


Plate CX XVII. fig. 6, 7, 8. 


Helix vortex, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1243.—PrEnwn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. 
p. 183, pl. 83, f. 124. — Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. — 
Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 75. — Monv. Test. Brit. vol. ii. 
p. 454; Suppl. pl. 25, f. 3.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. 
Soe. vol. viii. p. 189.—Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 52, pl. 20, f. 12, — 
Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 46.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. 
p- 914.—Woobp, Index Testae. pl. 33, f. 40. 

Planorbis ,, Mititer, Verm. Hist. pt. ii. p. 158, var. a, — JErrreys, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 109, 
f, 91.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 267, pl. 8, f. 91. 
— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 125. — Maceiutty. 
Moll. Aberd. p. 114 (probably). — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. 
p- 32, pl. 14, f. 44, 45.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fiuy. France, p. 44, 
pl. 2, f. 4, 5.—Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 154, pl. 6, f. 8, 9.— 
VorrH in Sturm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 4, pl. 6.—C. Prerr, 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 79, pl. 4, f. 7—Nuxss. 


158 LIMNHADA. 


Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 79.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) 
vol. vill. p. 8385. — Harr. in Sturm Deutseh, Fauna, pt. 8, 
pl. 138. — RossmAssz. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p- 104, pl. 2, f. 61.—Canrr. Mem. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 147.— 
Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 59, pl. 4, f. 34. — STE, 
Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 20. 

Helix planorbis, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 65, pl. 4, f. 12. 

Planorbis compressus, Micuaup, Compl. Drap. Moll. France, p. 81, pl. 16, f. 6, 

7, 8. 

Shell rather small, extremely depressed, of a glossy 
horn-colour, thin and transparent, regularly, closely, yet 
not very sharply wrinkled across. Upper disk broadly and 
rather deeply concave; lower disk flat (more rarely con- 
vex), occasionally, however, it is concave in the middle, in 
which event the upper disk is almost level. | Whorls 
usually six (more rarely seven), deeply divided (especially 
above), well rounded on the superior disk, rather flat on 
the inferior one. Body broader above than below, not ab- 
ruptly larger (as in a closely allied exotic species) than the 
preceding turn, gradually shelving (for the most part with 
little convexity), so as to form a more or less acute and 
projecting almost basal keel-like angulation; its upper or 
sutural slope more or less rounded, and rather sudden. 
Mouth unarmed, oblique, subcordate, angulated by the 
keel, decidedly broader than long, usually filling a fifth or 
rather less of the total width, neither expanded nor stric- 
tured externally. Diameter from a third to a fourth of 
an inch. 

Animal pale yellowish grey, black about the head, and 
especially between the tentacles, which are very long, pale 
yellowish grey, and have the eyes at their bases with 
white spaces. The foot is very short as compared with 
the size of the shell. 

Widely distributed in England, though scarce or absent 


in several districts. It is not included in the lists from 


PLANORBIS. 159 


Northumberland or Cornwall. Dumfriesshire (Dr. John- 
ston and Sir William Jardine); Aberdeenshire (Mac- 
gillivray) ; near Dublin (W. Thompson). 


P. sprroreis, Linneeus. 


Extremely depressed ; whorls very narrow and of very slow 
increase ; angulation of the periphery not acutely prominent ; 
both disks concave ; mouth not angulated, 


Plate CX XVII. fig. 9, 10. 


Heli« spirorbis, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 455; 
Suppl. pl. 25, f. 2.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. 
vol. viii. p. 191.—Rackx. Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f£. 17.— 
Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 47. — Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. 
p- 907.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 33, f. 50. 
Planorbis ,, MU Lier (not Drap.) Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 161. — Fremine, 
Brit. Anim. p. 277.— Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 115, f. 98.— AtprEr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. 
vol. ii, p. 8388. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 268, 
pl. 8, f. 98.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f. 42, 
43.—Brarp, Coq, Envir. Paris, p. 156, pl. 14, £42, 48.—C. 
Pretr. Deutsch. L. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p.79, pl. 4, f. 8. 
—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 385. —Nuss. 
Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 78. — RossmAssx. Iconog. Land 
und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 2, f. 61. —Canrr. Mém. 
Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 166. 
A vortea, var. b. Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 45, pl. 2, f. 6, 7.— 
Maceitiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 117. 
a leucostomus, MicHaup (as of Millet) Comp, Drap. Moll. France, p. 80, 
pl. 16, f. 3, 4, 5 (teste Thompson, from type). 


Shell very closely resembling vortex, yet scarcely so com- 
pressed, and with both disks concave. The whorls, which 
on the inferior disk are much less flattened than in the 
preceding species, are less thin and transparent, often of a 
rusty brown, peculiarly narrow, and of still slower in- 
crease: the wrinkles are nearly obsolete. The body, like- 
wise, is nearly equally broad above and below, and its 
shelve being more abrupt and rounded, the basal angula- 


160 LIMN ADA. 


tion, even when marked, does not acutely project. The 
mouth, likewise, which is still smaller in proportion to the 
total breadth, is as high as it is broad, and is of a much 
more rounded shape, not being angulated by a carina. Di- 
ameter a quarter of an inch. 

Animal closely resembling the last. 

In local lists it is difficult, where both species do not 
occur to separate this from the preceding. P. spirorbis, 
however, appears to be still more generally diffused, and 
to have a wide distribution through most districts of the 
three kingdoms. 


P. contorrus, Linneus. 


Whorls closely coiled, narrow, high; upper disk flattened, 
lower one deeply excavated ; periphery rounded. 


Plate CX XVI. fig. 3. 


Helix contorta, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244. —— Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. 
pl. 99.—Monr. Test. Brit. p.457; Suppl. pl. 25, f. 6. Maron 
and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 191.— Rack. Dorset 
Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 11. —Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 48. — 
Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 908. — Woop, Index Testac. 
pl. 33, f. 52. 
Planorbis contortus, MLLER, Verm. Hist. pt. ii. p. 162.—FLEmine, Brit. Anim. 
p- 277.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382.— 
Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 113 (ed. Gray, 
p- 270), f. 96.—Maceit. Moll. Aberd. p. 118.—Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f. 33, 34.— Drap. 
Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 42, pl. 1, f. 39, 40, 41.— 
Vorrn in Stwm. Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 3, pl. 4. —Brarp, 
Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 157, pl. 6, f. 12, 13, 14.—C. Prerr. © 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 81, pl. 4, f. 11. 
—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 387.— 
Nirss. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 73. — Kickx, Moll. 
Brabant. p. 63.— RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 7, f. 117. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et 
Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 4, f.30.—Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. 
p- 59.—SrexIn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 25. 

Helix crassa, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 16, pl. 4, f. 11. 

umbilicata, Put. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. 


” 


PLANORBIS. 161 


Shell small, brownish horn-colour, about thrice as broad 
as high, not much polished. Upper or right disk flattish, 
yet slightly concave in the middle, exhibiting six ex- 
tremely narrow coils, that are of very slow increase, closely 
and most minutely wrinkled across, deeply divided by the 
suture, rounded, but with their inner slope the more abrupt. 
Lower disk very deeply and broadly excavated in the 
middle ; the body-whorl about twice as broad as on the 
other disk, and slightly more slanting from its rounded 
periphery. Mouth unarmed, peculiarly small, occupying 
only about a sixth or seventh of the total breadth, of a 
narrow lunate figure, not peaked, a little below the level 
above, slightly beyond it beneath. Outer lip neither 
dilated, marginated, nor strictured behind. Size, a fifth 
of an inch, by about a line in height. 

Animal dark grey, nearly black, very small in propor- 
tion to the shell. 

Generally distributed through the British Islands, in- 


habiting ponds, ditches, and slow streams. 


P. nitipus, Miiller. 


Polished smooth, transparent, devoid of septa; body dispro- 
portionately large, angulated at the periphery. 


Plate CX XVII. fig. 11, 12. 


Planorbis nitidus, MULLER, Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 163, in part.— Frem. Brit. 
Animals, p. 278.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. 
p- 888, 522.— AtprErR, Trans. Nat. His. Soc. Northumb. 
vol. i. p. 30. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 268, 
pl. 8, f. 93. — THomps. Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 125. — 
Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 33, pl. 14, f. 50, 51. — Lam. 
Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 368 (not synonyms). 
Helix fontana, LicHtT¥Foor, Phil. Trans. 1786, vol. Ixxvi. p. 165, pl. 2, upper 
compartment.—Monr. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 462, pl. 6, f. 6.— 
Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. vill. p. 193.—Racx. 


MOT.) LV. Y 


162 LIMN HAD. 


Dorset Catal. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 19.— Dittw. Recent Shells, 
vol. ii, p. 898.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 33, f. 95. 
Planorbis complanatus, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 47, pl. 2, f. 20.— 
Brarp, Cog. Envir. Paris, p. 161, pl. 6, f. 4.—C. 
Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 83, 
pl. 4, f. 14. — RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
Moll. pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 7, f. 116.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et 
Fluy. France, p. 59, pl. 4, f. 40. 

Helix lenticularis, AUTEN, Conch. Augsburg, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 4. 

Planorbis lenticularis, Kick x, Moll. Brabant. p. 67.—HArtTm. in Sturm Deutsch. 
Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 7, pl. 16; Erd und Siissw. Moll. 
pl. 13 (Hippeutis). 

» fontanus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 110, f. 93. — Srein. 
- Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 22. 


Shell most closely resembling Jacustris, but still more 
depressed, less polished, usually paler, being horn-coloured, 
and perfectly devoid of the internal partitions and their 
corresponding external indications. Whorls of the spire 
more convex; the apical one more distinct, and less sunken. 
Keel slightly more central. Mouth nearly filling three- 
sevenths of the total width, still more compressed than in 
lacustris. 

Animal, when adult, brownish black, paler about the 
tentacula ; when young, pale grey. 

Generally distributed through England, and the south of 
Scotland; wide spread, but local, in Ireland. 


P. tacustrris, Lightfoot. 


Highly polished, amber-coloured, with internal partitions: 
periphery angulated. 


Plate CK XVIII. figs. 1, 2, 3. 


Helix complanatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1242 (inadequately described). 

Planorbis nitidus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 163, in part.—Turt. Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 116, f. 99.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et 
Fluv. France, p. 46, pl. 2, f. 17, 18, 19.—C. Prxir. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 82, pl. 4, f. 12, 13.—Nis. 
Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 82. — Harr. Sturm Deutsch. 
Fauna, sect. 16, pt. 7, pl. 15. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land 
und Siissw. Moll. pt. 2, p. 15, pl. 7, £114, 115.—Bovuinier, 


PLANORBIS. 163 


Moll. Auvergne, p. 65 (animal).—Canrr, Mem. Ac. Bruxel. 
vol, xiii. p. 167.—Gras, Mol. Terr. et Fluy. France, Appx. 
p- 18.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 21. 
Helix nitida, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3624 (from Miiller). 
Jautilus lacustris, LigHtFoot, Phil. Trans. vol, Ixxvi. (1786,) p. 163, pl. 1.— 
Monr. Test. Brit. p. 191, pl. 6, f. 3. — Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 117. — Fuemine, Edin. Encycel. vol. vii. pt. 1, 
p- 86.— Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 339. — Woop, 
Index Testac. pl. 13, Naut. f. 3. 
Segmentina lineata, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 279; Treatise Moll. Anim. (from 
Encycl. Brit.) pl. 7, f. 18. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells. p. 271, pl. 8, f. 99. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. 
p. 33, pl. 14, f 48, 49. 
Planorbis lineatus, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 389.—ALDER, Mag. 
Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 114. 
ss Nautileus, Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 66. 
= clausulatus, Porrez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p, 209. — 
WALKER, Test. Minut. Rar. pl. 1, f. 28. 

Shell small, much depressed, highly polished, smooth, 
transparent, of a reddish amber-colour, with a few (usually 
three on the final coil) distant opaque white radiating 
curved lines, which indicate the site of the internal septa 
or partitions; painted here and there, likewise, with a 
brown line, the vestige of a previous stage of growth. 
Upper disk convex, except just in the middle, where it is 
indented, displaying four whorls, the first three of which 
are very small, merely convex, and of moderately fast 
increase ; lower disk flattened, somewhat broadly, pro- 
foundly, and rather abruptly umbilicated. Body-whorl 
extremely large, filling nearly the entire surface, very 
much less high than broad, about equally wide above and 
below, gradually and convexly shelving on the upper disk 
to a sharply angulated sub-basal keel-like edge. Suture 
fine. Mouth broader than high, filling about two-fifths of 
the total width, unarmed, of a blunt arrow-headed shape, 
being horizontally compressed and trigonally lunate. Outer 
lip simple, acute, projecting a little below the basal level. 
Diameter the fifth of an inch. 


164 LIMNAEADA. 


This shell was confounded by Miiller with the last, and 
has been made the type of a distinct genus by Fleming. 
It is, however, a true Planorbis, and we agree with Mr. 
Alder in considering the internal partitions of the shell as 
only of specific import. The animal closely resembles that 
of nitidus. 

It is common in ditches and ponds in many parts of 
England, especially about London, but cannot be regarded 
as of general distribution. It occurs in the south of Scot- 
land, but has not been noticed in Ireland, except at Cahir, 
in Tipperary, where Mr. J. D. Humphreys has taken it 
(Jeffreys). 


LIMN AUS. Drararnaup. 


Shell, ovate, oblong, or turreted, thin and horny, dex- 
tral; aperture ovate, or expanded, with an entire margin 
and a more or less twisted columella. No operculum. 

Animal with a broad head and snout; tentacles two, 
triangular, rather short, broad, the eyes placed at their 
inner basis ; mantle even-edged, in some species reflected 
on the shell ; foot broadly lanceolate or sub-ovate. Tongue 
armed with many transverse rows of numerous stout 
uncinated teeth, with furcated hooks, flanking a minute 
simple, hooked, central denticle. 

The species of this genus are found in streams, ponds, 
and lakes, in all parts of the world; and, though nume- 
rous, bear, for the most part, a striking resemblance to 
each other. Some of them are very widely diffused, pre- 
senting, like many other fresh-water animals and plants, a 
great extent of distribution through various climates and 
distant countries. Limnai have been found in the fossil 
state in strata dating as far back as the oolitic epoch; and, 
as in the case of Physa and Planorbis, the most ancient 


LIMN AUS. 165 


forms as yet noticed, bear a striking resemblance to com- 
mon existing types. These mollusks lay their eggs in- 
vested in elliptical masses of gelatinous matter, enclosed 
within a fine membranous envelope: these they attach to 
stones or water-plants. The number of eggs in a single 
bundle is often very great. 

**'The character of the dentition of Limneus,” observes 
Mr. W. Thomson, “appears to be, to have one small 
central] tubercle, as it were squeezed up between two very 
large lateral ones, each primary lateral having a very large 
apex internally, with a small external one, quite at the 
edge; they have altered to one thick prolonged apex pro- 
jecting inwards, and irregularly lobed on its upper edge. 
Much the same arrangement prevails in Amphipeplea, where, 
however, the tubercle of the lateral teeth is even still 
larger in proportion to its plate.” 

The genus Amphipeplea was constituted by Nilson for 
Limnaus glutinosus on account of its large mantle lobes, 
which the animal reflects over the shell when crawling. 


We have regarded it as a section of Limneus.* 


L. perecer, Miiller. 


Striolate ; body abruptly larger; spire short ; its whorls not 
abruptly severed, but convex or rounded ; outer lip slanting at 
its junction with the body-whorl; columellar lip not strongly 
contorted, nor bent to the left, curved below. 


Plate CX XIII. fig. 3 to 7. 


List. Anim. Angl. pl. 2, f. 23.—Scur6r. Fliisse. pl. 6, f. 8. 
Buccinum peregrum, MUuLuerR, Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 130. 


* The Limneus detritus, of Turton’s Manual (p. 125) was described from a 
young specimen of the Bulimus Zebra! of Miiller (Pfeif. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. 
p. 143; the wadatus of Bruguiere). The types of the Helia detritus of Pulteney 
and Montagu, both prove to be a white variety of the West Indian B. ewilis 
(Pfeif. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 224). 


166 LIMNMADS. 


Helix putris, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 139, pl. 86, f.137.—MarTon and 
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 219, pl. 5, f. 8*. — Rack. 
Dorset Catal. p. 56, pl. 21, f. 13, and pl. 19, f. 30.—Turt. 
Conch. Diction. p. 67.—DiLiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 965.— 
Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 371. 
Turbo trianfractus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. pl. 5, f. 13. 
Helix peregra, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3659.—Mont. Test. Brit. p. 373, pl. 16, f. 3. 
—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 965. 
» inflata, GEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3666, and Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 967, 
from Schrét. Fliissconch. p. 311, pl. 7, f. 5 (copied Woop, 
Index Test. pl. 35, f. 174) probably. 
»» teres, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3667, from Guatt. pl. 5, f. NN. (copied Woop, 
Index Test. pl. 35, f. 181.) 
Bulimus peregrus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 301. 
Siculus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 885 (from which Helia 
Siculus, Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 970) ? 
» limosus, Porrer. Prod. (teste Rossm.) 
Felix lutea, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 380, pl. 16, f. 6.— Maron and Rack. Trans. 
Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 222.—Turvt. Conch. Diction. p. 69.—DILLw. 
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 969.—W oop, Index Testac. pl. 35, £179. 
», limosa, (as of Linn.) Mont. Test. Brit. p. 381, pl. 16, f. 1._—Brown, Mem. 
Werner. Soe. vol. ii. p. 130, pl. 24, f. 11. 
Limneus pereger, Drav. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 50, pl. 2, f. 34, 37.— 
Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 374. — Turt. 
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 118, f. 101.—THomes. Ann. 
Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 118.—Vorru in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, 
sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 1. 
ovatus, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 50, pl. 2, f. 30, 31.— 
Puuirrt, Mol. Sicil. vol. i. p. 146; vol. ii. p. 120.—CuHarpEnt. 
Cat. Moll. Suisse, pl. 2, f. 15. 
Lymneus 4,  Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 142, pl. 5, f. 4, 5. 
Helix auricula, junior, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 970. 
Limneus ovatus, C. PrEir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 89, pl. 4, 
f, 21. 
vulgaris, C. Prri1F. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 89, pl. 4, 
f. 22, —KLEEBURG, Moll. Borus. Syn. p. 23.—RossMAssL. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 97, f. 53. 
»  pereger, C. Pret. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 90, pl. 4, 
f. 23, 24.—- Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p, 233, 
pl. 7, f. 101, and pl. 11, f 101, @.— Maceiz. Moll. Aberd. 
p- 106.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p- 97, f. 54.— Puitrppr, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 146; vol. ii. 
p- 120.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 11. 
Lymnea peregra, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 412. — Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 15, f. 8, 9, 10, 11, 36, 37, 38, 
39, 40; pl. 18", £. 32 to 37. — Nuss. Moll. Suec. Ter. et 
Fluy. p. 66. 


” 


” 


” 


LIMN £US. 167 


Lymnea ovata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 412.—K enyon, Mag. 
Nat. vol. i. p. 425, f. 182, g. —Nis, Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. 
p. 63. 
»  ntermedia, LAM. (as of Férus.) Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. 
p. 414,—Dezs. Rec. Coq. Lam. pl. 30, f. 7. 
5»  putris, FLEMING, Encyclop. Edin. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 77. 
Limnea lutea, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 275. 
»  limosa, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 274. 
Lymnea ovata, vulgaris and peregra, Scuus. and WaGn. Chem. Conch. Cab. 
vol. xii. p. 179, 180, pl. 235, f. 4127 
to 4130. 
Limneus vulgaris, Kick x, Moll. Brabant. p. 55. 
Limnea marginata, Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 88, pl. 16, f. 15, 16. 
—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 4, f. 47. 
»  ¢termedia, Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 86, pl. 16, f. 17, 18. 
—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 5, f. 4. 
»  lUneata, BEAN, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 493, f. 62. 
Lymneus ovatus, KLEEBURG, Moll. Borus. Syn. 'p. 23. — RossmAssu. Iconog. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 56. 
Lymnea lacustris, Porrez and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 219, pl. 22, 
1 UL 
Limnea ovata, GRAs, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 5, f. 3. 
»  peregra, Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 4, f. 45, 46. 


So infinite are the variations of shape in this most abun- 
dant species, that we must content ourselves with describ- 
ing the ordinary characteristic form (pl. CX-XIIT., f. 4, 6) 
and then indicating a few of the principal aberrations from 
it, which occur in our islands. 

Shell ovate-acute, oval-acute, or sub-rhombic oval and 
rounded below, horn-coloured, sometimes with a ferrugi- 
nous film, more or less thin and glossy, slightly wrinkled 
lengthways, with the usual spiral interruptions or lines of 
the genus by no means conspicuous. Spire ranging from 
scarcely one-sixth to about one-third (with a corresponding 
increase of area) of the dorsal length, composed of four 
tapering turns, that are of moderately fast longitudinal in- 
crease, swell out convexly from beneath the suture, and are 
well rounded below; of these the penult is not small-based 


168 LIMN ADA. 


(as in auricularius) in proportion to the breadth of the 
body, and its area, on the average, is not more than quad- 
ruple that of the portion above it ; the not peculiarly narrow 
antepenult is bluntly trigonal and planulately shelving as 
in auricularius, but much broader than high. Body only 
moderately ventricose, its basal declination more or less 
rounded, its anterior extremity not peculiarly prominent. 
Mouth usually filling from four-sevenths to five-sixths of the 
length, and on the average four-sevenths only of the ventral 
area, of a broader or narrower peaked ovate figure, well 
rounded below. 

Outer lip not peculiarly projecting, bending downwards 
at once, only moderately arcuated throughout, for the most 
part not expanded; its anterior recedence but trifling. 
Pillar lip much elongated, arched to the right below, in 
general rather broadly reflected but not appressed, except 
occasionally above, disclosing a more or less open chink; 
its left edge not incurved; columellar twist very rarely 
developed. 

Variety ovata. Ventricose, often more transparent and 
yellow than in the preceding form ; spire very small and 
little elevated, sometimes not filling an eighth of the dorsal 
length, its whorls of quick increase and peculiarly short ; 
mouth capacious, occupying about two-thirds or even more 
of the ventral area, and about five-sixths of the total 
length ; pillar lip somewhat flatly reflected over the upper 
part of the chink (fig. 3). 

Variety lineata. Body more or less swollen, large ; spire 
short, its upper turns often eroded, and small in proportion to 
the penult. Throat with somewhat divergently transverse 
linear indentations, which cause corresponding external 
elevations. The spire in sinistral examples (fig. 7) thus 


sculptured is usually more produced and regular, and the 


ee 


LIMN MUS. 169 


body and aperture are often less ample than in dextral 
specimens. 

In the lutea of Montagu the shell is stronger and dull 
orange yellow ; the mouth large ; the spire depressed. In 
the shell figured in the Linnean Transactions (vol. viii. pl. 
5, f.8*), and in the marginata of Michaud, the internal 
rim of the outer lip is thickened. 

The usual size of this species is about half an inch in 
length, but there are varieties an inch long, and others con- 
stantly dwarfed. 

The animal has a very broad head with large triangular 
tentacles, the eyes placed on slight auriculations at their 
inner bases. The foot is broad and round in front, obtuse 
but somewhat lanceolate behind. The general colour is a 
yellowish olive, varying in depth, changing to greenish grey 
at the margin, and deepening to brown or mottled black on 
the body. This is our commonest Limneus, and is univer- 
sally diffused through the British islands: it is found in 
springs high up on mountains, as well as in ponds by the 


sea-shore nearly brackish. 


L, auricutarius, Linneus. 


Almost as broad as long, inflated, wrinkled ; spire acute, very 
short, its whorls not rounded ; penult turn very narrow, abruptly 
larger than the previous coil, truncated conical. Mouth very 
capacious ; columellar fold prominent ; outer lip patulous, pro- 
jecting above almost at right angles to the axis. 


Plate CX XIII. fig. 1 and (var. acutus) 2. 


Scurorer, Fliissconch. pl. 6, f. 4,5; pl. 7, f. 12. 

Helix auricularia, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.— Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, 
vol. iv. p. 139, pl. 86, f. 138.—PuLreney, Hutchins, Hist. 
Dorset, p. 49.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pi. 51, f. 1.— 
Mont. Test. Brit. p. 375, pl. 16, f.2.—MaTon and Rack, 
Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. vill. p. 221 (not var.).— Dorset 


VOL. IV. Z 


170 LIMNAADA. 


Catalog. p. 56, pl. 21, f. 17.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 68. 
—CueEmn. Conch. Cab, vol. ix. pt.2, p. 171, pl. 135, 
f. 1241, 1242..-Woop, Index Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 186. 
—-Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 969 (not var.). 
Buceinum auricula, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 126.—WorF in Sturm, 
Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 1. 
Turbo patulus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 95, pl. 5, f. 17. 
Bulimus auricularius, BRuG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 304. 
Limneus 5 Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 49, pl. 2, f. 28, 29, 32. 
—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 372.—Turt. 
Manual L, and F.W. Shells, p. 117, f. 100.—THompson, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 117.—Kickx, Moll. Brabant. 
Austral. p. 56. 
Lymneus * Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 140, pl. 5, f. 23. 
Lymnea auricularia, LaMARcK, Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vill. p. 411.— 
Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 15, f. 29 to 32.— 
Nits. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 61. —Sowersy, 
Conch. Manual, f. 309. 
Limneus auricularius, C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 85, 
p). 4, f. 17, 18.— Gray, Manual L.and F.W. Shells, 
p- 232, pl. 7, f£ 100.— RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und 
Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 98, pl. 2, f. 55.—Srein, Schnecken 
Berlins, pl. 2, f. 12. 
Limneus acutus, Jevrr. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 373. 
Limnea auricularia, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 275. 
Limneus pereger, var. acutus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, pl. 11, 
f.101 d. 
Limnea 2 Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 5, f. 1, 2. 
Gulnaria wuricula, HARtM. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 16. 


It is the combination of characters, most of which are 
separately present in the preceding species, that constitutes 
the specific individuality of L. auricularius. For one of 
the many forms of pereger displays the capacious aperture, 
another that peculiarly rapid volutional increase which 
effects the disproportion between the penult and antepenult 
turns, a third the projecting anterior extremity, a fourth the 
curious twisted gibbous look of its body when examined 
at its left side, yet collectively these characters give such 
an aspect to the species that even when the fold is im- 


perfectly developed, no practical difficulty occurs in the 
determination of specimens. 


LIMN AUS. L7Tt 


Shell variable in form, more or less broad, rhomboidal- 

ovate when the spire composes a full fifth of the dorsal 
length, obovate subtrigonal when it is so short as barely 
to fill a sixth of that space; shining, horn-coloured both 
within and without, manifestly and comparatively coarsely 
wrinkled lengthways, with the spiral lines or interruptions 
also distinct. Whorls four to four and a half, somewhat 
planulately shelving towards the obliquely curved suture ; 
spire extremely short, and small; its turns of very rapid 
longitudinal increase ; the minute apical coil and the 
moderately high and much tapering antepenult volution 
together not equal in area to a fifth of the penult turn ; 
the latter small-based in proportion to the body, which pro- 
jects above on its right, and has its basal declination more 
or less gradual and not much rounded. Mouth occupying 
from three-fourths to four-fifths of the ventral length, and 
from four-sevenths to almost two-thirds of the area, of a 
somewhat rounded oval figure; outer lip extremely pro- 
minent, jutting out above almost at right angles to the axis 
previous to the sweep of its uninterrupted arcuation, ad- 
vancing towards the middle, receding anteriorly, expanded 
throughout, especially below, which gives a_ projecting 
look to the anterior dorsal extremity. Pillar lip elongated, 
bending to the left, much reflected, not appressed, but 
disclosing a more or less open umbilical chink; its left 
edge much incurved; columellar twist more or less strongly 
marked. Length an inch (or even more), breadth about 
a fourth less. 

In the immature variety (a@cutus) the mouth is much less 
capacious, and the body is very much smaller and nar- 
rower in relation to the spire: the high and narrow turns 
of the latter, and the anterior projection of the body are 


still preserved. 


Le LIMN ADA. 


The animal, except in those features which correspond 
with the differences of the shell, closely resembles that of 
pereger. 

The more limited and peculiar range of this form would 
seem to warrant our regarding it as distinct. It is chiefly 
found in the midland and south eastern counties, and is 
abundant in many localities around London, Clumber 
Lake, Notts, and in company with the var. acutus (which 
occurs in marshes on the sea coast) at Crymlyn Barrows, 
near Swansea (Jeffreys.) Sparingly at Worcester (Reece). 
Common about Nottingham (Lowe); fine and characteristic 
at York (T. Hincks); scarce and poor near Clitheroe 
(Winstanley) ; at Prestwich car, small, and ponds near 
Darlington (Alder) ; pond, Abercorn park, south of Scot- 
land (Logan). Not uncommon in Ireland (W. Thompson). 


L. surnerri, Alder. 


Ampullaceous, wrinkled ; mouth very ample; fold indistinct. 
Spire sunken or almost level. 


Plate CXXIII. fig. 8, 9. 


Limnea Burnetti, ALDER, Ann. Nat. Hist. new ser. vol. il. p. 396, pl. 11, top 
figures. 


Shell obliquely ovate-globose, very thin, pale reddish 
tawny, semi-transparent, a little glossed, more or less re- 
gularly wrinkled lengthways, the spiral lines or interrup- 
tions distant or inconspicuous. Spire scarcely, if at all, 
elevated ; the penult volution rounded, the rest very small 
and sunken. Almost the entire area occupied by the 
body, which abruptly swells out from the well pronounced 
and little slanting suture, and is broadly tumid in the 


middle ; anterior or basal declination rounded and abrupt 


LIMN AUS. tis 


on the ventral side; more gradual and less convex dor- 
sally. Mouth peculiarly and obliquely prominent, so as 
to project chiefly below, subpyriform-ovate, carved and 
acutely peaked above, well rounded below, all but occupy- 
ing the entire length, yet only filling four-sevenths at most 
of the ventral area, since the body swelling into the 
aperture does not so quickly attenuate posteriorly as 
in most of our Limnai. Outer lip acute, regularly ar- 
cuated, not: sinuated at the edge, receding below. Pillar 
lip very thin, white, slanting to the right, not at all 
appressed, but disclosing the umbilical chink. No decided 
columellar twist. Length seven lines and a half; breadth 
half an inch. 

The animal is of the usual form in this genus, but is a 
little broader than that of pereger. It is of a dark olive 
colour spotted with opake yellow. The cloak is nearly 
black with a few paler spots. 

It was first detected by Mr. Burnett of Newcastle in 
the stomach of trout caught in Loch Shene, Dumfries- 
shire, where it was afterwards taken alive by the same 
gentleman (Alder). Mr. Jeffreys (who regards it as a 
variety of pereger) informs us that it has been taken by 
Mr. M. Moggridge in Llyn y van fach, Breconshire. 


With some hesitation we annex as a variety to this 
species the Limneus pereger, var. 4. (lacustris) of Gray’s 
Manual (p. 234, pl. 11, fig. 101 b.— Amphipeplea lacustris, 
Brown, Il. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 15, f. 24, 257) figured 
by us in plate CX XXII. fig. 10. The apex is eroded, 
not quite sunken, and yet barely elevated above the body 
whorl ; the pillar is more appressed. It is not improbable 
that both this and the typical Burnetti may prove in 
the end to be abnormal forms of pereger. We have 


174 LIMNAADA. 


taken the so-called /acustris in Loch Leven and some other 
lowland Scottish lakes. 


L. sracnauis, Linneus. 


Conic-ovate, imperforate, body whorl abruptly larger, usually 
subangulated above; spire turreted, acute. Aperture consti- 
tuting more than half of the total length: columellar fold 
strong ; edge of outer lip usually spreading. 


Plate CX XIV, fig. 4, 5. 


Helix stagnalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.— Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, 
vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 86, f. 136, A~—PuLTrENery, Hutchins, Hist. 
Dorset, p. 48.— Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pl. 51, f. 2.— 
Mont. Test. Brit. p. 367, pl. 16, f. 8—Marvon and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vili. p. 214.—Rack. Dorset Catalog. 
p. 55, pl. 24, f£. 11—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 65, f. 69.— 
Scurbr. Fliissconch, pl. 7, fig. 1, 2.— Burrows, Elem. 
Conch, pl. 20, f. 5.—Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 962.— 
Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 166. 
» JSragilis,* Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249, probably.—Monr. Test. Brit. 
p- 369, pl. 16, f. 7. Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. 
vol. viii. p. 215, probably.—Turvr. Conch. Diction. p. 65.— 
Scnrbt. Fliissconch. pl. 7, f. 8. — Diriw. Recent Shells, 
vol. ii. p. 963.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 167. 
Buccinum stagnale, MtLuER, Verm. Ter. et Fluv. pt. 2, p. 1338.—WoLF, in 
Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 1. 
Turbo stagnalis, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 938, pl. 5, f. 11. 
Bulimus ,, Brue. Encye. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 308. 
Buecinum roseo-labiatum, Wour, in Sturm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 1. 
Limneus stagnalis, DrAp. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 51, pl. 2, f. 38, 39.— 
Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 121, f 104.— 
Harr. Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 8, pl. 11, 12.— 
Kickx, Moll. Brabant, p. 58.— CuarprEnt, Cat. Moll. 
Suisse, pl. 2, f. 13, 14. 
Lymneus 45 BrARD, Coq. Paris, p. 133, pl. 5, f. 1. 
Limneus 4, C. Prerir. Deutsch. L. und S. Moll. pt. 1, p. 86, pl. 4, f. 18, 19; 
pl. 1, f. 11, animal—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p- 236, pl. 7, f. 104.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. 
* This is not the Bulimus fragilis of Lamarck (Deles. Rec. Coq. pl. 28, f. 2) 
which was erroneously published by that writer (on the authority of Dr. Leach) 
as the /elix fragilis of Montagu, and a native of England. 


LIMN AUS. 175 


Moll. pt. 1, p. 95, pl. 2, f. 49, and pl. 5, f. 83, 84, 85.— 
Cantrr. Mem. Ac. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 159.—Puitrppr, Moll. 
Sicil. vol. ii. p. 120.—Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 13. 
Lymnea stagnalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 408.—Brown. 
Tllust. Conch. G. B. p. 28, pl. 15, f. 19 to 23. —Nuxs. Moll. 
Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 60.— Sowxrsy, Conch. Manual, 
f. 308. 
Limnea 59 Sowersy, Genera Shells, Lim. f. |—FxLemine, Brit. Anim. 
p. 273.—BourLet, Moll. Auvergne, p. 69, animal.— Gras, 
Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 63.—Rerxve, Conch. Syst. 
vol. ii. pl. 191, f. 1.—Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 66. 
Limneus major, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 374, 


a» 


Limnea fragilis, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 273. 
Limneus ,,  Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 121, f. 105. 
Stagnicola vulgaris, HARTM. Erd und Siissw. Gaster. pl. 8, 12. 


Shell ovate acuminated, or turreted oblong-oval, the 
body being abruptly larger and inflated, the spire pro- 
duced and of a sudden narrowly conical; horn-coloured 
(sometimes pallid, sometimes ochraceous), wrinkled length- 
ways (at times, though rarely, somewhat plicately so), the 
surface beneath a powerful glass appearing exquisitely 
chased by dense spiral series of short and often scarcely 
interrupted longitudinal scratches. Whorls fully seven, 
elongated, tapering to a fine point, of rapid longitudinal 
increase, peculiarly attenuated and flat-surfaced above, 
convex or rounded below, at times appearing subangulated 
(especially the body) from this contrast ; suture simple, 
slanting, profound, the area beneath it sometimes edged 
with white; the apical coils rounded. Body long, its 
rounded swell a little depressed in the middle ; basal de- 
clination convex, more or less gradual. Mouth capacious, 
rounded below, variable in shape, in the more typical 
examples of a peaked and unsymmetrical ovate or oval 
figure, occupying about one half (usually rather more) 
of the ventral length. Outer lip prominent, a little dis- 
posed to expand, its arch for the most part more or less 


176 LIMN MADE. 


depressed in the middle; its edge peculiarly sinuous, alter- 
nately receding and advancing, the latter chiefly below the 
middle. Inner lip bending to the left; pillar lip reflected 
and raised so as to form an obliquely arcuated: prominent 
fold. Labial enamel appressed even to its extremity so as 
not to form any umbilicus. Our foreign examples measure 
two inches at the least in length, and fully an inch across ; 
British examples rarely attain to such dimensions. 

Var. fragilis smaller, the body less swollen, more regu- 
larly convex and usually more elongated, not at all angu- 
lated ; the volution not planulate posteriorly. Aperture 
partaking of the general slenderness ; the marginal sinua- 
tion of the outer lip much less marked. 

The animal is of a yellowish olive hue, more or less 
marked with pale opake specks. 

This fine species is abundant in still water localities, 
slow running rivers and canals throughout the greater 
part of England, exclusive of the extreme south-west, and 
some of the more mountainous districts. It has been in- 
troduced into a few localities in the south of Scotland. In 
Ireland it is local, but generally diffused (W. Thompson). 
It is not found in the Isle of Man.* 


* Turton’s figure of his Limneus scaturiginum (Manual, f. 102) was copied 
from the Physa ! scaturiginum of Draparnaud (Hist. Moll. pl. 3, f. 14), supposed 
to be the young of Achatina folliculus. The specimen, “not half a line long,” 
mistaken for this species, was the fry of a Limneus, and, according to Mr, 
Jeffreys, of L. stagnalis. 


~I 
~] 


LIMN XUS. 1 


L. rruncatutus, Miiller. 


Small, perforated, conic-oval, spire about as long as the aper- 
ture ; whorls tumid, deeply and abruptly divided. 


Plate CXXIV. fig. 3. 


Buceinum truncatulum, MULuER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 130. 
Helix truncatula, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3659.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. 
p- 967. 
Bulimus truncatus, Brug. Encyel. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 310. 
Helix fossaria, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 372, pl. 16, f. 9.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 217, pl. 5, f. 9. — Rack. Dorset 
Catalog. p. 56, pl. 18, f. 17.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 66.— 
Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 965.— Woop, Index Test. 
pl. 35, f. 169. 
Lymneus minutus, Drap. Mol]. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 53, pl. 3, f. 5, 6. — 
AupeEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 113. 
Lymnea minuta, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 415.— Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 28, pl. 15, f. 12, 13, and pl. 18*, 
f. 30, 831.—Nuts. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 72. 
Timneus minutus, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 93, pl. 4, 
f. 27.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p- 100, pl. 2, f. 57. — Puriprr, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 147; 
vol. ii. p. 121. 
Limneus truncatulus, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 877.—THOMPsSON, 
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 120. 
Limnea fossaria, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 274. 
Limneus fossarius, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 124, f. 108. 
Lymnea minuta, Scuus. and Waen. in Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 182, pl. 235, 
f. 4134, 4135. 
Limneus limosus, CANTR. Mem. Ac. Brux. 1836, p. 157. 
truncatulus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 240, pl. 7, f. 108. 
—Macerr. Moll. Aberd. p. 110.— Srey, Schnecken 
Berlins, pl. 2, f. 10. 
Limnea minuta, Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, pl. 4, f. 44. 
Limnea truncatula, ALDER, Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 42. 


9 


Shell small, oblong-conic, occasionally more produced, 
thin, glossy, pale horn-coloured, nearly smooth, with the 
ordinary microscopical chasing. Whorls six, peculiarly 
rotundately inflated, swelling abruptly out above from the 
simple and little slanting suture, of quick longitudinal in- 


VOL. IV. A A 


178 LIMN FAD. 


crease, scarcely tapering above ; penult turn not particu- 
larly short, generally filling more than a quarter of the 
total length; apex small. Body, if anything, rather longer 
than the spire, ventricosely rounded ; its basal declination 
moderately quick. Mouth occupying one half the length, 
suboval, rather abruptly angular above, occasionally tinged 
with chestnut brown. Outer lip a little projecting, regu- 
larly arcuated ; its edge not sinuated. Pillar lip straight- 
ish, flatly and broadly reflected as a white plate, which is 
not appressed, but exhibits a decided perforation behind 
it; fold not marked. Extreme length half an inch, with a 
breadth of three lines. 

The animal, which differs from its allies in no remark- 
able particulars of form, varies in colour from pale brown- 
ish grey to nearly black. 

This species often coats its shell with mud, and is much 
in the habit of living on the margins of streams and 
ditches, out of the water. It is universally diffused, living 
in all sorts of watery places, and occurring at considerable 
elevations among mountains. 


L. cuaser, Miiller. 


Elongated, cylindraceous, turreted, whorls rounded ; aperture 
very small. 
Plate CX XIV. fig. 1. 


Buccinum glabrum, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 135 (probably). 
Felix octona,* PENN. (not Linn.) Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 86, f. 135. 


* Dr. Pulteney haying forwarded a supposed Dorset shell thus named (Pult. 
in Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, App. p. 49) to Montagu, the latter identified it as a 
common West Indian species, the Achatina octona of authors (Pfeif. Monog. 
Helic. vol. ii. p. 266). The drawing of H. octona in the Linnean Transactions 
(vol. viii. pl. 5, f. 10)—the accompanying description (p. 211) is transcribed 
from that of Linnzeus—represents a broken lipped specimen of this Achatina. 


LIMN AUS. 179 


Bulimus leucostoma, PorrEt, Prodr. p. 37 (teste Michaud). 

Helix octanfracta, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 396, 588, pl. 11, f. 8.— Maron and 
Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. vill. p. 211. — Rack. Dorset 
Catalog. p. 55, pl. 18, f. 11.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 64. 
— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 35, f. 149. 

» peregrina, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 954. 

Limneus elongatus, Drar. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 52, pl. 3, f. 3, 4. — 
Jerrr. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 376, 520. — Turt. 
Conch. Man. p. 122, f. 106. 

Lymnea leucostoma, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 414. 

Limneus elongatus, Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 92, pl. 4, 
f. 26.— RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p. 101, pl. 2, £. 58. 

Limnea octona, Fuem. Brit. Anim. p. 274. 

Gs elongata, SowERBY, Genera Shells, Lim. f. 6. — Rerve, Conch. Syst. 

pl. 191, f. 6.—Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 68. 

Limneus glaber, Gray, Turt. Man. L. and F. W. Shells, p. 242, pl. 9, f 106.— 

Srey, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 9. 

Limnea leucostoma, Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 65, pl. 5, f. 5. 

Lymnea clongata, Nits. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 71. — Brown, Illust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 15, f. 1, 2, 3, 5. —Scuus. and 
W aan. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 181, pl. 235, f. 41382, 4133. 


Shell turreted-subcylindraceous, the slender body being 
nearly equally broad throughout, and the spire slowly 
tapering to a fine point; thin, somewhat glossy, pale horn- 
coloured, slightly wrinkled lengthways, the ordinary mi- 
croscopic chasing less distinct than in most of the genus. 
Whorls more frequently seven, occasionally nine, rather 
high, of slow increase, simply convex, or moderately 
rounded in the middle, slightly attenuated, but not at all 
planulate above, swelling out at once from the very pro- 
found and but moderately slanting suture. Body not 
quite occupying half of the dorsal length, its surface 
rounded but not inflated; basal declination not abrupt. 
Mouth small, oblong-acute, filling rather more than a 
third of the ventral length, rounded and much receding 


The figure (72) in Turton’s Manual, is so bad that Pfeiffer has cited it with 
doubt for A. semitarum, but from the description (Conch. Diction. p. 63; Man. 
L. and F. Shells, p. 90) we know it to be intended for octona. 


180 LIMNAADA. 


below, usually white. Outer lip subareuated, not promi- 
nent, not disposed to expand except at the anterior extre- 
mity, often thickened by a callus at a little distance from 
its edge, which latter is not sinuated. Pillar lip narrowly 
reflected, more or less curved; labial enamel usually 
appressed in the adult, but often exposing an umbilical 
chink in the young. An individual that measured five- 
eighths of an inch in length, was a quarter of an inch 
broad: specimens are recorded as measuring an inch in 
length, with a proportionate width. 

The animal is very dusky, and shorter-footed in pro- 
portion to its shell than the neighbouring species. 

It is one of our scarcer fresh water shells. It occurs in 
still waters. It occurs in several of our southern counties, 
especially Wilts and Somerset. Penzance (N. T. Miller) ; 
Staffordshire ; in marshes on the sea-coast near Swansea; 
Cardiff; Manorbeer (Jeffreys); York, in small ditches, 
but rare (T. Hincks); Clitheroe (Reece). Not uncommon 
near Newcastle (Alder). Rare in Ireland; Belfast (W. 
Thompson) ; Cork (Humphreys). 


L. patusrris, Linneus. 


Ovate-oblong, usually purplish-brown ; spire conic, about as 
long as the mouth ; whorl simply rounded not abruptly divided ; 
body whorl, not suddenly larger, throat usually coloured ; outer 
lip not spreading. 

Plate CX XIV. fig. 2. 


Buccinum palustre, Muir, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 131. — Scurér, 
Fliissconch. pl. 7, f. 9, 10. 
Helia stagnalis, var. B. PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 139, pl. 86, f. 136, B 
(teste Mont.). 

»» palustris, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3658.—Pu.r. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 48. 
—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 370, pl. 16, f. 10; Suppl. p. 188.— 

Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 216, pl. 5, 

f, 8.—Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 18, f. 18 (not well).— 


LIMN AUS. 181 


Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 66.— Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. 
p- 963.— Woop, Index Testae. pl. 35. f. 168. 
Helix corvus, Gmev. Syst. Nat. p. 3665 (from Scurér. Fliissconch. p. 307, 
pl. 7, £. 3, 4). 
» fragilis, Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. 
pl. 175, 8 1. 
.» fontinalis, Donovy. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 175, f. 2 and *. 
Limneus palustris, DRAPARN. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 52, pl. 2, f. 40, 41, 
42, and pl. 3, f. 1, 2.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, 
p. 123, f. 107.—AxpEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 114. 
—Tuompes. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 119.— Kickx, Moll. 
Brabant. p. 59. 
P Brarp, Coq. Paris, p. 136, pl. 5, f. 6, 7. 
Limneus 4 C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 88, pl. 4, 
f. 20.— Maceriiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 109.— Gray, Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 239, pl. 7, f. 107. — RossmAssr. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 96, f. 51, 52. — 
Puiipri, Moll. Sicil. vol. 1. p. 146; vol. ii. p. 120, 
Lymnea s, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 409. — Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 28, pl. 15, 18, 4, 14, 26. 
5» fusca, Nixs. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 70. 
Limneus communis, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 376. 
»  tinctus, JerrReys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 378, 392. 
Limnea palustris, FLemrne, Brit. Animals, p, 274.— Bourtier, Moll. Auvergne, 
p. 70, animal. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 64, 
pl. 5, f. 6. —Merrmer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 67. 
Lymnea fragilis, Kenyon, Mag. Nat. Hist. (1829) vol. i. p. 425, f. 182, e. 
Limneus ,, STEN, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 14. 


Lymneus 


Shell oblong-conic, or elongated oblong-conic, the body 
being of a rather narrow truncated oval figure, and the 
spire, when not decollated, tapering gradually to a small 
point; moderately strong for the genus, not particularly 
transparent, not lustrous, brownish horn-coloured, with 
the microscopic sculpture as in stagnalis, and with the 
meandering vein-like transverse elevations that are occa- 
sionally present in the last, more often conspicuous and 
frequent. Whorls seven, of moderately fast longitudinal 
increase, more or less rounded, never angulated, moderately 
tapering, and neither planulate nor abruptly tumid above, 
divided by a profound and slanting suture: penult turn 


fillmg about a fourth of the dorsal length. Body as long 


182 LIMNA/ADA. 


as, or slightly longer than the spire, merely subventricose ; 
its convexity not flattened in the middle ; its basal decli- 
nation rounded but not abrupt. Mouth usually stained 
with liver colour or chocolate, neither capacious, nor very 
prominent, of a peaked suboval figure, occupying one half, 
or very nearly so, of the ventral length. Outer lip regu- 
larly arched; its edge scarcely at all sinuated. Pillar 
lip raised at the edge, reflected, not so curved as in stag- 
nalis, sometimes white, sometimes liver coloured: labial 
enamel spread, not usually quite appressed, but exposing 
at times a slight chink. Our largest specimen measures 
fifteen lines in length, and six and a half in breadth. 

The reflexa, umbrosa, and elodes of Say, American Con- 
chology, pl. 31, which form apparently but one species, are 
scarcely distinguishable from this variable shell. 

The animal is dusky, nearly black, tinged with greenish 
and olive. 

Generally diffused through the three kingdoms, inhabit- 
ing ditches, ponds, and springs. It scarcely ranges so far 
north with us as pereger and truncatulus do. 


L. eiurinosus, Miiller. 


Subglobose, extremely thin and transparent, polished, pale 
amber-coloured ; spire extremely small but not truncated: mouth 
very large. 

Plate CX XIV. figs. 6, 7. 


Buccinum glutinosum, MULiER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 129. 
Helix glutinosa, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 379, pl. 16, f.5; Suppl. p. 139.—Maron 
and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 222.—Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 69.—Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 970.-—Woop, 
Index Testaceol. pl. 35, f. 182. 
Limneus glutinosus, DRAPARN. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 50.—JEFFREyYs, 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 3871, 519.—Turt. Manual 
L, and F.W. Shells, p. 120, f. 103.—Axpxr, Mag. Z. and 
B. vol. ii. p. 115.—Kickx, Moll. Brabant. p. 55, pl. 1, 


LIMN AUS. 183 


f. 11, 12.—Mzicuaup, Suppl. Drap. Moll. France, pl. 16, 
f. 13, 14.-—-Mém. Acad. Brux. vol. xii—Gras, Moll. Ter. 
et Fluy. France, p. 18. 
Amphipeplea glutinosa, Niis. Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 58.— Gray, Manual 
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 243, pl. 9, f. 103.—Brown, 
Tilust. Conch. G. B. p. 30, pl. 15, f.27, 28.— RossMAsst. 
Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 93, f. 48.— 
Srery, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 8. : 
Limnea 5 Sowersy, Genera, Shells, Lim. f. 5.—Fiemrne, Brit. 
Animals, p. 275.—Dersm. Bull. Linn. Bord. vol. vii. 
p- 142, pl. 1, 4—Rerve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. p. 191, 
f. 5.—MErMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 65. 
Lymnea Ss Desu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 419. 


Shell suborbicular, or globosely oval, so thin as to be 
almost membranaceous, quite transparent, highly polished, 
of an uniform very pale amber, or yellowish horn-colour, 
finely wrinkled lengthways. Body composing nearly the 
entire shell, much inflated, swelling out convexly from the 
somewhat sunken suture; basal declination rounded, and 
rather quick. Spire scarcely elevated, extremely small, 
formed of three moderately rounded, though depressed and 
tapering volutions, whose increase is moderately fast ; 
base of the penult whorl very small; apical turn minute 
and very blunt. Mouth capacious, extending almost the 
whole length, and filling from four-sevenths to two-thirds 
of the ventral surface, ovate acute, being well rounded 
below, and rather suddenly contracted above by the swell 
of the body. Outer lip neither expanded, nor much reced- 
ing below, not sinuated at the margin, simply arched 
throughout, and forming along with the regularly arcuated 
left edge of the broad but thinly spread enamel of the inner 
lip, a rounded ovate figure; pillar lip narrow, arching to the 
right anteriorly ; columellar twist only faint : no umbilical 
erevice. Length rather more than half an inch ; breadth, 
three-eighths of an inch. 


The animal is remarkable for its large mantle lobes, of a 


184 LIMN HADA. 


yellowish hue, speckled with opake sulphury dots, and very 
slimy to the touch ; with them, when in the water, it covers 
its shell, but instantly withdraws them on being touched. 
The tentacles and foot are similar to those of other Lym- 
nei. Van Beneden has investigated its anatomy, and 
shown that there are some remarkable peculiarities in its 
nervous system, having relation to its dilated mantle. 

It is a scarce shell, though plentiful where it occurs. It 
is found in the south-eastern English counties, but very 
locally : it occurs in Windermere lake, but in one part only, 
according to Mr. Winstanly. Mr. Gibbs, of the Geolo- 
gical Survey, has communicated to us fine specimens from 
Bala Lake, in North Wales. 


L. ivvotutus, Harvey. 


Almost membranaceous, transparent ; ovate, with the spire 
truncated or sunken. 


Plate CX XII. fig. 11. 


Limneus involutus, HAnvry, MS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 559 (no desc.).— 
Axper, Mag. Z. and B. vol. ii. p. 115 (no desc.).—THomp- 
son and Goopsir, Ann. N. H. vol. v. p. 22. 

Amphipeplea involuta, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 245, pl. 12, f.147. 

Lymnea ma Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 29, pl. 18, f. 5. 


Shell rather small, subtruncated-ovate, extremely thin, 
more or less glossy, transparent, fulvous horn-coloured. 
Body composing nearly the entire shell, the spire, which 
consists of scarcely three coils, that are remarkably small 
and merely convex, being flat or a little sunken ; surface 
of the last volution not equably ventricose, but rather more 
planulate above; basal declination gradual, convex. 
Mouth of a curved pear-shape, occupying about three- 
fifths of the ventral area; very broadly rounded, and a 


ANCYLUS. 185 


little reflected, below; gradually and acutely contracted 
above by the moderate swell of the body, and the slant- 
ing inclination of the outer lip, which latter is arcuated 
(especially anteriorly); enamel of the inner lip diffused 
but very thin; pillar extremely narrow, arched, the fold 
not very conspicuous. No umbilical chink. Length five 
lines and a half; breadth three lines and a half. 

The external characters of this animal, as displayed 
when living, have not been fully described ; some account 
of its anatomy has, however, been published by Professor 
Goodsir. This remarkable shell, which after all may be 
some monstrous yet permanent variation of a more ordi- 
nary Limnaus, was discovered by Professor Harvey, in a 
small Alpine lake on Cromaglaun Mountain, near Killarney, 
where it was afterwards taken by our lamented friend, 


Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, and by Dr. Robert Ball.* 


ANCYLUS. Gerorrroy. 


Shell limpet-shaped, thin, horny, ovate or oblong, de- 
presso-conical, with a posterior, slightly and obliquely 
recurved apex. Aperture ample, with entire margin; inner 
surface exhibiting a laterally-imterrupted semilunar scar. 
No operculum. 

Animal with a broad head and two triangular tentacles 
with the eyes at their bases. Mantle simple, not reflected. 
Foot ovate, ample. Tongue armed with rows of numerous 
hamate teeth, much incurved, flanking narrow, compressed 
central denticle. 

The striking resemblance of the shells of these /resh- 

* The Turbo rivulus of authors (Monv. Test. Brit. p. 331; Maron and Rack, 
Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 186; Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 229), was solely consti- 
tuted from an execrable figure in Walker’s Testacea ({. 57), apparently intended 
for a member of this genus. 


VOL. IV. BB 


186 LIMNAADSA. 


water limpets, as they are popularly designated, to marine 
Patellw, for a long time misled naturalists as to the true 
nature and position of the animal of Ancylus. This dis- 
cussion has, however, been set completely at rest; the 
affinities of the genus are now understood, and its place is 
universally recognized as being in immediate proximity 
with Limneus, Physa, and Planorbis. Our two indigenous 
fresh-water limpets differ from each other in some re- 
markable particulars, and are regarded by many naturalists 
as types of distinct genera, under the names of Ancylus 
and Velletia. Until we shall know more of the animals 
of exotic forms, we are disinclined to accept so great a dis- 
tinction, believing, however, that it may hold good even- 
tually. In favour of such a view we may quote the ob- 
servations on the differences in their dentition, as described 
by Mr. W. Thomson :—‘‘In Aneylus there are thirty simi- 
lar lateral teeth in a straight line on each side of the 
central tooth, and then there is a slight curve through a 
series of six more teeth, where a trifling change in their 
form occurs. In Velletia, on the contrary, no part of the 
horizontal row is straight ; its central part is much arched, 
and is composed of the central tooth and twelve lateral 
teeth on each side, which do not alter much in form. 
Then comes one tooth of a different form, and lastly six 
more on each side, which latter are in a slight curve.” 


A. Fiuviatinis, Miller. 


Conoid: aperture roundish oval ; apex directed to the right. 


Plate CX XII. fig. 4. 


Patella lacustris, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1260.— Prnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, 
vol. iv. p. 143. —PuLTENney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 51.— 
Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. vy. pl. 147.— Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. viii. p. 232.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. 


ANCYLUS. 187 


p. 58, pl. 22, f. 8—Turv. Conch, Diction. p. 138. —Ditiw. 
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 1041,—Woon, Index Testac. pl. 37, 
00. 
Aneylus fluviatilis, MiuLer, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 201. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. 
p. 280. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xvi. p. 390.— 
Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 140, f. 125; ed. 
Gray, p. 249, f. 125.— Tuomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. 
p- 121.—Maceirutiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 121.—Brown, Illust. 
Conch. G. B. p. 59, pl. 12, f. 1, 4, 6—Drap. Moll. Ter. et 
Fluy. France, p. 48, pl. 2, f. 23, 24.—Voirn in Sturm 
Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 9.— C. Preir. Deutsch. 
Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 107, pl. 4, f. 44, 45, and 
pl. 1, f. 16, animal.— Nuns, Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluy. p. 84. 
—Scuus. and Waen. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 162, pl. 235, 
f, 4107.—Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 77.—SowErBy, Genera 
Shells, Anc. f. ]. — Puiuiprr, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 120; 
vol. ii. p. 93. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 65, 
pl. 5, f. 10. — Rrxzve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 193, f. 1. — 
Mermet, Moll. Pyren. p. 71.— Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 61. 
—SrEIn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 3, f. 7. 
Patella a Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 1, pl. 2, f. 8. — Monv. Test. Brit. 
p. 482. 
Ancilus s Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 200, pl. 7, f. 3. 
45 stnuosus, Brann, Coq, Envir. Paris, p. 201, pl. 7, f. 4. 
Ancylus = Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, pl. 5, f. 8. 


Shell of a curved conical shape, more or less elevated, 
the height sometimes but little inferior to the breadth, very 
thin, and under its olivaceous epidermis bluish white both 
within and without, most minutely radiated externally with 
extremely fine and densely disposed slightly raised wrinkles, 
which are usually rather more evident in front. Sides not 
compressed, almost equal and similar; extremities well 
rounded and almost equal, the front being only slightly the 
broader. Apex lying far back, rather acutely peaked 
and hooked; the slope from thence forwards greatly arcu- 
ated, the hinder declination more or less abruptly and 
much incurved. Margin acute; side edges decidedly, 
though rather unequally, curved. Base simple, not in- 


dented. Length a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly two 
lines and a half. 


188 LIMNHADA. 


The animal is of a rather pale grey hue, with darker 
specklings about the head; its tentacles are obtuse and 
triangular ; its foot is ovate-oblong. 

This little mollusk is abundant on stones in running 
brooks, clear streams, and rivers throughout the British 
Islands. Occasionally it is found adhering to plants, and 
here and there is taken im pools and ponds, but almost 
always where there is or has been running water flowing 
through. 

There is no question as to this shell bemg the Patella 
lacustris of Linneus; but, since the majority of concholo- 
gical writers have applied that name to the next species, 
and since the designation lacustris is peculiarly inapplicable 
to this, we have retained the appropriate appellation given 
to it by Miiller, and by which it is usually known. 


A. ostoncus, Lightfoot. 
Elongated oblong : apex near the middle, directed to the left. 


Plate CX XII. fig. 5. 


Ancylus lacustris, MULLER, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 199.—FLEMinG, Brit. Animals, 
p. 280; Treatise Moll. Anim. pl. 7,f. 19.—Jzrrreys, Trans. 
Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 391. — Turt. Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 141, f. 126.— Tuomrs. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. 
p- 121. — Brown, Lllust. Conch. G. B. p. 60, pl. 12, f. 3, 5, 
7.—Drar. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 47, pl. 2, f. 25, 27. 
—VoirTH in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 4, pl. 8&.— 
C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 109, 
pl. 4, f. 46.—Nuts, Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 83.—Scuus. 
and WaGn. Conch. Cab. vol. xii. p. 163, pl. 235, f. 4108.— 
Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 78. —SoweErsy, Genera Shells, 
Ane. f. 2.—Desm. Bull. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. vii. pl. 1, B.— 
Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 65, pl. 5, f. 9.—REEVE, 
Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 193, f. 2.— Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. 
p- 71. — Dupuy, Moll. Gers, p. 61.— Sven, Schnecken 
Berlins, pl. 3, f. 8. 

Patella oblonga, Licutroot, Phil. Trans. 1786, vol. lxxyi. p. 168, pl. 3, lower 


ANCYLUS. 189 


compartm.— Putt. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 51. — Donov. 
Brit. Shells, vol. vy. p. 150.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. viii. p. 233, — Rack. Dorset Catalog. p. 58, pl. 18, 
f, 20*, and pl. 22, f. 8, a2. —Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 138.— 
Dintw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 1042. — Woop, Index 
Westac. pl. 3751. 57. 

Patella lacustris, Mont. (not Linn.) Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 484. 

Velletia =i, Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 251, pl. 10, f. 126. 


Shell but moderately elevated, with a more or less pro- 
duced oblong base, extremely thin, semitransparent, and 
beneath a dirty horn-coloured or palely olivaceous yellow 
epidermis of an uniform smooth and shining snow-white hue 
both within and without. Sides compressed, or pinched as 
it were ; extremities moderately and often unsymmetrically 
rounded, the anterior end slightly the broader. Apex 
acutely peaked and hooked, decidedly behind the middle, 
manifestly bending to the left (towards which side, indeed, 
the entire shell is wont to incline); the slope from it forwards 
arched, the declination from it backwards a little concave. 
Margin acute, a little disposed to spread ; side edges but 
little curved. Base simple, neither raised at the ends and 
hollowed at the sides, nor hollowed at the extremities and 
laterally elevated. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth 
a ninth or a tenth of an inch. 

Animal dark-grey, dextral; in other respects resembling 
the last. 

This little shell is found adhering to the stems and leaves 
of water plants in ponds, lakes, and canals. It is generally 
distributed, though somewhat local, in England, Wales, 
and Ireland, but is rare in Scotland, occurring only in the 
south, as in Duddingsten Loch, near Edinburgh. 


190 


AURICULID. 


Tue animals of this tribe of Pulmonifera live, for the 
most part, in damp places, many of them on the imme- 
diate margin of the sea, so as to be moistened by the 
spray, or among salt marshes. Hence, not a few were 
for a long time believed to be inhabitants of the sea, and 
their shells were assigned to well-known marine genera. 
They have broad but not widely lobed muzzles, bearing 
two subtriangular, cylindrical, or subulate contractile ten- 
tacula, with eyes at their inner bases or none. In their 
dentition they approach the Limnewade, having similar 
numerous uncinated teeth flanking a small symmetrical 
central one. Their foot is ovate, and obtuse behind; it 
bears no operculum. Their mantle is not reflected upon 
the shell, and is simple-edged; on the right side is the 
aperture of the pulmonary sac. ‘They are bisexual (except 
Carychium ?). 

Some of the tropical members of this tribe attain con- 
siderable dimensions. All have volutiform shells, very 
generally with denticulated apertures. In our native 
species the septa of the whorls in the spire become 
absorbed, so that the visceral extremity of the body ceases 


to be truly spiral. 


CONOVULUS. Lamarck. 


Shell spiral, ovate, usually thin; spire moderately pro- 
duced. Aperture ovate or pyriform, entire, toothed within 


CONOVULUS. 191 


upon the columella, and sometimes in the throat; its 
peristome more or less thickened. Septa of the spire even- 
tually obliterated. No operculum. 

Animal with two subtriangular tentacula, and two sessile 
eyes placed at their inner bases. Foot rounded at both 
extremities, and often sulcated transversely in the centre, 
so as to divide it into two disks, 

Some very interesting observations on the animals of 
the British species of this genus, by Mr. W. Clark, are 
contained in the Annals of Natural History, for December, 
1850, and July, 1851. 


C. pipentatus, Montagu. 


White ; outer lip simple, throat smooth ; pillar with two folds. 


Plate CX XV. fig. 1, 2. 


Voluta bidentata, Mon. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 100, pl. 30, f. 2. — Turr. Conch. 
Diction. p. 253. — Dittwyn, Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 507. 
- — Woop, Index Testac. pl. 19, f. 21 (magnified). 
» alba, (scarcely of Mont. Test. Brit. p. 235, not Suppl. p. 101, or of 
Maron and Racx. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii, p. 180), Turr. 
Conch. Diction, p. 250. 
Auricula bidentata (not Gould), Firus. Tabl. Syst. Moll. p. 103.—Jzrrreys, 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 368. — Brit. 
Marine Conch. p. 144. 
alba, Firus. Tableau System. Moll. (no desc.).—JeErrreys, Trans. 
Linn. Soe, vol. xvi. p. 368.—ForBEs, Malacol. Monens. p. 12. 
—Brit. Marine Conch. p. 145. 
Volvaria .,, FuiEmrne, Brit. Animals, p. 333. 
Acteon bidentatus, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 337. 
Auricula erosa, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xvi. p. 369. 
Conovulus bidentatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 227, pl. 12, f. 145. 
— Brit. Marine Conch. p. xxxiii.—Crarx, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. new ser, vol. vi. p. 445. 
5 albus, GRAY, Manual L.and F. W. Shells, p. 227, pl. 12, f. 146. — 
Brit. Marine Conch. p. xxxiii. f. 25, 
Auricula Micheli, Mirrre, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuvier. 1841, p. 66 ? 
Jaminia bidentata, Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 22, pl. 8, f. 7. 
Auricula dubia, CANTRAINE, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux. vol. ii. p. 883.; Mém. Acad. 
Se. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 172 ? 


” 


192 AURICULID 2. 


Shell varying in shape from subfusiform-oval to oblong- 
conical, more or less solid, of an uniform ivory white 
beneath the pale yellowish horn-coloured skin, smoothish, 
or faintly wrmkled lengthways. Whorls six or seven, 
simply and only slightly convex, tapering above ; the first 
four of slow increase, the penult, and occasionally the ante- 
penult, rather suddenly enlarging; divided by a fine, and 
only moderately slanting, suture ; the apex small, but not 
acute, rather obliquely coiled. Body filling from two- 
thirds to three-fifths of the dorsal length, sometimes a little 
ventricose above the middle ; its basal declination gradual, 
not much rounded. Aperture usually occupying about 
four-sevenths of the ventral length, reversed semiovate, 
peaked above, narrowly rounded below. Outer lip simple, 
sharp, subareuated, not much if at all expanded, except 
that it is a little effuse anteriorly, perfectly unarmed ; 
throat quite smooth. Inner lip with only two folds, a 
very oblique one at the lower extremity of the columella, 
and a very prominent and comparatively horizontal one 
rather below the middle; not denticulated nor otherwise 
armed on the upper or parietal portion. Pillar lip ap- 
pressed; no umbilical chink. Length of a very large 
individual a quarter of an inch; its breadth a line anda 
half. Variety a/ba* narrower in its aperture and general 
shape; spire consequently more produced; lower fold 
often nearly obsolete. 


* The Voluta alba of the first volume of the “ Testacea Britannica ” (p. 235), 
and the Jaminia alba of Brown (Ill. Conch. p. 22, pl. 8, f. 18), seem derived 
from figure 61 of Walker and Boys’ thin quarto, which appears to represent 
the Cylichna obtusa. A very different shell, said to have been found by Laskey 
in Dunbar sand, is described as V. alba, in Montagu’s “ Supplement ” (p. 102). 
It was probably a minute foreign Marginella, but is not so defined that the 
species can be satisfactorily identified, being merely characterised as minute, 
ovate, with a slightly raised (worn) spire of probably three or four turns, a narrow 
mouth open below, as in M. pallida, yet not shaped as in that shell, and a pillar 
with four folds, besides some slight denticulations above them. 


CONOVULUS. 193 


The animal is of a creamy white. Its tentacles are 
short, blunt, and subtriangular, diverging but approxi- 
mated at their bases. The eyes are placed rather far 
back. The sole of the foot is suleated across the centre, 
so as to form two creeping disks, 

“The mantle is fleshy, and sometimes extends rather 
beyond the aperture of the shell; when it is viewed in the 
dead animal it has the aspect of the rounded tumid mar- 
gin of the /Zelices. The neck is proportionately longer 
than in any other animal of its size I am acquainted with ; 
and at its termination forms a veil divided by a sinuation 
in its centre into two arcuated lobes, from the right and 
left angles of which two very short, flat, setose tentacula 
spring. These vary, being in some animals more cylin- 
drical; a little behind their origin the large subrotund 
eyes are seen at rather the internal bases: these appear 
dull, being imbedded within the skin. Beneath the neck- 
veil a narrow, flat, rather taper, grooved muzzle issues. 
The muzzle rests on the foot, which always outruns it a 
little. The pedal disk is moderately long, and rather 
broad, divided transversely very deeply at a third of its 
length ; the other two-thirds taper gradually to a mode- 
rately rounded termination, sometimes slightly emarginate, 
and with a medial groove. The structure of the foot is 
that of Pedipes; its quality of locomotion perfectly agrees 
with the etymology of the term: it is very slow, in conse- 
quence of a double action of the pedal disk being necessary 
to effect progression, the anteal portion being first carried 
forward, accompanied by the head and neck, and is then 
fixed, when the posterior portion carrying the shell is drawn 
up to its predecessor or pes pedi, and so on, and thus a 
slow march is accomplished.”—Crark. 

This pretty shell is most frequently found on our 


VOL. IV. c Cc 


194 AURICULIDA. 


western shores, and in many places is common in crevices 
of rocks near high water-mark. Devon (Clark); Corn- 
wall (Cocks); Weymouth, Ilfracombe, Swansea, and else- 
where on the South Wales coast (Jeffreys) ; Isle of Man 
(E. F.); Northumberland (Alder); Guernsey (S. H.). 
The variety erosa at Plymouth (Jeffreys); generally 
around the Irish coasts (W. Thomson). 


Notrt.—We haye not seen “ Bivona, p. 22, pl. 2, f. 10,” but think it likely, 
from Philippi’s description (Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 143, as Awric. myosotis, var. b. 5 
vol. ii. p. 118, as A. Bivone) of the Ovatella bidentata of that work, that it is 
identical with our species. 


C. penticutatus, Montagu. 


Coloured ; pillar lip usually with more than two teeth ; outer 
lip often reflected ; throat often denticulated. 


Plate CXXV. fig. 3. 


WALKER and Boys, Test. Minut. Rariora, f. 50. 

Voluta denticulata, Monr. Test. Brit. p. 234; Suppl. pl. 20, f. 5.—Maron and 
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. viii. p. 130.— Dorset Catal. 
p- 44, pl. 18, f. 1. —Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 249. — 
BERKELEY, Zool, Journ. vol. y. p. 428, pl. 19, f. 3 (animal). 
— Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 506. — Woop, Index 
Test. pl. 19, f. 18. 

Voluta ringens, Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 250. 

»  reflewa, TURT. Conch. Diction., p. 251. 

Auricula myosotis, var. a. FErus. Tableau System. p. 103. 

Acteon denticulatus, FLEM1NG, Brit. Anim. p. 337. 

Auricula denticulata, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. xvi. p. 367. — Kiisrer, 

Conch. Cab. I. sec. 16, pl. 8, f. 1 to 5. 
» tenella, MENKE, Synops. Mollusc. ed. 2 (1830), p. 131; Zeitschr. 
Malakoz. 1845, p. 33. 
Carychium personatum, Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 73, pl. 15, f. 24. 
43.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, App. p. 16. 

Pythia denticulata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. (no description). 

Auricula personata, Dus. in Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 334.— 
Brit. Marine Conch. p. 144.—Putirri, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. 


p. 118. 
Conovulus denticulatus, GRAY, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 225, f. 144. — 
Brit. Marine Conch. p. xxxiiii — ALDER, Mboll. 


Northumb. and Durh. p. 41. 


CONOVULUS. 195 


Jaminia denticulata, and quinquedens, Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 22, pl. 8, 
POs lle 


Variety Myosolis, plate CX XV. fig. 4, 5. 


Auricula myosotis, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 56, pl. 3, f. 16, 17.— 
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 330.—BLAINv. 
Man. Malacol. pl. 37, bis, f. 6. — Dusu. Enc. Méth. vol. ii. 
pt. 1, p. 88.—Lowe, Zool. Journ. yol. v. p. 290.—PHILIPPI, 
Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 143 (var. a.); vol. ii, p. 118.—KitsrEr, 
Conch. Cab. vol. i. sec. 16, pl. 8, f. 21 to 24. 

Carychium myosote, MicHaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. p. 73.—Gras, Moll. Ter. et 
Fluy. France, App. p. 16. 

Voluta denticulata, BERKELEY, Zool. Journ, yol. y. p. 428, pl. 19, f. 3. 

Auricula % Goutp, Invert. Massach. p. 199 (chiefly), f. 129.—DrEKay 

New York Moll. p. 58. 


After a protracted examination we have decided upon 
uniting the Awricula myosotis of Draparnaud to the 
Voluta denticulata of Montagu. As many conchologists 
will dissent from this conclusion, we have scrupulously 
kept apart their description and synonymy. The follow- 
details pertain to the marine form denticulata. 

Shell of a conical-oblong or oval shape, more or less thin 
and transparent, pale yellowish brown umber or horn- 
coloured, more or less faintly wrinkled lengthways, obso- 
letely subplicated, and in living specimens finely ciliated 
beneath the distinct yet simple suture. Spire varying 
greatly as to height, usually elongated for the genus, in the 
narrower examples often much produced, composed of 
from six to eight turns, that are of rather slow longitudinal 
increase, are well defined from their decided convexity, 
and taper above; apex moderately small, unsymmetrical. 
Aperture occupying fully one-half the length, oblong-lan- 
ceolate, narrowly rounded below, gradually contracted 
above to a curved and very acute angle; toothed on both 
sides. Outer lip more or less arched, strengthened inter- 
nally at a little distance from the acute and somewhat 


196 AURICULIDA. 


expanded edge by a callous rim, on which are seated from 
three to six teeth (occasionally produced in ridges), which 
vary as to size and solidity. Inner lip with an oblique 
fold or pliciform tooth on the pillar, and with two central 
(besides, oftentimes, one or two additional posterior den- 
ticles) comparatively horizontal teeth, of which the lower 
is sublamellar and decidedly the larger and more promi- 
nent. No umbilicus, but the reflected pillar lip is not 
always thoroughly appressed anteriorly. Length of a 
large individual nearly the third of an inch; breadth 
almost two lines. 

The animal is yellowish or bluish-white, with conspicuous 
and approximated eyes at the inner bases of its somewhat 
compressed tentacles. 

This form always occurs in the neighbourhood of the 
sea. It is found in many localities, especially on the 
southern and western coasts of England. A variety 
occurs in vast abundance in ditches at Cobo in Guern- 
sey (F. D. Lukis); in South Wales (Jeffreys); Loch 
Fyne (Jeffreys): “in crevices of the cliff a little above 
high water-mark at the south end of South Shields 
sands, rare” (Hancock). In the north, east, and south of 
Ireland (W. Thompson). 

The shell of smyosotts is precisely similar, except in the 
aperture, but for the most part stronger, and usually of a 
deeper tint of colouring, beg sometimes chocolate-brown, 
and edged with white below the suture; more frequently, 
however, yellowish brown. Inner lip with only two or 
three teeth, the denticles being always, and the posterior 
tooth frequently, wanting ; callosity of the outer lip solid, 
and either unarmed, or with only a single tubercular or 
dentiform projection where the rim is abruptly attenuated 
just below the site of the opposite posterior tooth. 


CONOVULUS. 197 


The animal is yellowish tinged with grey. 

This variety is found in brackish marshes about the 
estuaries of rivers, as in the Thames, as high as Greenwich, 
where it occurs in company with Assiminea Grayana, and 
furnished the subject of some of Mr. Berkeley’s excellent 
researches; in the Avon, near Bristol, and on the banks of 
the Severn. 


SPURIOUS. 
C. Butiaoiwes, Montagu. 


Voluta Bullaoides, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 102, pl. 30, f. 4. — Tur. Conch. 
Diction. p. 254. 

Tornatella ,, Férus. Tabl. Syst. p. 108. 

Auricula 4, Gray, Annals of Philos. 1825, name only. 

Melampus Bulla, Lowe, Zool. Journ. vol. y. p. 293 (no deser.). 

Detracia Bullaoides, Gray, Turt. Manual, p. 20 (as spurious). 

Auricula cingulata, C. Prerr. Wiegm. Archiv. Nat. 1840, p. 251, teste KiisrEr, 
Conch. Cab. I. sec. 16, p. 40, pl. 6. f. 4, 5, 6. 

As oliva, D’ORzBIG. Cuba Moll. pl. 13, f. 8, 9. 10. 


A native of St. Vincent's, admitted as British by Montagu, on 
the authority of the Portland collection. 


C. pusittus, Gmelin. 


Voluta pusilla, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3436 (from Marr. Conch. Cab. vol. ii. pl. 43, 
f. 446).—Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 507, 
Voluta triplicata, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 138.—Monr. Test. Brit. Suppl. 
p- 99. — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 253. — FLemine, Encycl. 
Edin, pl. 203, f. 13.—Diiiw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 507.— 
Woop, Index Testac. pl. 19, f. 19. 
Auricula nitens, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 332 (probably,) 
from which Melampus ovulum, Lown, Zool. Journ. vol. v. 
p- 289. 
Auricula ovula, Potiez and Micu. Gal. Douai Moll, vol. i. p. 204, pl. 20, f. 13, 14. 
Tralia pusilla, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 21, as spurious (no deser.). 


A native of the Antilles, introduced by Donovan, because Da 
Costa had erroneously supposed it to be identical with one of 
Walker's figures; supposed also, wrongly, to be a native of 
Guernsey. The Acteon triplicatus of Mleming (Brit. Anim. 


198 AURICULIDA. 


p. 337) is apparently derived from Donovan ; vf so, the “ body 
lip with two folds,” is a misprint for “ three.” 


CARYCHIUM. Mutuzr. 


Shell spiral, oblong, cylindrical, thin, with a moderately 
turreted spire; aperture oblong, subcontracted, toothed ; 
peristome thickened. No operculum, 

Animal with two cylindrical obtuse tentacles, with eyes 
at their internal bases. 


The species of this genus are exceedingly minute. 


C. minimum, Miiller. 


Plate CX XV. fig. 6. 


Carychium minimum, MULLER, Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii, p. 125. — Jurrreys, 
Trans. Linn. vol. xvi. p. 365.—FLrEm. Brit. Anim. p. 270. 
— Turt. Conch. Man. p. 96, f. 77; ed. Gray, p. 22], 
pl. 7, f. 77. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 34, pl. 18, 
f. 15, side figs. — Kicxx, Moll. Brabant. p. 51. — Sow. 
Conch. Man. f. 301.— Canrr. Bull. Brux. vol. xiii. 
p- 169. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. 
pt. 10, f. 660.— Kitsrer, Conch. Cab. I. sec. 16, pl. 1, 
f. 8, 9, 10. — Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 54, 
pl. 4, f. 23. — Meret, Moll. Pyrén. p. 56. — Durvy, 
Moll. Gers, p. 44. 
Turbo carychium, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 3665.— Monr. Test. Brit. p. 339, pl. 22, 
f. 2; Suppl. p. 182.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. 
vol. viii. p. 184.—Racx. Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 19, f. 13. 
— Ture. Conch. Diction. p. 221. — Ditiw. Recent Shells, 
vol, ii. p. 880.—Woobp, Index Test. pl. 32, f. 157. 
Auricula minima, Drar. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 3, f. 18, 19.— 
Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 8830. — Nits. 
Moll. Suec. Ter. et Fluv. p. 55.— Puimippi, Moll. Sicil. 


vol. il. p. 222.—Sretn, Schnecken Berlins, pl. 2, f. 5. 
Odostomia carychium, FLEMING, Edinb. Encycl. vol. vii. pt. 1, p. 76. 
Auricella s HARTMANN, in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 1. 


Waker and Boys, Test. Minut. Rariora, f. 51. 


Shell oblong, or elongated oblong, somewhat tapering 


above, rather thin, transparent, and shining, of an uniform 


CARYCHIUM. 199 


whitish or yellowish white hue, smooth to the eye, but 
under a lens densely striolate lengthways. Whorls five or 
five and a half, rounded, of moderate longitudinal increase, 
divided by a simple profound, and not much slanting 
suture; penult volution more than twice as broad, in 
general, as it is long; apex very blunt. Body not 
swollen, quickly commencing its anterior attenuation ; 
basal declination convex and gradual. Peristome a little 
interrupted. Mouth filling about two-fifths of the total 
length, obliquely suboval, the regularity of the shape, 
however, disturbed by the three teeth; well rounded, 
entire, and disposed to expand anteriorly. Both lips 
broadly reflected; the outer one prominent, somewhat 
thickened internally, obliquely arcuated, and furnished, 
rather above its middle, with a broad and strong tooth. 
— Inner lip with a narrow and much projecting tooth in the 
middle ; pillar lip straightish at its left edge, not appressed, 
provided near its anterior extremity with a subpliciform 
tooth. Axis imperforated. 

Variety. With the teeth, especially that on the right 
lip, more or less obsolete. Length one line. 

The animal of this little shell is creamy white, with 
disproportionately large black eyes at the bases of the short 
and blunt tentacula. 

This shell is found in all parts of the United Kingdom, 
except, perhaps, in the extreme north; it inhabits moist 
places among moss and grass, often on the surfaces of 


moss-clothed rocks, beside trickling water. 


. 200 


CYCLOSTOMID. 


Tue operculated Pulmonifera differ in such important 
features of their organization from all other pulmonated 
Mollusks, that their true position in the series of Gastero- 
poda is a subject of dispute, not yet satisfactorily settled. 
In many points of their anatomy they are distinctly related 
to the snail tribe; in others they seem to have afhnity 
with Littorina and similar Pectinibranchiata. Their an- 
cient embodiment in the genus Zwrbo had a significance 
even stronger than that indicated by the shapes of their 
shells. The attention they are now receiving from many 
able malacologists will probably clear up many doubts re- 
specting their systematic rank. In the meantime, we 
describe the very few British representatives of the group 
at the close of the Pulmonifera, a place not unnatural 
when we consider the relations of Acme with Carychium. 

The genera Cyclostoma and Helicina are the principal 
types of the family. Of the latter we have no British 
members, nor, indeed, are there any inhabiting the tempe- 
rate regions of the globe. The old genus Cyclostoma has 
been lately divided into numerous lesser but important 
groups, chiefly characterised by differences in the struc- 
ture and form of their opercula. In the newly-published 
“‘ Conspectus Cyclostomaceorum,” by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, no 
fewer than twenty-nine of their genera are enumerated, 
including above four hundred and fifty species. The ge- 
neric name Cyclostomus is restricted to an assemblage of 


CYCLOSTOMA. 201 


seventy-nine species, one of which is the only true repre- 
sentative of the group inhabiting the British Isles. With 
a doubt, we have included as its associate in the same family, 
the curious genus Acme. 


CYCLOSTOMA. Monrrort. 


Shell globoso-turbinate, ovato-turreted or depressed, 
often strong, variously sculptured : aperture oval, with a 
simple, straight, or expanded peristome. Operculum sub- 
oval, testaceous, plane, exhibiting four or five whorls, its 
margin simple, its nucleus subeccentric. 

Animal with a proboscidiform muzzle, two subulate 
tentacles, eyes at their external bases ; foot ovate ; mantle 
quite free ; sexes distinct. 

Even in its most restricted sense, this genus includes no 
fewer than eighty species, the great majority of which are 
tropical. 


C. ececans, Miiller. 


Plate CX XII. fig. 3. 


Turbo reflexus, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1238 (inadequately described) from 
type. 
Nerita elegans, MULLER, Verm. Hist. vol. ii. p. 177. 
Turbo tumidus, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 128, pl. 82, f. 110. 
,, striatus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 86, pl. 5, f. 9.—Donov. Brit. Shells, 
vol. ii. p. 59. 
» elegans, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 342, pl. 22, f.7.—Maron and Rack. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 167.— Rack. Dorset Catalog. 
p- 50, pl. 21, ££ 9.—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 207, f. 48, 49. 
Cyclostoma ,, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 52, pl. 1, f. 5, 8.—FLEMING, 
Brit. Animals, p. 257.— Jerrr. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. 
p- 862.—BERKELEY, Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 278, anatomy. — 
Turv. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 93 (ed. Gray, p. 275), 
f. 75.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 126.—Brown, 
Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 34, pl. 14, f. 28, and pl. 18*, f. 29.— 
Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 103, pl. 3, f. 78. —C. Pruir. 
Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 30, 31.— 


VOL, IV. DD 


202 CYCLOSTOMID ®. 


Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 360. — Harrm. 
in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, pt. 7, pl. 3.—Kuicx, Moll. Brabant. 
p- 69. — RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, 
p. 90, f. 44; pl. 5, f. 81, animal.— Puriirri, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. 
p. 148; vol. ii. p. 119.— Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, 
p- 55, pl. 4, f. 25. — Mermer, Moll. Pyrén. p. 72. — Dupuy, 
Moll. Gers, p. 68. — SowErsy, Thesaur. Conch. vol. i. p. 101, 
pl. 23, f. 32, 33. — Kitsrer, Conch. Cab. vol. i. sec. 19, pl. a, 
f. | to 3 (animal). 

Shell ovate-conic to oblong-conic, tolerably strong, not 
polished, only a little transparent, pale purplish or livid 
grey, mottled with purplish brown or pale violet liver 
colour, sometimes in cloudy longitudinal waves, sometimes 
in the form of two, or more frequently three, spiral bands of 
irregular angulated spotlike markings; top whorls usually 
wholly livid, brown, or purplish. Surface densely encir- 
cled by blunt costellar strie, that are about as broad as 
their intervals, and are very nearly of the same size 
throughout each volution ; decussated, likewise, by still 
more closely set minute lamellar striz, that are chiefly 
perceptible in the spiral interstices. Whorls about five, 
tumid, simply rounded, of moderate longitudinal increase, 
divided by a simple suture, which is not crenated beneath; 
apex blunt, not particularly small. Body about as long 
as the spire; its basal declination abruptly rounded. 
Mouth filling about three-sevenths of the ventral length, 
almost orbicular, but with a very obtuse angle above, 
where the otherwise free peritreme is attached to the 
body; throat smooth, reddish fawn colour; peritreme 
whitish or yellowish white, rather advancing anteriorly, 
not thickened ; outer lip simple, acute, a little disposed to 
expand ; pillar lip a little turned back, the space behind it 
not differing either in sculpture, convexity, or markings 
from the rest of the surface. Umbilicus neither large nor 


profound. Operculum spiral, solid, pale horn-coloured, 


CYCLOSTOMA. 203 


flattish externally, with most minute wrinkles obliquely 
radiating from the almost imperceptible sutural line. 
Length seven lines; breadth a third of an inch. 

The colour of the animal is dark brown, deepening 
beneath. Its head is elongated, and bears subulate ten- 
tacles, with obtuse clavate tops; the eyes are placed at 
their thickened external bases; the foot is oval and rounded 
at both extremities: the mantle has a crenulated edge. 
An elaborate account of its anatomy by the Rey. M. G. 
Berkeley, is contained in the fourth volume of the 
** Zoological Journal.” 

This pretty shell is abundant in many of the southern 
counties, especially in cretaceous districts, where it may 
be collected plentifully at the roots of brushwood. It is 
not found in Scotland, nor in the slaty districts of the west 
of England. It is found in Deyon. It occurs at Helmsley 
and Thorpe (Hincks), and elsewhere in Yorkshire, and in 
*¢ one locality near the sea on a limestone promontory in 
the Kendal district” (T. Gough). It is said to be found 
near Sedbury in Worcestershire (G. Reece). 

It seems never to have been taken alive in Ireland in 
localities where it could be regarded as strictly indigenous, 
A specimen was found at Youghal by Mr. Wright, and 
Mrs. W. J. Hancock met with as many as a hundred dead 
shells washed on shore near Bundoran, on the west coast, 
in one day (W. Thompson). 

This species is reported as Scotch, through a mistaken 
reading of the description of Cyclostoma marmorea, a 
shell described by Captain Brown in the “ Edinburgh 
Journal of Natural and Geographical Science” (vol. i. 
p. 13, pl. 1, f. 10, 11), from a specimen said to be British, 
in the cabinet of Mr. Gerard. The example alluded to 


appeared to be a nearly smooth variety of C. elegans. 


204 CYCLOSTOMID&. 


SPURIOUS. 


C. rerRuGINnEuM, Lamarck. 


Cyclostoma ferruginea, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 358.—DELES. 
Ree. Coq. Lam. pl. 29, f. 4. 
Turbo fulvus, Woop, Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, f. 9. 
Cyclostoma productum, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 94, f. 76. 
” Serrugineum, PoriEz, and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. pl. 24, f. 7, 8.— 

RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, 
p- 49, pl. 28, f. 396. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. 
Shells, p. 16, f. 76, as spurious. — Brown, Illust. 
Conch. G. B. pl. 14, f. 29, 30 (do.).— Sowzrby, 
Thes. Conch. vol. i. pl. 24, f. 55, 56, 57. 


A native of Algiers, the Balearic Isles and the South of Spain ; 


said by Turton to have been found near the shore in the West of 
Treland. 


ACME. Hartmann. 


Shell turreted, cylindrically oblong, shining; aperture 
ovate, entire, toothless, columella subperforate. Oper- 
culum subspiral, very thin, and corneous. | 

Animal with rather slender and long tentacles, the eyes 
placed at their hinder bases. Foot sharp behind. 

The name of this genus is unfortunately much too near 
that of Acmeaa applied to shells of very different affinities. 


A. ungata, Draparnaud. 


Plate CXXV. fig. 7. 


Turbo fuscus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 330, from Boys and Warker, Test. Minut. 
Rariora, pl. 2, f. 42.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. 
yol. vili. p. 186.—T ur. Conch. Diction. p. 229.—Woop, Index 
Test. Suppl. pl. 6, Turbo, f. 15 (and as Auricula fusca). 

Auricula lineata, Drap, Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 57, pl. 3, f. 20, 21. 

Carychium cochlea, SruDER, Syst. Verz. Schweiz. Conch. (teste Rossmissl.) 

Fe lincatum, Firus. Tableau Syst. Moll. p. 100.— C. Pre. Deutsch. 
Land und Sissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 43, pl. 7, £ 26, 27.— 


ACME. 205 


RossmAsst. Iconog. pt. 5, p. 54, pl. 28, f 408.— Porinz, 
and Micu. Gal. Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 199 (animal).— 
Gras, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 54, pl. 4, f. 24. 
Cyclostoma lineatum, FGrus. Dict. Cl. Hist. Nat. vol. ii. p. 90. 
Acme lincata, HARTM. in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 7, pl. 2.— ALDER, 
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. and Durh. vol. ii. p. 338; 
Cat. Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 41. 
Carychium fuscum, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 270.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 364, 517. 
Bulimus lineatus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 83, f. 66. 
Acme fusca, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 223, pl. 6, f. 66.—THomp- 
son, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 117. — Brown, Illust. Conch. 
G. B. p. 34, pl. 18*, f. 28, 
» minuta, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 35, pl. 14, f. 262 


Shell minute, narrow, the length being to the breadth 
as three to one, cylindrical, but tapering convexly above 
to a rounded apex, of an uniform highly polished clear 
transparent brownish amber colour, striated throughout by 

distant longitudinal scratchlike lines. Whorls six, deeply 

divided by a moderately slanting suture, near which they 
are decidedly convex, though not much rounded in the 
middle, of only moderate longitudinal increase ; the penult 
and antepenult turns rather long; body short, its basal 
declination rather abruptly rounded. Mouth only filling 
about a fourth of the total length; much contracted 
above, bluntly rounded below, of a rhombic-ovate shape, 
the pillar distinctly forming an obtuse angle with the 
parietal or upper portion of the inner lip. Outer lip 
simple, acute, not prominent, straightish above, rather 
suddenly arcuated below. Pillar lip nearly straight, 
rather long, a little reflected over the umbilical crevice. 

The operculum was first noticed, we believe, by the 
Abbé Dupuy. It is very fugacious, horny, exceedingly 
thin, oval in outline, transparent, and subspiral. 

Length of shell only a tenth of an inch. 


Animal varying in colour from white to dark brown, 


206 CYCLOSTOMIDA. 


Its shape is elongated, the head proboscideform, the ten- 
tacles long and subulate. The eyes are placed directly 
behind the tentacles, from which they are separated by a 
series of specks arranged semicircularly. 

This little mollusk is a rare species, not found in Scot- 
land, and local in England and Ireland; on the whole, 
southern and western in its distribution. Penzance 
(Cocks) ; Devon, Bristol (Turton); Pembrokeshire (Jeff- 
reys); Helmsley, Yorkshire (Hincks) ; Northumberland, 
rare (Alder). Widely distributed, but rare, in Ireland. 
Clare, on sand hills (Harvey); Down, Antrim, Dublin, 
&e. (Thompson). 

A reversed variety among the rejectamenta of the Avon 


(Jeffreys). 


CEPHALOPODA DIBRANCHIATA. 


At the head of the Mollusca are the Cuttle-fishes, 
animals whose aspect and actions remind us of Vertebrata, 
and whose structure indicates a high type of organization 
as compared with those of other molluscous tribes. These 
remarkable mollusks are distinguished from their gastero- 
podous relatives externally by the position and shape of 
their principal prehensile and locomotive organs ; these are 
arm-like processes springing from the head, and surrounding 
the mouth, which is armed with powerful jaws resembling 
the bill of a bird. The so-called mantle is a sleeve-like 
investment of the visceral sac, and in certain tribes, now 
for the most part extinct, was protected by a shell often of 
singularly complicated structure. The head is strengthened 
by a cartilaginous skeleton, which serves to protect the 
highiy-concentrated cephalic ganglions. The organs of 
sense are highly developed. The gills are symmetrically 
arranged plumes, lodged in a cavity which opens beneath, 
with a fleshy siphonal tube springing from the back of the 
neck at its orifice. The sexes are separate. All Cuttle- 
fishes inhabit the sea. 

These animals play such an unimportant part in the fauna 
of the British seas, that we should scarcely be warranted 
in discussing at length the numerous questions of interest 
connected with the class. Those that now live on our coasts 
are members of the Disrancutare order; a group charac- 
terised by the development of a distinct head provided 
with sessile though conspicuous eyes, horny jaws, acetabu- 
liferous arms, two branchial plumes, an ink-gland, a com- 
plete siphon, and a shell which is very rarely external, 
usually internal and penshaped. 


208 


OCTOPODID. 


Tue cuttle-fishes of this family have mostly more or 
less globose, inflated bodies, unprovided (except in a single 
genus, and that not represented in the British seas) with 
fins, They have rather small heads, prominent eyes 
protected by eye-lids, fleshy lips to their mouths, and 
strongly curved compressed beaks. Their arms are eight 
in number, and all similar though more or less unequal ; 
they bear sessile suckers. The mantle is always at- 
tached to the neck. The members of this group have no 
internal pen or shell. In the genus Argonauta, however, 
we find an external shell developed. They are active 
animals, swimming and creeping with facility, but living 
chiefly among the crevices of rocky ground. 

Their eggs are globular, firm, and united in bunches of 


comparatively few. 


OCTOPUS. Lamarck. 


Animal with a rounded or oblong body ; head bearing 
eight similar arms provided with two rows of sessile suckers 
on their inner surfaces, and connected by an interbrachial 
web near their bases. Beak strongly compressed. 

The species of this genus were the Polypi of the ancients. 
Leach proposed to retain the name Polypus for the group, 
but the general use of the Lamarckian appellation induces 


us, independent of its partial priority, to retain it. 


OCTOPUS. 209 


O. vutearts, Lamarck. 


Plate NNN. fig. 2. 


Sepia octopodia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 1095. 
», octopus, Bosc. Vers, vol. i. p. 47.—Brue. Encyel. Méth. pl. 76, f. 1-4. 
Polypus octopodia, Leacu, Zool, Mise. vol. iii. 139; Journ. de Phys. vol. Ixxxvi. 
p. 894. —Savieny, Desc. de l’Egypte. Hist. Nat. vol. ii. 
plod steulls 
Octopus vulgaris, LAM. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. i. p. 18; An. sans 
Vert. vol. vii. p. 657.— Carus, Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. 
vol, xii. pt. 1, pl. 31, p. 319. — D’Orsic. Tabl. des Ceph. 
p. 52, No. 1.— Biainvitux, Dict. des Sc. Nat. vol. xlii. 
p- 188.—Ruisso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. vol. iv. p. 8.—DELLE 
Cu1asE, Mem. vol. i. p. 2 t. 1. — Sowrrsy, Brit. Mise. 
p. 101, pl. 48. — Fiemine, Brit. An. p. 253.— Puivierpt, 
Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i. p. 240.—Firus. and D’Orzig. 
Ceph. Acet. pl. 2, 3, 3 bis, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 29, p. 27. 
—D’Orzic. Moll. des Canaries, p. 14 ; Moll. Viv. et Foss. 
vol. i. p. 169, pl. 1, f. 7-9. — Verany, Moll. Med. pt. 1, 
p. 16, pl. 8. 


Although this cuttle-fish is commonly believed to be not 
scarce, there is reason to regard it as one of the rarer Bri- 
tish species. We have never had the good fortune to take 
it alive in the British seas, and but few of our zoologists 
appear to have met with it. The only drawing taken 
from a living British example, with which we are ac- 
quainted, is that made so long ago as 1805, by Mr. James 
Sowerby. Fortunately this, although there are some 
important details not indicated, is very good, and rather 
than give a figure from a specimen preserved in spirits, we 
reproduce it here. The best foreign figures are the ad- 
mirable lithographs of Verany. 

The body of the Octopus vulgaris is oval, and somewhat 
rounded, of small size as compared with the head and 
arms, but not so small in proportion as it is in several 


VOL. IV. E E 


210 OCTOPODID A. 


other species. It is covered with flattened tubercles, and 
all who have described its appearance when alive state that, 
when irritated, unequal prominent tubercles appear upon 
it, symmetrically arranged. Its colour is tawny grey 
above, with brownish spots marking the position of the 
warts. The intensity of its hues, as in other cuttle-fishes, 
is exceedingly variable and transient. The back of the 
arms and the head are similarly coloured, but beneath and 
around the funnel it is bluish white. The head is 
large, warty, with prominent eyes, above which (though 
not marked in Sowerby’s figure) three cirrhi are placed. 
The pupil of the eye is round. The arms are thick, and 
gradually tapering: on their inner surfaces are seen the 
sessile suckers arranged in double rows. Near the mouth 
these suckers become smaller. Dr. Grant remarks that 
there are about 240 suckers on each arm, 1920 in all. The 
bases of the arms are strongly webbed together. The 
length of the arms is about thrice that of the body, or a 
little more. This species grows to a considerable size. 
Verany mentions his having once seen a specimen three 
metres in length. This excellent observer states of its 
habits, that it lives among rocks, hidden in holes and cre- 
vices, where it watches for the approach of the animals 
upon which it preys. Sometimes it inhabits sandy ground, 
establishing itself in the midst of a sort of crater of peb- 
bles, piled up for a hiding-place. 

The first recorded British specimen was taken by Mr. 
Richard Phillips at Dover. Dr. Grant states that he had 
met with it im the Frith of Forth. Dr. Robert Ball 
procured it at Plymouth in 1841. 

The reputed Inish localities are very doubtful. 

The Octopus tuberculatus, of Blainvilie, distinguished by 
its shorter arms, short globular body, and dark violet 


ELEDONE. 211 


brown colour, inhabits the Channel on the coasts of France, 
and should be sought for on our own shores. 


ELEDONE. Lerascu. 


Animal with an oval body; its head furnished with 
eight nearly equal arms, provided with sessile suckers 
ranged in single file on their inner sides. Sexes similar. 

This genus has scarcely sufficient claim to be kept dis- 
tinct from Octopus. Such a species as the Lledone macro- 
podius of some authors, Octopus of others, which was the 
original EAgdovy of Aristotle, links the two groups to- 


gether. 
EK. crruosus, Lamarck. 


Plate KKK. fig. 4, and MMM. fig. 1. 


Sepia octopodia, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. vol. iy. p. 53, pl. 28, f. 44. 
Octopus cirrhosus, LAM. Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. de Paris, vol. i. p. 21, pl. 1, f. 2, 
a, 6.; An. Sans Vert. vol. vii. p. 658. — F&rus. and 
D’°Orsic. Tab. Méth. des Ceph. p. 56. — Buarny. Dict. des 
Se. Nat. vol. xlvi. p. 191. 
Sepia cirrhosa, Bosc. Vers. vol. i. p. 47. 
Octopus octopodia, FLEMING, Brit. An. p. 254, 
ventricosus, GRANT, Ed. New Phil. Jour. vol. ii. p. 309. —Jonnsron, 
Berw. Nat. Club, vol. i. p. 197.—Batt, Proc. Royal Irish 
Acad. vol. ii. p. 193. 
Eledone Pennantii, Forpes, Malac. Monensis, p. 1. — Maceruiiy. Moll. Aberd. 
p. dl. 
»  ctrrhosus, D’OrsiG. and Firus. Ceph. Acet. pl. 2. — Lovin, Index 
Moll. Scand. p. 3. — D’OrzrG. Moll. Viv. et Foss. vol. i. 
p- 194.—Verany, Moll. Med. pt. 1, p. 15. 
»  ventricosa, ALDER, Moll. Northumb. p. 13. 


” 


The body is ovate (often four or five inches in length by 
three or four in breadth) truncate anteriorly, rounded poste- 
riorly, sightly depressed on the back, where the skin is mi- 
nutely granulated. Beneath it is smooth. The siphon is 
somewhat conical and pale. The head is broad, depressed 
in the centre, very prominent on each side above the eyes, 


912 OCTOPODIDA. 


where there are the rudiments of cirrhi, distinctly manifested 
when the animal is alive, but becoming obsolete and apt to 
be overlooked in dead specimens. The eyes are small but 
conspicuous, and have no eye-lids. The eight arms (each 
of which is often a foot in length) are unequal, united at 
their bases by a strong web, which connects them for some 
distance, about a fourth of their length, and is faintly decur- 
rent on their free portions. The suckers are ranged in a close 
row on their under surfaces. Dr. Grant reckoned one hun- 
dred and eleven of them on each arm of a specimen, the 
arms of which were a foot long. Each sucker is round, 
sessile, strongly margined and radiated within. These 
organs become very small towards the extremities of the 
arm. As in all the kinds of cuttle-fishes the colouring 
varies greatly, according to the liveliness of the animal, 
and probably also according to the locality. Dr. Grant 
describes this species as marked with small reddish brown 
spots on the back, and being smooth and light-coloured on 
the fore-part. Professor Macgillivray’s example in spirits 
was dusky above, smooth, and yellowish white below. 
Whenever we have taken it ourselves, and observed it 
when full of vivacity, it has exhibited a rich reddish or 
sienna brown clouded with darker and lighter blotches on 
the back and head ; pale below. Over the eyes we have 
observed a bluish tinge or blotch in the region of the cirrhi, 
The eyes themselves were intense blue, with whitish eye- 
lids. The upper surface of arms was speckled and clouded 
with rich red-brown, becoming pale tawny on their sides. 
The web of the arms was speckled with brown. The 
siphon was pale, with brown specks, but no blotches. The 
suckers were pale or white, tinged with a circle of tawny 
within the ring. The region around the mouth was pale. 


We have given two figures of this interesting cuttle-fish, 


ELEDONE. 213 


both drawn from life, from different examples. The dif 
ferences will serve as warnings to those who would derive 
specific characters in this genus from slight variations of 
form and colour. The second of these figures (Plate MMM, 
fig. 1) represents the attitude assumed by an individual 
taken in the Sound of Skye, and placed in a large vessel 
of salt-water, where it rested in the manner delineated, 
adhering by its suckers, spreading out its webbed disk, car- 
rying its funnel on one side, elongating its body, and curl- 
ing two of its arms (the ventral ones) in such a manner 
on the sides of the body that we might almost fancy that 
they shadowed out, as it were, the shape of an argonaut 
shell, to the tubercles of whose dorsal keel the graduation of 
sizes of suckers much better correspond, in this case, than 
do those which are seen on the webbed dorsal arms of the 
constructor of the paper nautilus. When taken out of the 
water the body at once assumed a more globular shape. 

We have taken the Eledone in twenty-five fathoms off 
the coast of the Isle of Man, and in depths from twenty to 
twenty-five fathoms among the Hebrides, and on the coast 
of Donegal. Dr. Grant procured it in the Frith of Forth; 
Mr. Macgillivray at Aberdeen; Mr. Alder on the Nor- 
thumberland coast ; Dr. Johnston frequently in Berwick 
bay ; Colonel Montagu on the coast of Devon; Mr. Ball at 
Youghall and Dublin. 

The aspect of the specimen represented in Plate NNN, 
fig. 2, suggests that the animal described by Professor 
Macgillivray under the name of Sledone Aldrovandi 
(Moilusea of Aberdeenshire, page 32) may be only another 
state, or slight variation of the same. We transcribe his 
account of it :— 

‘¢ Body elliptical, somewhat flattened, much rounded at 


the end; with the surface even, smooth, and of a bluish- 


214 OCTOPODIDA. 


white colour. The margin of the sac free, unless at the 
back, where it is continuous with the skin of the head. 
Measured across the eyes the head is narrower than the 
body, but seems larger, owing to the great size of the bases 
of the arms. The eyes, although large, are comparatively 
small. The head is crowned by a circle of large, fleshy, 
compressed tapering arms, of unequal length, and ex- 
tremely slender at the end; the dorsal arms shortest—the 
ventral pair longest. They are covered internally with a 
single series of sessile cups elevated on broad tubercles, 
of which there are from sixty to seventy. These suckers 
are not in mutual contiguity, but placed at a little distance 
from each other, and enlarge from the first to the fifth, 
which measures three-twelfths across; the horny portion 
cup-shaped or hemispherical. For more than a third of 
their length the arms are connected by wide membranes, 
the margins of which run out upon them. The mandibles 
are brownish black with a portion of the base white.” The 
length of the sac was three inches six lines, that of the 
longest (the ventral) arms three inches nine lines, of the 
shortest (dorsal) ones two inches ten lines. ‘The body was 
smooth and white. 

We cannot reconcile this account with the L/edone Al- 
drovandi of Delle Chiaje, as described at length and beauti- 
fully figured by Verany. That species, like our /. cirrhosus, 
differs from the common Mediterranean moschatus in the 
absence of a musky odour, and of a vivid blue border to 
the brachial veil. Mr.'Thompson suspected that a specimen 
of Eledone in his possession, from Belfast bay, might be dis- 
tinct from the common one. 


215 


TEUTHID. 


Tue squids and cuttle-fishes, commonly so called, be- 
long to the Decapodous division of the Dibranchiate 
Cephalopoda. The mollusks of this section have ten 
arms, two of which differ in length, shape, and insertion, 
from the rest, and are usually designated tentacula. The 
suckers on these arms are stalked. The eyes are capable of 
free motion. ‘The siphon is usually provided with a valve. 
In shape they are often elongated, and always furnished 
with fins. Their shell is internal: in some it is a horny 
pen; in a few it is the body called cuttle-bone; more 
rarely it is a chambered shell, variously combined with 
pen, or bone, or gourd. The TYeuthide have variously 
shaped bodies; in the majority of species it is elongated, 
with fins occupying a portion of the length ; their shell isa 
horny pen, consisting of an axis, and more or less developed 
side-wings. 


SEPIOLA. lLeacu. 


Body oval or rounded, short, united to the head by a 
broad ligament, and furnished on each side with a subor- 
bicular fin. Constricting apparatus at the base of the loco- 
motive tube, and constituted of a pair of elongated furrows, 
corresponding to linear crests on the inner wall of the sleeve. 
Head short, but large, bearing ten arms, of which two are 
tentacular and retractile. Eyes covered by an expansion 
of epidermis. Pen corneous, flexible, small, blade-shaped. 


216 TEUTHIDZ. 


“The sepiola, the minutest of the Naked Cephalopods, 
possesses a structure as complex and elaborate as that of 
the largest Octopus or Loligo. By the magnitude of its 
cephalic arms, and their numerous large pedunculated 
suckers, it compensates for the want of developed suckers 
on its long tentacula. By the great development of its ink- 
gland, and the magnitude of its organs of vision, it com- 
pensates for the want of more solid means of protection. 
The rounded form of its body required the dorsal lamina to 
be shortened, which would have impeded the motions of 
the mantle had it extended, as in the Loligo, to its extre- 
mity. The great muscular strength of its dorsal fins, and 
the mobility of their scapula, give rapid and varied motion 
to this delicate and defenceless animal; and they consti- 
tute the most perfectly developed arms of this class. Its 
organs of secretion are all largely developed—its salivary, 
hepatic, pancreatic, and ink glands. Its digestive, cireu- 
lating, and respiratory organs, are constructed according 
to the most perfect form of the cephalopodic type; and the 
great development of its generative apparatus is well 
adapted to repair the rapid destruction of its race..— 
GRANT. 

These pretty little cuttle-fishes are active creatures inha- 
biting very various depths of water in the laminarian and 
coralline zones. They are regarded as a delicacy by the 
Italians. 

One species only has hitherto been recognised in the 
British seas, and this has always been identified by our 
naturalists with the common Sepiola of the Mediterranean. 
Gervais and Van Beneden in 1838 maintained that the 
Scpiola of the Atlantic coasts of Europe was different from 
that inhabiting the Mediterranean. The distinctions, 
indicated by them, however,* were quite insufficient to 


* Bulletin de l’Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, yol. v. p. 421. 


SEPIOLA. 7A 


warrant the inference drawn by these observers. M. Al- 
cide D’Orbigny was the first to determine a true and 
important difference, but likewise committed the error of 
supposing that all the Atlantic individuals were of one 
type, and the Mediterranean ones of another. He conse- 
quently referred all the figures and descriptions of British 
and Channel Sepiole to his S. Atlantica (those of Pennant, 
Bouchard, Gervais and Van Beneden, and Thompson), and 
those of Mediterranean individuals to S. Rondeletii. It 
will be seen that we have both these species in the British 
seas. Owing to the distinctive characters having been 
entirely overlooked it is impossible now to say which 
kind was intended by British authors who quote this 
euttle-fish under the names of Loligo sepiola, Sepiola vul- 
garis, and S. Rondeletii. Under these circumstances we 
think it best to restrict our synonyms and not include 


doubtful references. 


1. S. Arnantica, D’Orbigny. 


Suckers becoming suddenly four-ranked, crowded, and very 
minute at the extremities of the lower pair of arms. 


Plate MMM. fig. 2. 


Sepiola Atlantica, D’OrxB1IG. and Fiérus. Ceph. Acet. p. 283, Sepioles, pl. 4, f. 1— 
12.—D’OresiG. Moll. Viv. et Foss. p. 247, pl. 10, f. 1-12. 

Sepiola vulgaris, GRANT, Zool. Trans. vol. i. p. 77, pl. ii. f. 3-13 ? — Gervais 
and VAN BENEDEN, Bull. Acad. Brux. vol. v. p. 428 ? 


»  Rondeletii and vulgaris, in part, of British Local Catalogues. 


This, apparently the most common Sepiola of our seas, 
seldom measures more than an inch in length in the body, 
and a rather shorter distance from the junction of the 
head with the body to the extremities of the arms. The 
body is somewhat bell-shaped, rounded behind, truncated 


VOL, IV. KE 


218 TEUTHIDE. 


in front, and joined to the head above by a broad band. 
Two large ovate fins flank its sides, and are inserted rather 
towards the dorsal aspect. The head is rather short, 
broad, centrally depressed, bulging over the large eyes. 
The eight arms are unequal, stout and tapering; the 
suckers on their inner surfaces are about two-rowed, rather 
small and gradually diminishing. The terminal suckers 
of the lower pair of arms suddenly diminish and become 
many-rowed. The tentacular arms have rather stout 
peduncles, and do not reach as far back as those of the 
next species; their tips are slightly dilated and bear ex- 
ceedingly minute suckers. The colour of a specimen deli- 
neated from the life by Mr. Alder is pale purplish brown, 
with dark purple ocellated spots, which, however, extend 
but a little way upon the fins; the eyebrows are tinged 
with dark green: the tentacles and head are speckled 
with large purple spots; the under surface of the arms 
is white. An example kept by us alive at Skye, when 
at rest in its own element and in the open air, became 
of an intense spotted red brown; the specks becoming 
smaller on the fins and arms, which were tinged some- 
what with tawny. The eyebrows shone with golden- 
green reflections. When taken into a dark place it always 
became pale. The suckers and funnel were white. The 
most persistent portion of its colouring was that of the 
eyebrows. When swimming, and often when at rest, it 
flapped its fins rapidly, in the manner of a Pteropod. 
Respecting this species, Mr. Alder writes us as follows 
from the Menai Straits :—‘‘ Miss Hughes has supplied 
me with three specimens of different sizes. This is an 
odd fish, crouching generally at the bottom like a toad, 
with its great goggle eyes half closed, and sometimes 
crawling along by means of its suckers, puffing the water 


SEPIOLA. 219 


through the funnel all the time. When it does take to 
swimming it darts very quickly through the water, and is 
difficult to catch. When taken out of the water and placed 
on the hand, it had recourse to an odd mode of progres- 
sion, turning two or three summersets in regular tumbler- 
fashion ; first laying hold with its arms, turning over, and 
laying hold again until it managed to get back into the 
water. In this species, too, the tentacular arms generally 
lie concealed within the others.” Dr. Johnston remarks 
of it, “that although kept alive in a basin of sea water 
for about twelve hours, and repeatedly irritated, it never 
ejected any inky fluid, with which it is, nevertheless, 
amply provided.” 

It is probable, as has already been remarked, that the 
majority of British localities of Sepiola relate to this 
species. Whether Pennant’s Sepia sepiola from the coast 
of Flintshire was it or not, it is impossible now to say. We 
have taken it in the Irish Sea; in fifteen, eighteen, and 
twenty fathoms, among the Hebrides, and in seven fathoms 
in the Sound of Skye. Mr. Alder has found it on the 
coast of Northumberland, and in the Menai Straits: also 
at Torbay. The week before our lamented friend, William 
Thompson, of Belfast, died, he submitted to our examina- 
tion two specimens of Sepiole as possibly distinct. His 
sagacity did not deceive him in this, any more than in many 
other similar instances, for one of these little cuttle-fishes 
taken at Bangor in Ireland, in 1839, by Dr. Drummond, 
proved to be S. Atlantica, and the other was an Irish ex- 
ample of the true Sepiola Rondeletii. The statistics of the 
distribution of the two species have yet to be made out. 


220 TEUTHIDA. 


2. S. Ronpetern, Leach. 


Suckers on the lower pairs of arms similar to those on the 
others. 


Plate MMM. fig. 1. 


Sepiola, RONDELET, 1554. 
»  Mondeleti, GESNER, ALDROVANDUS, &c. 
Sepia sepiola, Linn. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 1096. 
Loligo .,,  Uam. Mem. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, p. 16.— An. sans Vert. 
vol. vii. p. 664.—Buainv. Dict. des Sc. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 184. 
—Carus. Act, Acad. Nat. Cur. vol. xii. pt. 2, p. 318, pl. 29, f. 2, 
3.—Purirr1, Enum. Moll. Soc. vol. i. p. 241.—Gervats and 
Van BENEDEN, Bull. Acad. R. de Brux. vol. y. p. 428. 
Sepiola Rondeletii, LEacu, Nat. Misc. vol. iii. p. 188. — D’Orxpic. and Firus. 
Ceph. Acet. p. 330, Sepioles, pl. 1, f. 1 to 6; pl. 2, f. 3, 4; 
pl. 3, f. 6-9.—D’OrpiG. Moll. Viv. et Foss. p. 249, pl. 10, 
f, 13.—VeERAny, Moll. Med. vol. i. p. 56, pl. 22. 


In all respects of form and proportions this species 
appears to agree with the last. Our British examples have 
a body apparently slightly shorter and more rounded ; 
the arms are rather stouter at their bases; the lateral 
arms rather larger; the tentacular arms longer and with 
more slender peduncles ; the suckers larger; and (a great 
and easily made-out difference) the terminal suckers of 
the lower arms gradually diminishing and alternating 
throughout. In spirits their bodies exhibit an uniform 
pink hue. 

Verany describes Mediterranean examples as being of a 
delicate rose colour, dotted with spots of wine-red neutral 
tint. ‘The middle of the body is marked by a large irre- 
gular blotch of bluish tint, indicating the position of the 
viscera within. Beneath, it is bluish dotted with pink. 
Around the eyes the head is tinged with blue and green. 

At present we venture to cite only such British exam- 
ples as belong to the Mondeletii, without a question. We 


ROSSIA. 221: 


have seen only two such specimens, one taken by Mr. 
Alder at Torbay, and a second in the collection of the late 
Mr. William Thompson, from Dundrum, county Down, 
in Ireland. 

M. Bouchard-Chantereaux has observed respecting Se- 
poole, that they are most common in the English Channel 
on sandy coasts, and in time of hot weather. He says 
that they spawn towards the end of May and commence- 
ment of June, laying their spawn in the form of little 
bluish gelatinous masses in the centre of which the eggs 
are arranged, as if around an axis. Each mass contains 
from forty to a hundred and thirty eggs. Each female 
produces from fifteen to thirty-six of these, which are united 
at their bases by an amorphous gelatinous pedicle attached 
to submarine bodies. In from twenty-two to twenty-five 


days the young ones come out from the egg. 


ROSSIA. Owen. 


Body oval or rounded, short, truncated in front, rounded 
behind, not connected inferiorly with the head by a liga- 
ment, but quite free, furnished on each side by a sub- 
orbicular fin; locomotive apparatus formed of oblong crests, 
on the inner margin of the sleeve, and of margined 
sockets at the base of the funnel. Head large, eyes covered 
by an epidermic expansion, pierced by a very small hole. 
Arms ten, two of them tentacular and retractile. Pen 
corneous, flexible, small and sub-spatulate. 

This genus was instituted by Professor Owen for a 
cuttle-fish, closely resembling a Sepiola, found in the 
Arctic Seas by Sir John Ross. There appear to be five 
described species, of which two are British, first made 


known by Dr. Robert Ball. 


223 TEUTHIDA. 


R. macrosoma, Delle Chiaje. 


Suckers on the arms small, numerous, nearly equal. 


Plate MMM, fig. J. 


Sepiola macrosoma, DELLE CutasE, Mem. t. lxx. Anim. invert., vol.i. pl. 11, 
f. 11. — Puiipri, Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i. p, 203. — 
Gervais and VAN BENEDEN, Bull. de |’Acad. de Brux. 
vol. vi. No. 1. 
Rossia = D’Orsicny and Frrussac, Ceph. Acet. p. 245. Sepiola, 
pl. 4. f. 13 —24.—D’Orsieny, Moll. Viv. et Foss. vol. i. 
p. 257. pl. 11.—Verany. Moll. Med. vol i. p. 60. pl. 23. 
fig. a. b. 
Jacobii, Bat, Proc. Royal Irish Acad. vol. ii. p. 193.—THompson, Rep. 
Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 248. 


93 


This cuttle-fish was first met with on our coasts by Dr. 
Jacob, of Dublin, who obtained it from Dublin Bay, and 
communicated in to Dr. Ball. 

Its body is large, smooth, and broadly bell-shaped, 
with latero-dorsal suborbicular fins, having broad bases of 
attachment. The head is broad and short; with promi- 
nent eyes. The arms are rather short in proportion, linear- 
lanceolate. They are strongly webbed together at their 
bases, with the exception of the lower pair. Dr. Ball 
remarks that “ the membrane round the mouth forms an 
hexagonal figure, from each angle of which a ridge runs, 
which is decurrent in six cases; on the second, third, and 
fourth pair of arms, and in the seventh, the ridge passes 
upon the web between the first pair of arms, where it 
bifurcates and runs out on the side.” The suckers are 
small, oblique, white, and pedunculate ; they are ranked 
in double file on the lower part of the under surfaces of 
the arms, and in fours regularly and irregularly through- 
out the remainder. The suckers are nearly equal in size 


on all the arms. ‘The tentacles are very long and slender 


ROSSIA. 223 


in proportion to the body. ‘Their extremities are lance- 
olate, crested above, and bear on their under surface, very 
numerous rows of minute suckers. 

The dimensions of the specimen taken by Dr. Jacob are 
in inches ; length of the body, 2:1; breadth over fins, 2°7 ; 
length of head, 0°7; length of tentacula, 5°7; length of 
third and longest pair of arms, 2°6; length of first and 
shortest pair, 2°2. 

Besides the Dublin Bay locality, Mr. William Thomp- 
son procured this pretty species from the coast of the 
north of Ireland, and in a specimen submitted to us for 
examination, we could find no characters by which to 
distinguish it from the Mediterranean macrosoma. 

The colour of that animal is described by Verany as 
being of a general wine-rose hue, clouded with bluish and 
_ yellowish tints, on its upper surface, and livid rose on its 
under. The eyes are strongly tinted with blue, and 
shine with very vivid green and silver reflections. Above 
it is marked with irregular red specks, which are more 
scattered below, and there are few or none on the edges of 
the fins and funnel. The ink is black. The pen is linear, 


lanceolate, and slightly spatulate in its lower half. 


R. Owenn, Ball. 


Suckers in the arms large, pearl-like, unequal. 


Plate SSS, fig. 1. 


Rossia Owenii, Batt, Proc. Royal Trish Acad. vol. ii. p. 193.—Tuompson, Rep. 
Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 248.— D’OrzicNny, Moll. Viv. et Foss. 
vol. i. p. 259.— Lovin, Index Moll. Scand. p. 3. 


This fine and rare species was first obtained by Dr. 
Ball, in 1839, from a fisherman who had found it in a 


224 TEUTHID®. 


Dublin Bay fishing-boat. It was named by its discoverer 
after Professor Owen. Mr. Saxby, of Bonchurch, in the 
Isle of Wight, had the good fortune to add it to the 
English fauna. He took a fine specimen near his house in 
1849. We are not acquainted with any other instances of 
its capture. Professor Lovén records it as an inhabitant 
of the west coast of Sweden. 

Its body is rather shortly campanulate. The fins are 
roundish, with broad bases of attachment, and are fixed 
well up on the sides of the back. The head is large and 
short, with large bulging eye-protuberances. The arms 
are unequal, narrowly lanceolate, all except the two lower 
ones connected together at their bases by a short web. 
The disk around the mouth is very free from suckers. 
The tentacles are long and stout, much exceeding the 
body, and terminated in compressed, crested, lanceolate 
tips, bearing on their under surface numerous very small 
suckers, closely set and ranked in as many as six in a row. 
The suckers on the ordinary arms are large, globular, 
pedunculate, and have oblique, almost lateral cups. They 
are ranked in oblique rows of three or four, the two inner 
ones smaller than those that flank them. Near the bases 
of the arms the lateral suckers only are seen. The suckers 
on the two upper arms are more nearly of a size among 
themselves, more numerous, and smaller than those on the 
others. The colour of a specimen in spirits is dull pur- 
plish on the back with numerous minute purple specks, 
which are seen also on the under side, head, and upper 
surface of arms. 

Dr. Ball writes to us respecting this animal,—‘ I had for 
some hours a specimen of Hossia Jacobi alive. It was very 
active and watchful. On passing the hand between it and 


the light, the changes of colour were as quick as thought. 


LOLIGO. 225 


When lying quietly at the bottom of the basin it was 
sometimes almost white, but on passing my hand over it, 
became instantly of a bright liver red, or rather apothecary 
rose colour. It displayed various degrees of this colour, 
occasionally variegated with blotches of white. Its varia- 
tions of tmt were rapid beyond comparison with the 
chameleon’s. I observed that a narrow silvery line ran 
down each side, somewhat similar to that on the side of a 
sand-smelt, but of rather milder lustre. After death these 
stripes disappeared.” 

Dr. Ball’s specimen (kindly transmitted to us for exa- 
mination) measures 1°7 inch in length of body ; 0°5 inch, 
length of head; and four inches, length of tentacles. <A 
detailed measurement of it is published with the original 
notice of the species. That of which notes and a drawing 
were obligingly communicated by Mr. Saxby measured in 
inches, 5°75, total length; the head, 1:4; the longest 
arm, 2°5; the body, 2:0; the breadth of the body, 1°9. 


This is assuredly a rare animal. 


LOLIGO. Lamarck. 


Body fleshy, firm, cylindrical, elongated, towards its 
posterior extremity flanked by two triangular fins, which 
run to the tail. Locomotive apparatus formed of two ob- 
long margined pits placed at the base of the funnel, and of 
corresponding linear prominent crests on the inner margin 
of the sleeve. Eyes covered by an epidermic expansion, 
pierced with a small opening; no lacrymal sinus. Arms 
ten, two of them tentacular, imperfectly webbed. Pen 
corneous, flexible, lanceolate, as long as the body, termina- 
ting in an obtuse point. 

The cuttle-fishes of this genus and the next are known 


VOL. IV. GaG 


226 TEUTHIDA. 


popularly by the name of squids. Their spawn is en- 
veloped in oblong gelatinous tubes, numbers of which are 
found adhering to a common mass by their lower ex- 
tremities. 


L. vunearis, Lamarck, 


Fins flanking two-thirds of the body, and forming an oblong 

rhomb. 

Plate LLL. 
Sepia loligo, LinNzus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, vol. i. p. 1096.—PxENnNANT, Brit. 
Zool. vol. iv. p. 53, pl. 27.—Bosc. Vers. p. 46. 

Loligo vulgaris, LamARcK, Mem. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, p. 11.—An. sans 
Vert. vol. vii. p. 667.—BLAINVILLE, Dict. des Se. Nat. vol. 
xxvii. p. 143.—Carus. Noy. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. vol. xii. p. 
319, pl. 31.—Ferruss, and D’Orgieny, Tab. des Ceph. p. 63. 
—Ceph. Acet. Calmars. pl. 8, 9, 10, 22, (figs. 13 and 23) (fig. 
1—12).—Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. vol. iv. p. 6. —FLEMING, 
Brit. An. p. 252.—BLAINvVILLE, Faun. France. pl. 3, fig. O, p. 
15.— Puivierr, Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. 1, p. 241.— D’OrBieny, 
Moll. Can. p. 23. — Moll. Viv. et Foss. vol. i. p. 336, pl. 18, 
fig. 1—12 and 19, fig. 2—4.—Jounston, Berw. Club Trans, 
i, p. 198.—Macaittivray, Moll. Aber. p. 29.—VeERAnNy, Moll, 
Med. vol. i. p. 89, pl. 34. 

The body of this handsome animal is cylindrical ante- 
riorly, tapering and gradually contracted from some dis- 
tance in front of the middle to the caudal extremity. 
For nearly two-thirds of its length, it is flanked by sub- 
triangular fins, giving an irregular rhomboidal contour to 
the hinder portion. The angles of the fins are obtuse. 
These organs extend quite to the tail, and join there. 
The head is short and broad, not over prominent in the 
region of the eyes. The eight ordinary arms are stout and 
rather short, somewhat lanceolate, or linear lanceolate in 
shape, slightly webbed together at their bases. On their 
inner sides they are furnished with two rows of oblique 
suckers with eccentric openings, of which the horny hoops 


are armed on their broader side with teeth. The ten- 


LOLIGO. 227 


tacular arms are long, stoutly pedunculated and furnished 
at their lanceolate extremities with suckers, large centrally, 
small towards their tips, and ranked in fours. The general 
hue of the animal is bluish, with purplish specklings, 
which are numerous, and areolated in the centre of the 
back, and are close set, and dark on the head and hinder 
portions of the tentacula. Beneath it is yellowish white. 
The pen is lanceolate; that of the female is said to be 
broader and more obtuse than that of the male. The jaws 
are brown with white tips. The body grows to a length 
of nearly a foot and a half; the head and arms add about 
half a foot to the total length. 

Dr. Johnston remarks that ‘it makes an excellent bait 
for cod, but does not occur in sufficient numbers to be used 
by our fishermen. The ink is jet black. I have found 
the beaks of a small individual in the stomach of a large 
one, so that it certainly feeds occasionally on its own race.” 

It appears to be generally distributed around the British 
Islands, though met with only occasionally. Among the 
earlier figures of native specimens is one by Borlase of an 
example taken on the coast of Cornwall. It is specially 
recorded from the Northumbrian coast (Alder) ; Berwick 
bay (Johnston) ; Frith of Forth (Grant, E. F.); Aber- 
deen (Macgillivray); Isle of Man (KE. F.); north and 
east of Ireland (W. Thompson), 

Verany remarks, that, in consequence of communications 
made to him by Ferussac, it would appear that the L. 
eulgaris of the Mediterranean is not identical with the 
Atlantic species; the latter is paler and the dispropor- 
tion of the suckers upon the club (which is smaller) of its 
tentacula is much less. A comparison of the figure we 
have given, from an excellent drawing communicated by 
Mr. Alder, with the admirable representation in Verany’s 


228 TEUTHIDA. 


work, will show that there is really reason to believe in 
the likelihood of two species being confounded under one 
name. It is possible that both mhabit our seas, since 
Pennant’s figure agrees better with Verany’s than with 


ours. 
L. mepra, Linneus. 


Body elongated, subulate, produced and acuminated posteriorly, 
fins narrow and rounded. 


Plate QQQ, fig. 1. 


Sepia media, Linnzxus, Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. vol. i. p. 1095.—Pennanv, Brit. 
Zool. iv. p. 54, pl. 29, fig. 45.—BrucGuiEerE, Enc. Méth. pl. 76, 
fei 

» subulata, Bosc. Vers. p. 46. 

Loligo 5, Lamarck, Mem. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, i. p. 15.—BLAInvILLE, 

Dict. Se. Nat. t. xxvii. p. 143.—FrErussac and D’OrBIGNY, 

Tab. des Ceph. p. 63.— D’Orpieny, Ceph. Acet. Calmars, pl. 

17, 28, fig. 19, 13—21.—Batt, Pro. Royal Irish Acad. vol. ii. 

p- 192.—Tuompson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1844, p. 248. 

», media, FLEMING, Brit. An. p. 253,—AxLpeEr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 15. 

> parva, Leacu, Zool. Misc. y. iii. p. 141.— D’OrBiGNy, Moll. Rec. et 
Foss, vol. i- p. 338. 


This cuttle-fish is commonly supposed to be the lesser 
calamary, or zevésg of Aristotle; an opinion which we 
have combated elsewhere.* It, or the next, was long ago 
observed, however, by Rondeletius. It is a much elong- 
ated animal, subcylindrical anteriorly, diminishing gra- 
dually posteriorly, and much prolonged and pointed at the 
tail. In specimens preserved in spirits, its extremity is 
singularly sharp and produced. The neck margin of the 
back is prolonged into a sort of obtuse lobe. The fins are 
widely apart above, long, somewhat rounded, broad ante- 
riorly, tapering and converging behind, and becoming de- 
current on the tail. In consequence of their outline, their 


* Trayels in Lycia, vol. ii. 


LOLIGO. 229 


combined contour is heart-shaped above. The head is short, 
very prominent in the region of the eyes, and is crowned 
with rather short lanceolate, very unequal arms, provided 
with double rows of suckers. These arms are very much 
squared at their edges. The tentacular arms are short in 
proportion to the length of the body; on their lanceolate 
extremities there are two rows of large suckers, and two 
rows of smaller ones outside. The mouth is surrounded 
by an angulated membrane. Specimens in our possession 
measure five inches and a half in length, more than half 
the entire length of the animal being in front of the upper 
union of the fins with the body. It is a transparent and 
glassy creature, when alive, speckled with dots of red or 
purple. The pen is lanceolate, narrowing above. 

Mr. Alder has lately obtained several specimens from 
the Menai Straits (whence our examples had been dredged 
by Mr. M‘Andrew), and through the kindness of Miss 
Hughes was enabled to observe them in fine condi- 
tion when alive. He informs us that “they are very 
lively and active animals, swimming forwards and_back- 
wards at pleasure, the latter by means of the funnel, the 
former by the fins. They seldom or never show their 
tentacular arms when swimming, but when they rest in an 
inverted position, adhering by their suckers, they throw 
out their tentacles as additional anchors.” Specimens 
three inches in length, looked when alive not unlike a large 
shrimp. 

Besides the locality abovementioned, where they appear 
to be not uncommon, this pretty squid is taken on the coast 
of Northumberland, but rarely, and has recently been caught 
at Peterhead, on the east coast of Scotland, by Mr. Peach. 
Dr. Ball and Mr. W. Thompson have taken it in both the 


north and south of Ireland. 


230 TEUTHIDA. 


L. marmor#, Verany. 


Body shorter and stouter than in swbulata; tentacular arms 
longer ; tail not much produced. 


Plate QQQ, fig. 2. 


Loligo marmore, VERANY, Moll. Med. vol. i. pl. 37. 

» media (pars) AucTORUM. 

In the valuable lists of Irish cuttle-fishes published first by 
Dr. Ball, and afterwards by Mr. W. Thompson, a distine- 
tion is indicated between Loligo media and Loligo subulata. 
By the latter an elongated and much acuminated form is 
intended ; by the former a shorter and stouter animal, an 
individual of which, preserved in spirits, and taken off 
Youghall, has been kindly forwarded for our examination 
by Dr. Ball. 

This specimen agrees so well with the figures and 
deseription of Loligo marmore, given by Verany, that we 
do not hesitate to refer it to that species. In most 
respects it closely resembles Z. subulata. The body, how- 
ever, is stout and rather broad, and the lateral fins are 
not only recurrent upon the tail, but appear to meet at its 
extremity, The arms are short and stout ; and provided 
with two regular rows of suckers; the tentacular arms are 
borne on long peduncles, which can reach to a level with 
the middle part of the fins. The length of the body and 
ordinary arms, taken together, is about four inches. The 
skin appears to have been strongly dotted with purple or red. 

M. Alcide @Orbigny maintains that the Loligo marmore 
is only the female of Loligo media. It is to be hoped 
that, having directed attention to their differences, those 
British naturalists who may have an opportunity of in- 


quiring into their relations, will settle the doubt. 


OMMASTREPHES. Jon 


OMMASTREPHES. D’Orsteny. 


Body fleshy, firm, cylindrical, elongated, flanked near 
its posterior extremity by two triangular fins. Locomotive 
apparatus formed of ‘‘ conical perpendicular pits, each 
communicating by a narrowed groove with a small hori- 
zontal pit, surrounded by a prominent margin, the whole 
describing a rather prominent triangle, placed at the 
base of the locomotive tube; and, besides, of a tubercle 
prolonged in its upper part into a decreasing nose-shaped 
crest ; and, lastly, of little horizontal inferior crests placed 
on the inner margin of the body.” Eyes very large, 
opening widely exteriorly, and provided with a lacrymal 
sinus. Arms ten, like those of ZLoligo. Pen corneous, 
flexible, elongated, as long as the body, terminating at its 

lower extremity in a hollow simple cup. 

The cuttle-fishes of this genus closely resemble those 
belonging to Loligo. Besides the character just given they 
may generally be distinguished by the short rhomboidal 
termination of the body formed by the fins combined with 
the hinder extremity. 

The species are mostly pelagic, and some of them are 
gregarious. They seem to be distributed all over the 


world. They are called flying squids by fishermen. 


O. sacirratus, Lamarck. 


Body elongated ; peduncles of tentacular arms free from 
suckers ; extremities of their clubs covered with closely-set rows 
of numerous minute suckers. 


Plate RRR, fig. 1. 


Sepia loligo, LinN&us, Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. vol. i. p. 1095.—Bruaurere, Enc. 
Méth. pl. 77, f. 12. 


232 TEUTHIDA. 


Loligo sagittata, var. B. Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. de Paris, p. 13.— 
Anim. sans Vert. v. vil. p. 685.—VeERany, Moll. 
Med. vol. i. p. 107, pl. 31 and 32. 
Brogniartit, BLAINVILLE, Dict. Sc. Nat. xxvii. p. 142.—Ferruss. and 
D’Orsieny, Ceph. Acet. Calmars. pl. 4. 
Ommastrephes sagittatus, D’ORBIGNY, Ceph. Acet. p. 345.—Jdem, Moll. Ree. et 
Foss. vol. i. p. 418, pl. 29, f. 12, 16. 


” 


At the moment when we had almost given up hope of 
proving this often-recorded cuttle-fish to be British, or at 
least an English species, since it seemed probable that in 
most instances O.todarus had been mistaken for it, the 
Marchioness of Hastings, whose zeal in the cause of natural 
history and indefatigable paleontological researches has 
rendered many services to natural history, kindly for- 
warded to us a cuttle-fish which had been taken at 
Brighton: it proved to be the true Ommastrephes sagit- 
tatus. Not long afterwards, a second individual was taken 
by our friend Mr. Mackie, Collector of Folkstone, and, 
also, sent to us for examination. 

The first of these was the smaller specimen; it measured 
seven inches and a half in length of body, one inch in length 
of head, five inches in length of longest arm, and seven 
inches in length of tentacles. The fins were four inches in 
length, large in proportion to the body, indicative of its 
being a female, and their greatest breadth was five and a 
half inches. Its colour was of a beautiful pearly grey, 
blushed with red and bronze, and speckled on the dorsal 
aspects of body, head and tentacles with numerous purple 
and yellow dots, which became few and scattered beneath. 

The body in this species is elongated and cylindrical, 
and in male individuals the finned portion occupies only 
two-thirds of its length. Below the upper junction of the 
fins it suddenly contracts and tapers to an obtuse extre- 
mity. The fins form, with that part of the body to which 


OMMASTREPHES, 2a0 


they are attached, a nearly regular rhomb. The head is 
broad and thick, not very prominent in the region of the 
eyes ; the arms are stout and tapering. The superior pair 
are shortest ; the lateral pairs longest. The suckers on the 
latter are larger than those on the upper and lower pairs. 
On all they are arranged in two rows, gradually diminish- 
ing in size to the tips. The arms are slightly webbed 
together at their bases, and the inferior lateral ones are 
crested on their outsides. The tentacles are stoutly pedun- 
culated, terete, and terminate in narrow lanceolate clubs. 
There are no suckers on their peduncular portions. On the 
uppermost portion of the clubs the suckers are small, and 
two-ranked on the central portions ; besides two outer 
rows of small suckers, there are two inner or middle rows 
of very large ones; these suddenly cease at some distance 
from their tapering tips, which are covered with very 
minute closely-ranked suckers, as many as eight in a row 
at their commencement. The funnel is broad-based and 
bilobed below, with auriculated lobes. The pen is long, 
narrow, and three-sided. 

Mr. D’Orbigny regards the Loligo piscatorum, harpago, 
illecebrosa, and Coindetii, as all founded on this species. 


O. troparus, Delle Chiaje. 


Body elongated ; peduncles of tentacula provided with suckers 
throughout their length. 


Plate RRR, fig. 2. 


Loligo sagittata, var. A, LaMARcK, Mem. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, p. 13.— 
An. sans Vert. t. vil. p. 663.—CaArus. Mem. Acad. 
Nat. Cur. t. vii. p. 318, pl. 30.— Frrussac and 
D’OrBieny, Ceph. Acet. plates, Calmars, pl. 1— 
FLEeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 253?—Jounston, Berw. 
Club. Trans. vol. i. p. 199.—BALL, Proc. Roy. Irish 
Acad. yol. ii. p. 192 (in part).—Tuompson, Brit. 


VOL, IV. H H 


934 TEUTHID A. 


Assoc. Rep. 1844, p. 248.—AxprrR, Moll. North. 
p- 15. 
Loligo todarus, Dette Cu1ase, Anim. Inyert.—VeRAny, Moll. Med. vol. i. p. 
101, pl. 33. 
Ommastrephes 5, D’ORBIGNY, Ceph. Acet. text, p. 349. — Moll. Viv. et Foss. 
vol. i. p. 423, pl. 29, fig. 3—11 and 30, fig. 5—6.—Han- 
cock, Annals Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. x. p. 1. 


This is the squid which is usually recorded in British 
catalogues, under the name of Loligo sagittata. We owe 
to Mr. Alder and Mr. Hancock, the recognition of its true 
specific relations. Its body is elongated and cylindrical, 
tapering below to an obtuse extremity, flanked in its lower 
third by two triangular fins inserted well in upon its 
back, and forming together a rhomboidal outline. Head 
broad and short, not very prominent in the region of the, 
eyes, crowned with eight stout subulate arms, of which the 
two lateral pairs are longest, and the inferior lateral crested 
dorsally. The suckers are large and arranged in two rows— 
on each arm. Tentacular arms with stout peduncles, along 
the whole of the upper surfaces of which are suckers 
ranged in two rows; on the long lanceolate clubs the 
suckers become larger, and alternate with smaller external 
ones; at the extremity of the club they continue in two 
ranks, but become very small. The back of the club is 
crested. There are suckers on the lips surrounding the 
beaks. The funnel is strong and large. The pen is 
linear, three-ribbed, broadest at its superior extremity, and 
ends in a spatulate expansion and a small conical cup. 

The following are the dimensions of an example, mea- 
sured by Mr. Alder in February, 1851 :—Length (not in- 
cluding arms), one foot, two inches and a-half; length of 
body, one foot; of head, two inches and a-half; longest 
arm, eight inches; shortest arm, six inches; tentacular 


arms, one foot, one inch ; length of fin, six inches; breadth 


OMMASTREPHES. 0 


of fin, seven inches and a quarter; breadth of body, three 
inches and a-half; diameter of largest ring of a tentacle, 
three-tenths of an inch ; length of pen, eleven inches and 
three-quarters; its breadth half an inch. 

Dr. Johnston observes of this species, that its ink is of 
a blackish brown colour, or dark olive green. He found 
the stomach of a large specimen filled with fragments of 
Alaria esculenta, on which the creature had been feeding 
when taken, for pieces of this weed were found between 
the beak, half swallowed. Verany states, that its flesh is 
bitter, leathery, and unwholesome. 

It is difficult to ascertain exactly whether any other 
than this species is commonly called sagittata in local lists. 
‘It would appear, however, to be distributed around the 
three kingdoms. Mr. Alder has determined its presence 
‘on the coast of Northumberland; Dr. Johnston at Berwick- 
on-Tweed ; we have taken it in the Frith of Forth (E. F.) ; 
and an Irish example, from Youghall, taken by Dr. Ball, 
who states that this form is most common, is unquestion- 
ably todarus, but varies in having shorter tentacles than 
usual. It has been made the subject of an elaborate 


memoir, on the anatomy of its nervous system, by Mr. 


Albany Hancock. 


O. Esrana, Ball. 


Body proportionately short ; suckers confined to the clubs of 
the tentacles, minute and four-ranked at their extremities. 


Plate SSS. fig. 2. 


Loligo Eblane, BAt1, Proc. Royal Irish Acad. yol. i. p. 463.—THompson, Rep. 
Brit. Assoc. for 1844, p. 248. — D’OrzicNny, Moll. Viy. et 
Foss. vol. i. p. 353. 


This remarkable species was first found by Mr. Warren, 


236 TEUTHIDA. 


in Dublin bay, in 1836, and afterwards in the same lo- 
eality by Dr. Ball, and in Belfast bay by Mr. Thompson. 
It was described under the above name by Dr. Ball, who 
called attention, also, to the characters which enable us to 
assign to it its true generic position. 

Its body is very short as compared with other species of 
the genus, and is somewhat urn-shaped. The fins occupy 
about three-sevenths of its length; they are widely trian- 
gular, and exhibit in their conjunction, an elliptical con- 
tour. The head is short, broad, and somewhat depressed 
above. The arms are rather slender and tapering; the 
two lateral pairs longest. They bear remarkably large 
pedunculate suckers, two-ranked and set well apart. The 
inferior laterals are crested externally. The tentacular 
arms are very stout, but have their peduncles quite bare ; 
they are long, and extend below the tail; their clubs are 
furnished centrally with two rows of few and very large 
suckers, flanked by a few alternating small ones; their ex- 
tremities are compressed, crested above, and bear below 
two or three rows of minute suckers on long peduncles. 

The length of the original specimen is ten inches, in- 
cluding arms and tentacles. The body is 3:1 inches in 
length ; the head 16; the longest arm three inches; the 
tentacles six inches. The fin is 1°3 inches in length, and 
three inches in breadth. The pen is narrow, three-ribbed, 
and is spatulate at the extremity. 


SEPIA DAE. 


Tue animal of the only genus of this family, of which 
existing species are known, is a Decapod, having a broad 
body, surrounded by a pair of narrow fins of nearly equal 
dimensions throughout. The characteristic distinction of 
the group lies in the shell, or cuttle-bone, which is a calca- 
reous plate terminating in a more or less distinctly cham- 
bered extremity. There are several fossil genera belonging 
to the Sepiadea, all, however, of tertiary age, though 
species of the typical genus, Sepia, date far back, even to 
the oolitic epoch. 


SEPIA. Linnzus. 


Body oval, often very broad, compressed and depressed, 
margined throughout its circumference by two narrow fins. 
Locomotive apparatus formed of an oblong, conical crest, 
bordered above by a deep circular furrow, and placed on 
the inner wall of the sleeve, and of an oblong, deep, mar- 
ginated furrow at the lower part of the funnel. Head 
flattened, eyes covered by an epidermic expansion, pierced 
with a small hole. Arms, ten, two of them tentacular, in 
great part webbed together. 

Internal shell lodged dorsally, as long as the body, solid, 
depressed, more or less oval, rounded and thin anteriorly, 
bordered behind and often rostrated at the extremity ; 


rugose above, bordered by a horny margin. 


238 SEPIADA. 


S. orricinais, Linneus. 


Animal with zebra-like markings on the back. Bone ovate. 


Plate OOO, and Plate PPP, fig. 1. 


Sepia officinalis, LinN&%us, Fauna Suecia, p. 2106.—Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. vol. i. 
p. 1095.— Pennant, Brit. Zool. vol. iv. p. 55.—BruGurEreE, 
Enc. Méth. pl. 76, f. 56.— Bosc. Vers. i. p. 45,—Leacu, Nat. 
Mise. t. iii. p. 138.— Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. t. vii. p. 
668.—Carus, Noy. Act. Nat. Cur. t. xii. p. 317, pl. 38.— 
Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. t. iv. p. 3.—BLAINVILLE, Dict. 
Se. Nat. t- 48.—Fiemine, Brit. An. p. 252.—Porrez and 
Micuaup, Gall. des Moll. de Douai, t- i. p. 8. — Purvipri, 
Enum. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 241.—Forsers, Malac. Mon. p. i.— 
D’Orsieny, Moll. de Canaries, p. 20. — Moll. Rec. et Foss. 
vol. i. p. 272. —D’OrbiGNy and Frrussac, Ceph. Acet. p. 
260. Seiches: plates 1, 2, 3 (fig. 1—38), and 17 (fig. 12).— 
Macaituivray, Moll. Ab. p. 29.—Ba i, Proc. Royal Irish 
Acad. yol. ii. p. 192.— Lovin, Index Moll. Scand. p. 3.— 
Jounston, Berw. Club Tran. vol. i. p. 200.—VzERANy, Moll. 
Med. vol.i. p. 65, pl. 24, 25.— AxLpErR, Cat. Mol. North. p. 15. 


The common cuttle-fish is one of the most beautiful and 
curious of British mollusks; but although its bone, or 
shell, is frequently cast up on all our sandy shores, the 
creature itself is rarely seen and seldom taken. Its body 
is depressed and broad, rounded posteriorly, and truncated, 
although centrally produced, anteriorly ; its outline is that 
of an escutcheon. All around the margin run narrow and 
delicate fins, one on each side, of equal breadth, except at 
the extremity, where they meet and present, as it were, a 
notched termination to the body. The back is smooth, or 
slightly tuberculated. The head is much narrower than 
the body, although in itself broad, prominent in the region 
of the eyes, and crowned above with eight rather short, 
stout, lanceolate, subcarinated arms. On their inner sides 


are four rows of equal and regular, but rather small 


SEPIA, 259 


suckers, which are globular and stalked, and have simple 
hoops. The margins of the arms are fringed by a mem- 
brane, and the fourth pair is crested. The tentacular arms 
are very long, borne upon stout, smooth peduncles, ter- 
minating in clubs, crested dorsally, and bearing on their 
flat surface, which is expanded at the sides into a plaited 
flounce, several rows of unequal suckers, of which the 
central are large and few, and terminal ones numerons 
and minute. The buccal membrane is attached to the 
arms by web-like processes. 

The colours of this animal resemble the pattern of a 
zebra’s hide. Centrally the back is marked by numerous 
fine interrupted irregular bands of white on a dark brown 
ground ; laterally with broad white stripes, many of which, 
usually alternate ones, bifurcate at each end, the inter- 
spaces being rich vandyke-brown; between them and the 
lateral fin the skin is tinged with tawny, and irregularly 
spotted. The fins themselves are brownish above, minutely 
speckled with white; a white line runs parallel with the 
edge, which is itself bounded by a minutely speckled very 
narrow border. The neck is white, with greenish and 
rosy reflections. The back of the head and arms is rich 
brown, becoming faint and passing into specks on the sides 
of the latter. The eyes are black. The tentacular arms 
are white, with a few pinkish-brown dots. The entire 
under surface is bluish-white, with rosy specks. No 
figure that we have seen gives a true idea of the rich paint- 
ing of the common cuttle-fish. 

The female is wider than the male. 

The “bone,” or shell, is thick, but depressed, ovate- 
oblong, varying a little in shape in different examples, very 
regular and symmetrical, slightly convex above, where it is 
smooth and corneous at the sides, more or less suleated and 


240 SEPIADA. 


rugose, in the greater part, centrally, the sulci describing 
semicircles, from the mucro upwards, and becoming broken 
into rugosities laterally. Along the centre there is a broad 
depressed, rounded longitudinal ridge, separated from the 
sides by shallow, slightly-marked, and broad furrows, or 
rather depressions. Near the posterior extremity is seen 
the hard mucro. It is most prominent in young specimens. 
The under surface is convex before, depressed and hollowed 
out at the sides behind; the former portions smooth, the 
latter transversely striated. The margin widely projects be- 
low and curves upwards and inwards, and inferiorly expands, 
wing-like, around the nucleus of the shell. The substance of 
the ‘*cuttle-bone” is composed of numerous testaceous lami- 
nee, separated from each other by a perpendicularly fibrous 
calcified tissue, exhibiting a shining white and satiny lustre, 
and having a pumiceous aspect and feel. Thus, extreme 
lightness, in proportion to its bulk, is given to this body. 

The bone (often used for pounce), equals in length the 
body, without the fins. A fine cuttle-fish, now before us, 
taken by Mr. Mackie off Folkstone, measures nine inches 
and a-half in length of body, to which one inch is added 
as the breadth of the fins. The breadth of the body is six 
inches. The head is three inches long and four inches 
broad at the eyes. The arms are five inches in length, and 
the tentacles a foot and a-half long. 

This animal seems to be generally distributed around 
the shores of Britain. It is scarce to the north of our 
islands, more common to the south, and exceedingly abun- 
dant in the Mediterranean. Its eggs are dark oval, with 
prominent summits, and have a membranous ring at their 
bases, by which they are attached to sea-weed, or fixed to 
each other so as to form masses of considerable numbers. 


SEPIA. 241 


S. srssertatis, De Montfort. 


Animal pale above, clouded with red ; bone elliptical, lanceo- 
late, tinged with red. 


Plate PPP, fig. 2. 


Sepia bisserialis, DENIs DE Monrrorr (fide VERANY).—VERANY, Moll. Med. 
vol. i. p. 75, pl. 26. 
» elegans, Frrussac and D’OreIGNny, Hist. Ceph. Acet. p. 280. Sciches pl. 
8, fig. 1—5, and 27, fig. 3—6.—D’OrBIGNy, Moll. Viv. et 
Foss. p. 285, pl. 12, f. 6, 8. 
» rupellaria, Fnrussac and D’OrsiGNy, Hist. Ceph. Acet. p- 274, Seiches, 
pl. 3, f. 10—13.—Batx, Proc. Royal Irish Acad. vol. ii. p. 
192. 
» 7vubens, Puitiprt1, En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 203. 
»  Orbignyana, Ferussac, Hist. Ceph. Acet. Seiches, p. 273, pt. 5, pl. 27, 
f. 1—2?—D’Orpieny, Moll. Viv. et Foss. p. 275, pl. 


3—4? 


Of this very distinct cuttle-fish, the bones only have as 
yet been met with in the British seas, three specimens 
having been found at Magilligan, in the North of Ireland, 
by Mr. Hyndman, and one on the Northumberland coast, 
by Mr. Alder. They are of an ovate lanceolate shape, 
narrowed below, in detail of parts resembling the common 
cuttle-bone, but strikingly different in outline. The British 
specimens vary somewhat in width. They are tinged with 
delicate rose-colour. Mr. Alder has compared his with 
specimens of the true bisserialis bone received from Ve- 
rany, and finds an agreement in every essential particular. 
He remarks, that “‘ the foreign examples are a little smaller, 
and rather narrower, but the largest of them approaches 
very nearly to my specimen, much more so than Verany’s 
figure.” The Sepia rupellaria of Férussac was founded on 
a bone taken on the Atlantic coast of France, and appears 
to be only this species deprived of its lateral membrane. 
Sepia Orbignyana is surely one of the sexes of the same. 


VOL. IV. ba 


242 SEPIADA. 


Verany, however, considers it as the Sepia elegans of De 
Blainyille, and as distinct. 

It is to be hoped that this pretty cuttle-fish will be 
found alive before long in our seas. It may easily be dis- 
tinguished by its narrower body, the great difference of 
colouring, and the short club-like terminations of its tenta- 
cular arms. It is a much smaller animal than the last. 
The largest British example of its shell hitherto taken, 
measures two and a half inches in length, by ten-twelfths 
of an inch in its widest part. 


Sperruta Peronu, Lamarck. 


Nautilus spirula (of Linneeus), Turr. Conch. Diction, p. 117, f. 77. 
Spirula Australis, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 227.—THompson, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. vol. v. p. 10.—Coucu, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 67. 
» Peronii, Brit. Marine Conch. p. 227. 


As Professor Owen considers that the animals of the shells 
usually classed together as the Nautilus spirula of the Lin- 
nean school, constitute three distinct species (Peronii, reti- 
culata, and Australis), we have not ventured to cite any 
foreign synonyms, since the known shells of this genus 
cannot (at least by ourselves) be distinguished from each 
other, and the cephalopod has not hitherto been taken in 
the British seas. 

In regard to indigenousness, ‘‘ the claims of the present 
species,” observed Dr. Fleming, “ are doubtful. It is pro- 
bable that the remains of many other animals, the ordinary 
inhabitants of the West Indian seas, will occasionally 
occur on the Irish coast, as in the present instance ; but 
we haye to determine their capability of diving in our seas 
before their right to a place in our Fauna can be esta- 
blished.” 

Shell loosely spiral, thin, semi-transparent, dull white, 
smooth to the eye, except where the walls of the internal 


SPIRULA. 243 


chambers are indicated by aunular depressed lines, which 
towards the apex so pinch the primary coil as to give the 
appearance of strung beads or globules to the earlier-formed 
portion. Surface beneath the microscope minutely and 
closely pitted. Whorls cylindrical, tapering with tolerable 
quickness: the last one nearly straight at its termination. 
Aperture circular, of a silvery nacre, chambers very nume- 
rous, divided from each other by a vaulted plate, but con- 
nected throughout by a narrow tube, which runs along the 
inner side of the gyration, Diameter almost an inch; at 
the mouth nearly three lines. 

“Two specimens of this interesting addition to our 
native stock, were found on the strand between Kenmare 
harbour and Ballyskellig’s bay, in the county of Kerry, 
Ireland, by our intelligent and much respected friend, Mr. 
O'Kelly, of Dublin, in the summer of 1817, where, as he 
observes, the waves of the Atlantic come unbroken from 
the shores of America.” (Turton Conch. Dict.) It ‘is 
mentioned in the late Mr. Templeton’s MSS., as having 
been obtained near Whitehouse, Belfast bay ; and at Port- 
rush, near the Giant’s Causeway, by Mrs. Clemnow. Mr. 
R. Ball has procured it near Youghall,* as Mr. W. H. 
Harvey once did on the coast of Clare.” (Thompson). 
Mr. Couch remarks, “‘ that three specimens have come into 
his possession,” out of several which had been taken, as 
he was informed, on the coast of Cornwall. 


* But only entangled among some Cirrhipedes attached to the mast of a vessel 
(Thompson, Report Invert. Ireland). 


244 


AP Ee 


Durive the course of publication of these volumes many new 
facts respecting the shells and animals therein described have 
been brought to light, in a great measure owing to the attention 
directed to them in consequence of the indications of desiderata 
mentioned in the preceding pages. Many new localities have 
also been recorded, and a few new species discovered. The great 
length to which our work has extended will not warrant our 
entering upon not a few of the controversial questions that have 
arisen out of the vigour with which the study of the British Mol- 
lusca has recently been pursued, and compels us to confine the 
matter of this Appendix to descriptive notices necessary for the 
completion of our History. 


TUNICATA. 


SYNTETHYS. Forses and Goopsir. 


(Family CLAvELINIDz.) 


Common mass sessile, gelatinous, forming a single orbicular 
system. Individuals very prominent, arranged subconcentrically. 
Branchial and anal orifices simple, and not cut into rays. 

Thorax oblong and cylindrical: branchial chamber with thir- 
teen transverse rows of oblong openings, fringed and ciliated ; 
hooked fleshy tubercles at the intersections of the branchial 
meshes. Cisophagus elongated, situated on the left side. Stomach 
cubical, spongy or glandular. Intestinal loop large and open, 
reaching to the bottom of the muscular tunic; its ascending 
portion glandular, probably hepatic ; the rectum passes from the 
ventral to the right side of the esophagus ; the anus is on the 
dorsal edge of the sac about the middle. The ovary is in the 
loop of the intestine, but was not in season in the specimens 


APPENDIX. 245 


taken. ‘Testis white, ramifying on the surface of the ovary; the 
vas deferens runs up on the cesophagus and rectum to the side of 
the anus. The heart is in the loop of the intestine and ovary. 

Sp. Synrerays Hesripicus.—All the specimens were dredged 
in thirty fathoms water, close to Croulin Island, near Applecross. 
The locality in which they occurred is remarkable for the assem- 
blage of boreal mollusca there congregated, so that we may reason- 
ably expect that this extraordinary Ascidian will be found here- 
after in the Norwegian Seas. It is probably a member of the 
boreal type of the British fauna. It was discovered by Mr. M‘An- 
drew. A detailed account and figures of it are contained in the 
“Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh” for 1851. 

The genus Syntethys is intermediate between Diazona and Cla- 
velina. The only known species forms compact greenish translu- 
cent gelatinous masses of half a foot in diameter, and nearly 
equal height, affixed to rocks or stones by a short base. The 
individual Ascidians are, when full grown, two inches in length. 
Their inner tunics are remarkably irritable, withdrawing them- 
selves into the common mass when pinched. 

Mr. Couch, some years ago, laid before the British Association 
at Plymouth, gelatinous masses very similar to the Syntethys 
from deep water off the coast of Cornwall. These have proved to 
be compound Ascidians, and are now under examination by Mr. 
Huxley, who has undertaken the investigation of this curious 
group of Mollusks. 


APPENDICULARIA. CuaAmisso. 


When cruising off the north coast of Scotland in 1845, with 
our friend, Mr. M‘Andrew, we were attracted by the appearance 
of cloudy patches of red colouring matter in the water, and on 
procuring some we found, on submitting it to microscopic obser- 
vation, that it consisted entirely of the bodies of the curious and 
anomalous creature called Appendicularia. The circumstances 
under which they were taken, and the profusion of objects of 
more immediate interest, prevented our doing more at the time 
than making a slight sketch of their form and colouring. 

In a very interesting memoir published in the “ Philosophical 
Transactions ” for 1851, Mr. Huxley has given a fresh and full 
account of the anatomy of this curious type, for whose observation 


246 APPENDIX. 


he had abundant opportunities when voyaging in the southern 
Pacific. He maintains that it is neither an Acalephe as sup- 
posed by Chamisso, or a Pteropod as conjectured by Martins, but 
one of the Zunicata, of which group it is the lowest form, con- 
nected on the one hand with the Salpw, and on the other with 
Pelonaia, and representing permanently the transient tadpole 
condition of the Ascidian larva. 

The shape of this minute creature is that of an oblong body, 
furnished with a long curved compressed lanceolate tail or fin; by 
the vibrations of this latter organ it propels itself rapidly through 
the water. 

This brief and imperfect notice of its existence in the British 
seas may call attention to it, and induce some of our zoologists to 
search for and investigate our native species, 


ACEPHALA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 


Vol. i. p. 66. TEREDo Norvacioa, 


Mr. Cocks, of Falmouth, writes us word, that this usually 
scarce species in England is only too prolific in his neighbour- 
hood; the piles and the wood-work of the quay being replete 
with shipworms. “I have been informed,” he continues, “ by 
several sailors, that the worm is common in the mud creek 
between Flushing Passage and Penryn (both in the immediate 
vicinity), and that ships and wood allowed to remain long in 
that situation are sure to be attacked by the worm.” 


Vol. i. p. 74. T. NAVALIS. 


The piles of the signal-posts upon the rocks near St. Peter’s 
Port, Guernsey, were found perforated by this rare ship-worm. 


(S. H.) 


Vol. i. p. 77. TEREDO MEGOTARA. 


“ Animal vermicular, pale bluish-white, inclosed in a subcylin- 
drical elongated tubular mantle, not of very thin texture, only 


APPENDIX. Q47 


open anteally and posteally. The specimen examined measured 
eight inches from the front valves to the terminal pallets, and 
when the siphons are extended, an inch longer. The anterior 
part of the animal is enclosed in a pair of hemispherical shining 
white valves, with a large angular gape in front, and rounded 
behind into auricles, which, in this species, are much larger than 
in its congeners; the body and mantle are fixed to them, and 
proceed under the protection of a testaceous tube to the terminal 
pallets, which are also encased within the tube. 

The branchie are invisible until the mantle is opened. There 
is what appears to be a purple dull red labium on each side the 
mouth, connected by a thin membrane ; these have been termed 
salivary glands, and may perhaps be such. The oral aperture is 
subtriangular ; the foot in the living animal appears bluish 
hyaline, but when the moisture is absorbed it is muscular and 
coriaceous, attached to the body by a thick powerful cylindrical 
pedicle, and in its centre the terminus of the hyaline stylet is 
visible ; the form of its basal area is that of the anterior gape, 
which is of a diamond figure, with its angles placed vertically 
and transversely, but the transverse axes are longer than the 
vertical, A pair of yellowish-white spatulate appendages are 
fixed to the posterior extremity of the body. In this animal, 
besides the anterior and posterior apertures of the shell, there is 
a rather extensive oval orifice on the dorsal surface of the shell, 
which is covered by a thick subcircular rough skin, springing 
from the internal part of the anterior end of the mantle, which 
appears to have valvular function of closing the orifice.” Clark, 
in “ Annals of Natural History,” vol. vi. (1850). 

Mr. Hanley has lately obtained a tolerable harvest of this 
hitherto rare species from a submerged plank that had formed 
part of the cargo of a timber-ship, wrecked off Guernsey some 
years ago. ‘The excavations made by these specimens (whose 
stomachs were distended with sawdust) were not lined with cal- 
careous matter, excepting at the exposed or caudal extremity of 
the more adult ones, where the incipient tube was slightly con- 
camerated as in Vorvagica. Possibly, then, the large uncham- 
bered tubes referred to in the body of our work, although brought 
to Mr. Hanley by the carpenter he employed, along with the 
valves, did not belong to them, or possibly the extreme ends had 


248 APPENDIX. 


been broken off. The pallets were very variable in shape, ranging 
in form between that of a kite (with a slight retusion of the 
broader end) and of the petal of a primrose: the angle of the 
peaked extremity was remarkably acute. The short, thin, and 
tapering stalk, though really straight, does not lie level, when 
the pallet is attached to a card by the outer or convex side, 
owing to the inward bend of its posterior extremity. In other 
respects our previous description of a few individuals is not in- 
applicable to the species. 


Vol. i. p. 127. PHOoLADIDEA PAPYRACEA. 


This interesting mollusk has been found abundantly by Dr. 
Farran perforating the remains of a submarine forest at Clonea, 
near Dungarvan, in the south of Ireland. 

Valuable notes on the animals of several of the Pholadide 
have been published by Mr. Clark, in the fifth and sixth volumes 
of the “ Annals of Natural History ” (second series), with many 
considerations respecting the manner in which they bore. 


Vol. i. p. 149. Note to Saxtcava. 


The manifestly immature state of the specimens here alluded 
to, forbad any positive allocation of them. Mr. Jeffreys having 
now forwarded us a larger example (a single right valve), re- 
ceived from the late Professor Macgillivray, measuring nearly 
half an inch in length, and fully a quarter of an inch in breadth, 
has enabled us to positively declare that they are not Saricave. 
The hinge being developed exhibits a rather small and somewhat 
triangularly spoon-shaped cartilage receptacle, jutting out below 
the level of the cardinal edge, and running very obliquely from 
the beak hindward : it rises somewhat towards its broader ex- 
tremity, yet is not very much elevated above the level of the 
anterior part of the hinge plate. Renewed examination of the 
original tiny specimens elicits the fact, that there is present in 
them also a most shallow similar pit that lies in the somewhat 
thicker (in proportion) substance of the cardinal plate, and does 
not project to any extent above or beneath it. The large valve, 
which is somewhat tortuous, a little ventricose, and subplicated 


APPENDIX. 249 


internally, clearly shows its subnacreous structure; a slight 
linear ridge runs from near the beaks behind the front scar : the 
ventral edge is slightly yet decidedly convex. The pallial sinus 
is not perceptible in any of the specimens ; the lateral muscular 
scars are well impressed, particularly the conical front one, and 
both of them are seated high up. 

Of our British shells the nearest approximation to this hinge 
is found in Zhracia distorta, and how far individuals of that 
polymorphous species, when not imbedded, may approach it in 
shape, we cannot say. One might be tempted to imagine it the 
Mytilus plicatus of Montagu and Laskey, said to be found at Skye, 
but neither its delineation nor the affirmed angularity of its 
broader extremity answers to the characteristics of our shell. 
Notwithstanding that we cannot identify our specimens with any 
described shell, we shrink from the responsibility of naming a 
species whose specialities have only been observed by us in a 
single valve, and some very immature individuals. 


Vol. i. p. 174. Panopaa Norvectca. 


Mr. Richard Howse has obligingly communicated a drawing of 
the animal of this rare shell, with the following description drawn 
up by Mr. Clark. 

“ Animal oblong, thick. The branchiz are extensive but not 
deep, well arcuated on the body, the upper one lapping about 
half on the surface of the under one; they are very long, and 
after quitting the body they gradually taper, becoming linear, 
and are prolonged to nearly the extremity of the siphonal appa- 
ratus, terminating in sharp points. The tube is at least seven 
inches long, and the branchiz cannot be much less. On the 
body part of them the pectinations are visible, but not strong ; 
and on the same portion, the colour is drab, aspersed rather 
sparingly with minute bistre-coloured points. The palpi are 
long, slender, delicate, pointed, and triangular, united around 
the mouth, pale drab, smooth without, and finely marked within. 
The body is of a rather thick oval mould, pale pinkish drab ; 
from its centre a very small byssal-grooved foot proceeds, which, 
as far as I could judge, would, when exserted, resemble that of 
Gastrochena or Saxicava and certainly be less linguiform than 


VOL. IV. K K 


250 APPENDIX. 


that of Mya. The liver is, as usual, green. In other respects 
there was nothing peculiar in the aspect of this animal. I found 
no actual byssus at the heel of the groove.” 


Voli. p. 190. SpHzanra Bineuanmt. 


An examination of a larger number of individuals enables us 
to correct our description of the hinge in the right valve. In 
front of the oblique and subtrigonal cartilage-pit (erroneously 
called tooth-receptacle in the body of our work), which slopes 
inward beneath the general level of the margin, is a more or less 
manifest low-seated denticle, which sometimes is even elevated as 
a curved conic tooth, or pressed down and arching towards the 
umbo, but rarely, if ever, projects perceptibly above the edge. 


Vol. i. p. 204. PoroMyaA GRANULATA. 


Living specimens of this interesting bivalve were taken by 
Mr. M‘Andrew, in August, 1851, near Kyleakin, in Skye. Our 
friend has kindly forwarded a note of the appearance of the 
animal and a slight sketch, which we have had engraved. “ The 
animal,” he writes, “is very beautiful, of a kind of cream-colour, 
and expands in the siphonal region like a flower, the petals of 
which are represented by a fringe of eighteen or twenty tentacles 
surrounding the bases of the two siphons, and, generally, but not 
always reflected upon the shell. The siphons are short; the 
anteal one largest. The foot is long, narrow, and slender, and 
very transparent. The mantle is open in front.” Our conjec- 
ture of the close affinity of this genus to Newra is evidently 
correct. 

The examination of a second less inequilateral specimen of this 
rare shell induces us to surmise its identity with the Lmbla 
Korenti of Lovén (Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 46). His very elaborate 
details taken avowedly, like our own account, from a single 
individual, differ somewhat from our description, yet are not 
absolutely opposed to it ; more stress, however, is laid on cha- 
racters, which we have failed to detect as positively developed. 
The original, and then unique (as native) example entrusted 
to our care for description being very fragile, we ventured not to 


APPENDIX. 251 


open its closed valves; the peculiar dentition was, consequently 
not observed. 

The valves are furnished with a short hinge-plate that extends 
only immediately beneath the umbones. In the right valve this 
plate is armed, just below the beak in front, with a strong and 
prominent bluntly cloven tooth, which rising from the lower edge, 
curves with some slight obliquity upwards ; a short and very 
small triangular cartilage-pit occupies the upper portion of the 
area behind it ; the rest of the surface, which is more or less tri- 
gonal, is level or slightly hollowed. In the left valve, the hinder 
half of the plate is slightly hollowed out, excepting at the lower 
edge, as a subtrigonal shallow depression, that is barely divided in 
front below by an obscure thin ridge, from the tiny but deep tri- 
angular excavation (which receives the opposite tooth) ; the re- 
maining level or slightly raised anterior surface, which projects a 
little, with a somewhat bifid extremity, above the latter, into the 
larger triangle, suggests the idea of a complicated dentition. 


Vol. i. p. 284. Dioponta FRAGILIs. 


The Galway coast furnishes this local shell in comparative 
abundance (Dr. Melville). 


Vol. i. p. 290. TELLINA BALAUSTINA. 


Mr. Barlee has dredged this beautiful species at the ‘Arran 
Isles, on the west coast of Ireland, and also on the north, east and 
west of the Zetland Isles. 


Vol. i. p. 295. TELLINA PYGMmA, 


Mr. Hanley has recently dredged it near St. Peter’s Port, 
Guernsey. 


Vol. i. p. 307. TELLINA PROXIMA. 
Plate CX XXIII, f. 3. 


Since our notice of this species, a single valve (that delineated 
in our engraving), together with the fragment of two united by 


252 APPENDIX. 


the ligament, have been dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew, in from forty 
to sixty fathoms of water, near the Great Fish-bank in the North 
Sea, about one hundred and forty miles from the nearest land ; 
others were also taken by him at various distances from the 
Northumbrian coast. 

It is the shell termed calcavea * in Mr. Hanley’s Monograph 
of Zellina, and chiefly differs from the typical form of prowima in 
being much more elongated, and all but equilateral. An en- 
larged experience of the variation permitted to each species, and 
an anxious wish to avoid any unnecessary addition to the names 
in our Fauna, induce us to regard it provisionally as a variety of 
proxima. 

The specimen, which measures an inch and a quarter in 
length, and an inch and five-sixths in breadth, is precisely 
similar to an example that we received from the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence. It is subovate, moderately convex, somewhat bent, 
rather strong, of an opaque and chalky white on both sides, 
clothed with a dark ash-coloured epidermis, and is irregularly 
and slightly wrinkled in a concentric direction. The ventral 
margin is retuse in the middle, but judging from the lines of 
increase, this is not the case in the earlier stages of growth ; it 
is more arcuated and ascending in front, than behind. The 
anterior side is slightly the longer, and is well rounded at its 
extremity ; its dorsal edge, except near the acute and prominent 
beak is convex, and but moderately declining ; the dorsal slope 
is straighter and more decided on the posterior side, whose 
extremity is bluntly wedge-shaped. Neither the umbonal ridge 
nor the ventral flexure are conspicuous. The ligament is large 
and somewhat projecting. The hinge has no lateral teeth, and 
merely displays a narrow bifid primary one in front, with a still 
thinner simple one behind it. The siphonal scars are profound 
and large ; the pallial sinus is ample and elongated. 


* T. sordida, Purtier1, Neue Conch. vol.ii. pt. 9, pl. 5, f. 6.—TZ. calcarea, 
Hant. (as of Chemnitz, whose species is far from clear) in Sowerby, Thesaur. 
Conch. vol. i. p. 314, pl. 62, f, 183.—T7. lata, Lovin, Ind. Moll. Scandin. p. 41 
(as of Gmelin, whose species is solely derived from Lister’s figure),—M1ppEND. 
Sibiris. Reise, vol. ii. pt. 1, pl. 23, f. 4, 5. 


APPENDIX. 253 


Vol. i. p. 341. ERvILIA OASTANEA. 


Mr. Barlee has dredged living examples in ten fathoms water 
at the Arran Islands, on the west coast of Ireland ; and Mr. 
M‘Andrew has found the same interesting shell on the coast of 
Spain. 


Vol. i. p. 354, Macrra TRUNCATA. 


The sight of a large number of magnificent Irish specimens in 
the possession of Mr. Damon, has greatly unsettled our notions of 
this supposed species. It must, we suspect, be referred to solida, 
as an aberrant ventricose variety. The triangular outline, and 
the projection of the beaks, which in certain examples are not 
more oblique than in the typical solida, result from the greater 
declination of the dorsal edges, which produce, of necessity, a 
greater arcuation of the ventral margin. We believe it will be 
found an invariable rule, that the relative proportions of the 
dorsal and ventral edges are fixed in each species, but that consi- 
derable latitude is permitted to the umbonal angulation. Asa 
natural consequence, the contraction of the angle at the beaks 
must effect a corresponding increased curvature of the opposite 
margin, since otherwise its length would be diminished ; and a 
dilatation of the angle must produce an equivalent lesser degree 
of convexity, or else that edge would not be long enough to meet 
the dorsal extremities. The bow in archery, which becomes 
curved in proportion to the angle formed by the drawn string, 
will clearly illustrate our meaning. 


Vol. i. p.370. Lutraria ELLIPTICA, 


Of this shell we have two very distinct forms; the broad one, 
which we have figured, and an clongated variety which approaches 
in some respects to oblonga. In the former the dorsal edges are 
usually more convex, and have a greater declination than in the 


latter, where, for the most part, they are more or less retuse 
towards the beaks. 


2O4. APPENDIX. 


Vol. i. p. 452. AsTARTE SULCATA. 
Plate XXX. f.5, 6 and CX XXIII. f. 4. 


By copying the erroneous numerals of the writing engraver, 
we referred figure 5 in the body of our work to A. triangularis. 
Figure 4 of our supplementary plate represents the sharp narrow 
ribbed form. Figure 5 of the earlier engraving is intended for 
the variety with a coloured interior. 


Vol. ii. p. 29. CaRDIUM PYGMZUM. 


A small variety has been taken at Unst by Mr. M‘Andrew, 
which has the ribs rather more prominently defined and further 
apart than in the majority of our English examples. 


Vol. ii. p. 72. MonracuTa FERRUGINOSA. 


Mr. Alder has communicated to the fifth volume of the Second 
Series of the “ Annals of Natural History,” a more complete 
account of the animal of this shell. Respecting it, among other 
particulars, he observes that the mantle shows a new modification 
of that part, intermediate between the plain anterior siphonal 
fold of Kellia rubra, and the more elaborate form of mantle in 
Lepton squamosum. The anterior portion of the mantle is 
ample, and produced considerably beyond the shell, forming a 
kind of frill, which becomes gradually smaller and more even as 
it passes along the base of the shell. Its exterior circumference, 
lining the shell, is fringed with very delicate filaments, rather 
short and blunt, which extend completely round the margin of 
the valves, with the exception of a small space at the umbones. 
The mantle is open throughout the entire front and base of the 
shell, but closed posteriorly, and not produced into a siphon. 
Some interesting notes are recorded on the development of the 
embryo. 

In the description of shells of the J/ontacute given in the 
text, the terms “ posterior” and “ anterior,” as applied to the 
extremities, should be reversed, except in the case of MJontacuta 
substriata, where they are correctly employed. 


APPENDIX. 25% 


Vol. ii. p. 102. Lepron convexum. 


Mr. Alder, with his usual candour, has forwarded us a suite of 
specimens to prove that his LZ. convexwm is the same species as 
the nitidum of Turton (our Kellia nitida). The finding of 
several additional specimens at Cullercoats, and the capture of no 
less than eighty examples! from the coralline region, at Ex- 
mouth by Mr. Clark (who had arrived at the same conclusion as 
to the identity of the shells) has demonstrated the remarkable 
fact that the punctures which in certain individuals pervade the 
entire surface, in others are only present on the umbones, and 
are often so obscure, yet we believe never wholly absent, although 
not perceptible with an ordinary glass, in worn examples, such as 
the original types of nitidum were, as to be almost invisible. In 
the smoother variety there are usually regular, though very fine 
and rather distant concentric striz ; in the more ornate variety, 
the crowded punctures are smaller and more circular upon the 
umbones, increasing in size and irregularity of contour beneath 
them, so as at times to assume the appearance of short rough 
and slanting scratches. Our description of Kellia nitida applies 
fairly enough to all the specimens, we should add, however, 
that the outline is bluntly subquadrangular. As the animal 
scarcely differs in the least (teste Clark) from that of sguamosum, 
the species must be restored to its original allocation, as Lepton 
nitidum. The observations of Mr. Clark upon the animal show 
that the shorter and more obtuse extremity of the shell is the 
posterior (not, as in text, anterior) end. 

Mr. Hanley has dredged the more characteristic converum from 
a coralline bottom near St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey. 


Vol. ii. p. 103. Lepron Cuarxnra, Clark. 
Very inequilateral, obliquely oboval, not shagreened. 
Plate CXKXXILI., f. 7. 
Lepton Clarkia, CLARK, Annals Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. 1852, March and April. 


Shell minute, obliquely oboval, snow-white, very thin, com- 
pressed, somewhat shining, not shagreened, but most closely set 


256 APPENDIX. 


with extremely fine and microscopical concentric striole, which 
are more easily perceptible towards the margin ; occasionally, too, 
marked upon the disk with interrupted diverging scratch-like 
lines. Sides decidedly unequal, both of them rounded, the ante- 
rior twice the length of the posterior one. Dorsal edges not an- 
gulately shouldered, but descending with a moderate and convex 
declination ; slope of the shorter side rather the more sudden. 
Ventral edge convex in the middle, arching upwards at the shorter 
extremity, well rounded at the other; entire within. Beaks 
only moderately prominent, having a distinct calyx. Hinge 
of the right valve with a strong erect simple acutely conical 
anterior apical tooth, that points very obliquely but straightly 
forwards, on either side of which run the lateral lamin, which 
are nearly equidistant from the beak, and almost appear double 
(though not actually so), from composing, with the edge of the 
shell, a receptacle for the less distinctly perceptible laminz of the 
opposite valve ; in this latter the sub-triangular apical tooth is 
so contiguous to the front lateral, as almost to form a part of it. 
Length barely a line. Dredged by Mr. Clark, from the coralline 
region of Exmouth; Plymouth (Barlee). 


Vol. ii. p. 186. M. PHASEOLINA. 


Mr. Hanley has recently dredged a specimen of this scarce 
species from deep water near Castle Cornet, Guernsey. 


Vol. ii. p. 194. CRENELLA. 


Two well preserved specimens of Crenella faba were given to 
Professor King by a Newcastle bird-stuffer, as taken from the sto- 
mach of a duck, purchased at the adjoining parish of Gateshead. 
The evidence of their indigenousness is assuredly defective ; yet, 
since it is not impossible that examples of this boreal shell will 
hereafter be found in the more northern islands of Scotland, to aid 
their future identification we have appended a brief description. 


C. FABA, Miller. 


Mytilus faba, MistuEr, Prod. Z. D. 3015, teste O. Fasric. Fauna Grenl. 
p. 419.—Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 184, pl. 85, f. 761 


APPENDIX. 257 


(badly).—Gme. Syst. Nat. p. 3359.—Dittw. Recent Shells, 
vol. i. p. 320.—Woop, Index Test. pl. 12, f. 41 (copied from 
Chemn.) i 
Modiola arctica, LeAcH, Appx. Ross Voyage, probably. 
» faba, HANt. Recent Shells, p. 242. 


Shell of an oblique rounded ovate figure, moderately ventricose, 
with a glossy reddish olive-coloured epidermis, marked throughout 
with numerous radiating depressed costelle, that are separated by 
rather narrower shallow sulci, and are indistinctly crossed towards 
the ventral margin and broader extremity by concentric wrinkles. 
Both ends rounded ; the posterior one broadly and rather bluntly 
so: the anterior side extremely short, and much narrowed by the 
upward slope of the arcuated ventral margin. Nacre darkly in- 
descent. Hinge line a little curved ; the cardinal plate, as well 
as the hinge nodules (of which there are six in the specimen 
described from), widening quickly anteriorwards. Inner edge 
strongly crenated. Size, two lines long, nearly three broad. 


Vol. ii. p. 241. ARCA RARIDENTATA. 


Taken by Mr. Barlee, thirty miles east of Zetland. 


ACEPHALA PALLIOBRANCHIATA. 


Vol. ii. p. 357. TEREBRATULA CRANIUM. 


Four examples of this very rare shell have been procured by 
Mr. Barlee, thirty miles to the east of Zetland. 


Vol. ii. p. 361. Mecaruyris cIsTELLULA. 


Taken by Mr. Barlee, forty miles to the east of Zetland ; also 
in the coralline zone at Exmouth. The generic name, Argiope, 
given by Des Lonchamps, has precedence of JMegathyris, as shown 
by Mr. Davidson, whose excellent papers on recent and fossil 
Brachiopods are especially deserving of study by British malaco- 
logists. 


VOL. IV. LL 


258 APPENDIX. 


PTEROPODA. 
Vol. ii. p. 384, SprrraLis FLEMINGII. 


We had the pleasure, in August, 1850, when cruising with 
Mr. M‘Andrew off the north-west coast of Skye, of observing 
numbers of this beautiful little pteropod sporting—as it were, 
dancing—in its native element. When out-spread, its wings 
extend to much beyond the length of the shell. They are shaped 
something like the petals of a catch-fly, rather truncated at the 
extremity, furnished with a small lobe half way down their 
under-sides, and another small rounded lobe at their lower bases. 
The body is dark purple, the wings paler, the basal lobes edged 
with purple. The shape of the wings differ somewhat from that 
represented in the figure by Souleyet. We have given a fresh 
figure, from the Scottish animal, in Plate M. M. fig. 1. 


GASTEROPODA. 


Vol. ii. p. 398. Curron HANLEYL. 


The animal is of a dusky-red tinged with brown. The head 
is reddish, and has a strongly lobed hood. The mantle is of a 
tawny grey. The branchizw are reddish ; they reach to about 
one-third of the length of the body, and are each composed of 
from eight to ten leaflets. 


Vol. ii. p. 405. Currton anpus. 


Montagu’s specimen of this shell is identical with those de- 
scribed in this work. His brief description, however (Test. 
Brit. p. 4, from which Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 35) is by 
no means characteristic, and is more suited to the Chiton can- 
cellatus. 


APPENDIX. J50 


Vol. i. p. 445, PROPILIDIUM ANCYLOIDE. 


In the interior of this shell there may be discerned, by the aid 
of a lens, a minute plate (as in Puncturella) at the extreme apex, 
which separates the spiral portion from the conical. 


Vol. ii. p. 472. Fissurena. 


The Fissurella Zetlantica and F. marginata of Brown (Ill. 
Conch. G. B. pl. 12, f. 8, 9, 12, 13,) are not published by him as 
veritable species (at least they are not referred to in the descrip- 
tive portion of his work), but given as copies of the Patella Zet- 
lantica (Turt. Diction. p. 142), and marginata of Dr. Fleming’s 
article on British shells, in the “ Edinburgh Encyclopedia” (pl. 
204, f. 5,6). The author has virtually withdrawn these from 
our Fauna by the absence of all reference to them in his sub- 
sequent, and very superior work (“British Animals”). Assu- 
redly they are no /issurelle and were probably (if the habitation 

of mollusks at all) no more than fragments, or single valves of 
Anomue. 


Vol. ii. p. 515. TRocuus rumipus. 


The Zrochus fuscus of English conchology (Apams, Microsc. 
pl. 14, f. 24.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 289.—Mar. and Rack. Trans. 
Lin. Soc. vol. vill. p. 154) is solely derived from a wretched 
figure in Walker’s “ Testacea Minuta,” which was not improbably 
designed to represent the 7. tumidus. 


Vol. ii. p. 535. MarGarifa AUREA. 


Through the kindness of Sir Walter Trevelyan we have been 
enabled to determine this species, by an examination of the 
typical example. It is a Mediterranean species, described by 
Philippi (Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 179 ; vol. ii. p. 151) as the Turbo 
sanguineus of Linneus, and by Michaud (Bullet. Lin. Soc. Bor- 
deaux, vol. ili. 1829, and Descript. Nouv. Coq. 1829, p. 6) as 
Monodonta Bellicer. 


260 APPENDIX. 


Vol. it. p. 549. Lantana comMunis.- 
Plate CX XXIII. f. 1. 


Until the genus Zanthina shall have experienced a thorough 
revision, and the effect of local circumstances in producing varia- 
tion of colouring, chasing, and contour upon its migratory mem- 
bers shall have been duly estimated, it will be hazardous to define 
the limits of the several varieties or species which by the past 
generation of conchologists were included in the Helix Lanthina, 
by the present in the J. fragilis or communis. Krauss, in his 
useful work on the testacea of S. Africa, remarks that the indi- 
genous shell figured by Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. vol. v. pl. 166, 
f. 1577, 1578) is very distinct from the Neapolitan one termed 
bicolor by Philippi, though both are usually cited as identical. 
Our British examples again, seem different from either, and were 
considered so by Dr. Leach, who, we are informed by Mr. Jeffreys, 
termed them Britannica.* 

The pale basal zone, however (it seems always present in the 
younger specimens), is assuredly of not more than varietal im- 
portance ; Mr, Cuming possesses fine adult examples, taken alive 
by himself at Peranzabuloe, in Cornwall, in which the band is 
sometimes conspicuous, sometimes partially apparent, sometimes 
entirely obsolete. 

As the shell delineated in Plate LX XIX was immature, we have 
likewise given a representation of a fully grown specimen in Plate 
CXXXIII. The latter, which is taken from an Irish example, 
much resembles the engraving in Brown’s “ Illustrations,” and 
differs from those previously described in so many particulars 
that it becomes of importance to specify them. 

The shape is not horizontally compressed as in the bicolor of 
Philippi, but is almost biconoidal ; the spire, which is about 
equal in height to the aperture, being elevated, and the lower disk 
comparatively produced, so that the length is very nearly equal 


* Our foreign synonymy was drawn up in the belief, that the British examples 
were specifically the same as those of the Mediterranean. Should this supposi- 
tion prove erroneous, most of our references (the figures of the two Sowerbys, of 
Reeve, Blainville, the Penny Cyclopzedia, and probably Crouch) must be ex- 
punged and transferred to the latter. 


APPENDIX. 261 


to the breadth ; the extreme width is as often below the middle, 
as at the middle itself. The rapidly increasing volutions are not 
flatly shelving as in the Mediterranean examples, but decidedly 
convex ; the infrasutural retusion of the last-formed whorls 
though present, is far from conspicuous. The periphery of the 
body is but little angulated. The volutions of the spire are not 
remarkably short, the dorsal breadth of the penult turn being 
for the most part to its length as five to two, The tortuous 
pillar lip, which does not occupy one half of the total length of 
the shell, sweeps towards the outer lip in an oblique curve. 

A more than ordinary latitude seems permitted to shape in 
this species, because the larger turns do not always strictly coil 
in a regular spiral, but sometimes deflecting attach themselves 
below the periphery : in which event the spire is wont to become 
more elevated, and its more rounded turns to swell out in some 
degree above the suture. 


Vol. iii. p. 2. Nerrrina. 


In our text the operculum is described as corneo-calcareous. 
It is really, as Mr. Gray pointed out, solid, calcareous, and with 
a thin edge, whilst Nerita has a corneous operculum, lined on 
each side with a calcareous coat, so that it can be split into two 
plates. 


Vol. ui. p. 8. Patupina Lisrert. 


The same name (vivipara) having been applied to this and the 
succeeding species, we erroneously located the bandless Paludina 
taken by Mr. Pickering, as a variety of the former instead of the 
latter. We withdraw the doubt expressed respecting the Lanca- 
shire locality, Mr. Glover, of Manchester, an excellent authority, 
having (as we are informed by Captain Brown) taken it himself 
near Southport. P. vivipara has been taken by Captain Brown 
abundantly in the canal near Birmingham. 


262 APPENDIX. 


Vol. iii. p. 53. Lirrormna PALLIATA. 


The remark, that the Z. palliata must, probably, be included 
in L. littoralis, is not to be understood as referring to the verit- 
able N. American species, but solely to the British specimens 
usually identified with it. The Z. fabalis seems intermediate in 
character between the two; it differs from the former in the 
breadth and concavity of the surface of the pillar lip ; from the 
latter (littoralis), in the roundness of its volutions, and the eleva- 
tion of the spire in the more mature individuals. Our figures, 
drawn from immature examples, are not characteristic, the aper- 
ture of the adult not being so angular below, but well rounded 
and diminished in expansion by the breadth of the liver-coloured 
pillar lip. The specimens now before us measure a quarter of an 
inch wide, and do not exhibit any nearer approach to littoralis 
than those before described ; yet the aggregate of differences be- 
tween the two is not comparable to that which exists between the 
typical rudis and its variety tenebrosa. 


Vol. iii. p. 62. Lacuna vinera. 


We are disposed to refer to this species the Z’urbo auricularis 
of Montagu (Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 308, from which, Maton and 
Rack. Trans. Lin. vol. viii. p. 166; Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 
206; Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 844; Flem. Encycl. Edin. 
vol. vii. pt. 2, pl. 205, f.6; Cingula auricularis, Flem. Brit. 
Anim. p. 307). 


Vol. il. p. 72. Russoa. 


In the “Annals of Natural History” for October, 1852, our 
friend, Mr. Clark, remarks upon the Lissow, that costulata, ru- 
filabris, and possibly labiosa, are varieties of parva, that pul- 
cherrima is a dwarf nearly ribless znconspicua, and littorea 
apocryphal as British. With every respect for his talents as a 
malacologist, we are compelled very frequently to dissent from 
his conclusions as a conchologist. 


APPENDIX. 263 


Vol. iii. p.84. Rrssoa Beant. 


Mr. Clark notes upon the animal of this species (described by 
him as LR. reticulata, Montagu, and as including R. scwlpta), that 
the “rostrum near its termination at the upper surface, appears 
to have attached to it two very small similar shields, one on each 
side, independent of the terminal, minute, subcircular, flat lobes. 
The eyes are at the external angles of the rather long, slender 
tentacles, and are placed on short light-yellow or orange pedicles. 
The foot is subrotund, scarcely auricled. The terminal part of 
the operculigerous lobe is furnished with three blunt, cylindrical, 
short cirrhi.” 

The animal of Rissoa punctura closely resembles the preceding ; 
the operculigerous lobe is a very pale muddy reddish brown, 
marked on each side close to the junction of the foot with the 
body, with an irregular, rather large, dark smoke-coloured stripe. 
There is also under the neck, near the eyes, a small red dot. 


Vol. i. p. 92. Rissoa cosrata. 


Mr. sw notes that the animal is hyaline white, except the 
large black eyes and pale red buccal disk. The tentacula are 
long and flat. The foot is not auricled in front, and is rounded 
behind. There is a single distinct caudal cirrhus. 


Vol. iil. p. 117. Rissoa sEMISTRIATA. 


Mr. Clark has observed the animal of this species, and de- 
scribes it along with the preceding in the “ Annals of Natural 
History,” for October, 1852. It is white, with a pale tinge of 
yellow. The mantle is even with the shell, except a short minute 
filament, that is protruded from the portion which lines the 
upper angle of the aperture. The head is short, with rather long 
divergent, flattish tentacula, having slightly clavate tips and 
eyes on gently raised prominences at their external bases. On 
the tail there are three cirrhi, of which the middle one is 
longest. 


264 APPENDIX. 


Vol. iii. p. 125. Rissoa virrEa. 


We have taken this animal alive in fifteen fathoms water, off 
Oban. It is entirely of a translucent white, except the rather 
long and somewhat bilobed muzzle, which, owing to the dental 
apparatus within, appears tawny. The tentacles are subulate, 
somewhat flattened, rather, but not very long, obtuse but not 
clavate at their tips. The eyes are small, and placed at their 
bases, superiorly and centrally. When the animal crawls, the 
eyes are usually concealed under the transparent margin of the 
shell. The foot is rather broad, oblong, somewhat spreading 
and bilobed in front, with broad obtuse auricles ; behind, it is 
rather short, flattened, and terminally rounded. The opercular 
lobe is very short, rounded, and quite simple, there being no 
cirrhus. The operculum itself is rounded, thin, and of a very 
pale horn-colour. 

Mr. Clark has also met with and described this rare animal. 
His account of it is substantially the same ; he notices, however, 
setee on the ends of the tentacles, and describes the operculum as 
clear white. 


Vol. ili. p. 127. Rissoa Proxima, 


Mr. Clark has been so fortunate as to take this mollusk alive, 
in fifteen fathoms water, off Exeter. He states that it is of a 
brilliant subhyaline white hue, specked with opaque white flakes, 
and tinged with claret red on the neck. The mantle (as in the 
last species) is even. The muzzle is short, subcylindrical, and 
obtuse. The tentacula are flat, strong, rather short, smooth, 
minutely claviform at the tips, which are each clothed with six 
comparatively long, intensely aciculate setee. The eyes are un- 
usually large, black, and placed on bulgings at the external bases 
of the tentacula. The foot is large, fleshy, grooved in front, 
deeply indented in the centre, and produced at the angles into 
large, long, pointed auricles. The tail is divided into two long 
distinct streamers. Above the bifurcation is a small opercular 
lobe, without any filament. The operculum is white, horny, sub- 
oval, and of four or five whorls. 


APPENDIX. 265 


Vol. iii. p. 131. Russo soLura. 


This species has been taken alive by Mr. Clark in fourteen 
fathoms water, off Budleigh Salterton, Devon. The animal is 
hyaline white, except the small eye bulgings, which are pale 
sulphur yellow, and the black eyes. The tentacula are mode- 
rately long, rounded at the tips, very pilose, the setze springing 
from them horizontally, but are only visible with high powers. 
The foot is subtruncate, slightly auricled, and long and narrow. 
No caudal cirrhus was detected. The operculum is suborbicular, 

_ and attached near the extremity of the foot. 


Vol. iii. p. 132. Rissoa? LirTorEA. 


In our description of this rare shell we expressed our doubts 
respecting its true generic position, and quoted, in illustration, the 
account of the animal of the Zvruncatella littorina of Philippi, the 
type of the genus Paludinella, of L. Pfeiffer. In the “Annals 
of Natural History,” for November, 1852, is a short notice by 
Messrs, H. and A. Adams, in which a new arrangement of the 
British Rissoz is proposed, one that seems to us based on a mis- 
conception of the value of the characters adduced, and of the pur- 
pose of generic appellations. In this paper is the only published 
notice of the animal of the British Rissoa littorea, for which the 
genus Paludinella of Pfeiffer is retained, although the account of 
the position of the eyes, and the statement that there is no oper- 
cular lobe (from which we should infer the absence of an oper- 
culum), is in discordance with the characters noticed by Philippi, 
and cited by Pfeiffer, as distinctive of his proposed genus. 

We have lately (November, 1852), taken a number of living 
specimens ; and, after an examination of them, have come to a 
somewhat different result. The animal is fleshy and bulky for its 
size, entirely white and translucent, except the black eyes and a 
tinge of tawny on the muzzle, caused by the presence within of 
the armature of the mouth. The head is of moderate size, and 
provided with a very large, broad, and somewhat bilobed muzzle 
vertically cloven beneath. The tentacles are rather short, stout, 

 Iinear, obtuse at their tips, a little below which they bear the con- 

VOL. IV. M M 


266 APPENDIX. 


spicuous eyes. There are no capital or lateral lobes or cirrhi. 
The sides of the foot are high and rather steep. On its caudal 
portion there is a simple operculigerous lobe, bearing an ovate, 
very thin, yellowish, paucispiral operculum. The sole of the foot 
is oblong, slightly truncate, with rounded angles in front and 
rounded behind ; when at rest it is subquadrate. These characters 
accord best with, and do not differ materially from, those of the 
genus Assiminia; nor is the shell so different in structure as to 
prevent our slightly modifying the diagnosis of that group, so as 
to admit more delicate forms than the Assiminea Grayana. They 
do not accord exactly with those assigned to Paludinella, though 
we think it probable that our shell is really the type of that 
genus. We think it likely that in this form we have indications 
of the true relations of 77uncatella and Otina, and that both those 
genera should be placed among the Littorinide, and not beside 
the Pyramidellide. 

Assiminia littorea was found by us in crevices of fresh water 
limestone, near high-water mark, at Whitecliff bay, in the Isle of 
Wight. It was living in company with Conovulus bidentatus, in 
situations similar to those in which we have gathered Otina otis. 
Some years ago wé collected numbers of a very similar, if not 
identical, little Assiminea (so styled at the time in our notes, on 
account of the structure of the animal), under stones and weeds 
at high water mark, at Toulon. The British specimens thrive in 
confinement if kept in a jar, simply moistened with salt water. 

Mr. W. Thompson, of Weymouth, has obtained this very local 
species from the estuary, near Portland, where he found it in com- 
pany with Conovuli and Truncatelle, near high water mark, under 
such stones only as were kept moist by a deepish layer of dead 
zostera weed. 

In Plate MM. fig. 3, we have represented the animal. 


Vol. ui. p. 138. Rissoa VENTROSA. 


To the synonymy of this shell add Zurbo eburneus, Apams, 
Micros. pl. 14, f. 15, probably. 

We have given a delineation at Plate CX XXIII. f. 7, of a shell 
which we have considered with some little doubt, a produced 
imperforated variety of this species. It differs, however, from 


APPENDIX. 267 


the more typical form in the following particulars. Its colour is 
deep fulvous ; its volutions are of rather quicker enlargement, 
and not so decidedly swollen ; the breadth of the penult turn is 
not quite double its height. There is no well pronounced chink, 
as the pillar lip, instead of being elevated, is attached, or very 
nearly so, and connected by a layer of white shelly matter (or 
enamel) with the outer lip. In several of our specimens, which 
were received from Mr. Pickering, as taken at “Grays ;” the 
apices were truncated. 


Vol. iii. p. 139. Turso pissunotus. 


Fleming has likewise figured this shell in the “Edinburgh 
Encyclopedia” (vol. vii. pt. 2, pl. 205). His representation seems 
derived from Laskey’s drawing, but shows the whorls more regu- 
larly and compactly coiled, so as to approach still nearer to 
ventrosa. 


Vol. iii. p. 154, JEFFREYSIA OPALINA, 
Plate CK XXIII. fig. 6, and (animal) Plate MM. fig. 2. 


Having now received examples of this Ampullaria-like shell, 
that measure nearly two lines in length, we are enabled to amend 
the description and figure we had derived from immature indi- 
viduals. When adult, the shape is ovate-conoid, and the fragile 
shell, which is composed of four ventricose coils, that swell out so 
abruptly from the suture, as to produce an obscure shoulder 
near the outer lip, exhibits some minute and crowded longitu- 
dinal wrinkles on the upper part of the body-whorl, which latter 
occupies three-fifths of the entire length. The penult turn 
displays a rapid increase of growth. The apex is blunt, but is 
symmetrically coiled. The large mouth, which is about as long 
as the spire, is of a subpyriform ovate figure. The outer lip juts 
abruptly from the body. The pillar lip is white, continuously 
oblique (not twisted), not to be called broad, and more or less 
curved at its anterior extremity. The chink is wholly or par- 
tially concealed. 

The animal has been examined by Mr. Alder and by Mr, 
Clark ; it proves to be a true Jefreysia, differing from the dia- 


268 APPENDIX. 


phana in the form of its lower tentacles. ‘The muzzle is short 
and broad, strongly tinged with brown on the centre and up to 
the head. The tentacles are all four stoutly subulate and white. 
The eyes are placed far back, rather close together, and are sur- 
rounded by pale rings. The anterior angles and extremity of 
foot are obtuse. 


Vol. iii. p. 155. Jerrreysta GLoBuLaRIs. Jeffreys, MS. 
Obliquely orbicular, strongly umbilicated, 
Plate CX XXIII. fig. 5. 


Were it not for the membranaceous operculum, whose nucleus 
is lateral (adjacent to the middle of the pillar lip), this minute 
and fry-like species might readily be taken for a young Valvata. 

It is obliquely orbicular, excessively fragile, and of a transpa- 
rent shining and somewhat iridescent bluish white, but more 
usually is coated with an olivaceous crust; the surface is nearly 
smooth, exhibiting only some indistinct wrinkles of increase, 
chiefly apparent near the outer lip, in the few individuals we 
have examined. The three rounded volutions, which compose 
the shell, are of quick increase, and swell out abruptly, from the 
simple, yet profound, suture, both above and below. ‘The spire 
occupies from one-third to two-fifths of the dorsal length ; the 
penult turn is more than twice as broad as it is high; the apex, 
which is symmetrically coiled, is blunt or retuse. The surface of 
the lower disk is much rounded, and pierced by a large umbi- 
licus, whose capacious mouth is not spirally sculptured, but is 
more or less wrinkled lengthways. The periphery of the body is 
bluntly rounded. ‘The aperture, which projects both laterally 
and at the broadly rounded anterior extremity, occupies about 
four-sevenths of the total length, and fully one-third of the 
ventral area; it is of a rounded ovate figure, as the body does 
not project into the mouth. The lips, which are united at both 
ends, so that the peristome is entire, are neither thickened nor 
reflected ; the outer one is much arcuated, and simple edged ; 
the inner one is elongated, erect, and subarcuated. The breadth 
is scarcely the twelfth of an inch. A few specimens were taken 


APPENDIX. 269 


by Mr. Barlee at Skye and the Shetlands, in company with J. 
opalina. 


Vol. iii. p. 158. SKENEA? NITIDISSIMA. 


Several conchologists believe this shell to be identical with the 
Helix bicolor of Adams (Trans. Lin. vol. v. pl. 1, f. 25, 26, 27, 
from which Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 447; Mat. and Rack. 
Trans. Lin. vol. viii. p. 205; Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 58; Turbo 
bicolor, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 301; Spira bicolor, Brown, IIL. 
Conch. G. B., p. 20, pl. 8, f. 50, 51). 

That shell, said to differ from H. nitidissima in being perfectly 
devoid of lustre or striz, and having a white mouth, is so 
obscurely defined, “Testa leevi, duobus anfractibus, vix umbili- 
cata,” that we shall not attempt to pronounce what it was meant 
for. It would be well for science if some of the crudities of 
Walker and Adams * could be consigned to oblivion. 


Vol. iii. p. 161. SxkEnEA? DIVIsa. 


This curious shell and some allied forms, referred to Skenea 
with a doubt, we ventured to predict would eventually prove to 
be allies of Z’rochus. Some very similar fossils had been placed 
by Mr. Searles Wood in Adeorbis, in all probability the true 
place of the recent forms in question also. The discovery of the 
animal of several, by our indefatigable friend, Mr. Clark, has 
confirmed our surmises regarding their affinities. 

The animal of Skenea ? divisa has “a rather long, broad, finely 
wrinkled proboscidal muzzle. The tentacula are long, flattish, 


* Amongst others may be specified the Heliw tubulata (Lin. Trans. vol. iii. 
p- 67, pl. 13, f. 35, 56, from which Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 446; Mat. and 
Rack. Trans. Lin. vol. viii. p. 204 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 57 ; Turbo tubulatus, 
Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 301; Spira tubulata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 
8, f. 46) a species manufactured from the mere fragment of a shell, and the Helix 
unispiralis (from Walk. Test. Min. Rar. fig. 27 ; Mon. Test. Brit. p. 443 ; 
Mat. and Rack. Trans. Lin. vol. vii. p. 204; Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 57 ; Delphi- 
noidea unispiralis, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p.19, pl. 8, f. 2, 33) constituted 
from a single whorl of what was possibly a species of Skenea. 

The sinistral Turbo levis of Turton (Conch. Diction. p. 230) derived merely 
from Walker’s figure (35) looks something like an accidentally reversed Fissoa, 
but what it was designed for we presume not to conjecture. 


270 APPENDIX. 


frosted on the central line, not irregularly setose on the edges, 
but most elegantly clothed, each on both sides, with twelve to 
fourteen long hyaline cilia, arranged in symmetrical series, in- 
clining obliquely from base to point, and diminishing in length 
in like manner. The eyes are very large, black, and lateral, 
attached nearly at the external bases on round inflations to the 
main stems, there being no distinct pedicles. No head-lobes were 
detected. There are two neck-lappets of different form, the one 
on the right side being narrowish, flat, and semiserrated ; that of 
the other side shorter, suboval, and plain. The foot is subtrun- 
cate or rounded in front, superficially labiated, forming at the 
angles long curved linear auricles ; it is moderately long, and 
rather obtuse behind. The operculigerous lobe is plain; it 
carries, near the extremity, a circular corneous close-set spiral 
operculum of from six to eight turns, and on each side, at equal 
distances, three not very long nor slender flattish tentacular fila- 
ments. The genitale springs under the right tentacle ; it is flat- 
pointed, and lies horizontally, nearly extended to outside the 
aperture, not reflected in the branchial vault. The excretory 
canal is a short pendant cylinder on the right side, just above the 
first vibraculum.” Mr. Clark’s observations, of which the above 
is an abstract, were made on individuals taken in the coralline 
zone, in fifteen fathoms water, off Budleigh Salterton. He re- 
marks that it is an active and not shy creature. 


Vol. iii. p. 164, SkenEA? CUTLERIANA. 
‘Plate CK XXII. fig. 4, 5. 


We are enabled to amend our description of this shell from 
additional specimens having been forwarded to us by the author 
of the species. Our surmise, that it was no Skenea is confirmed ; 
it belongs rather to the section Margarita of the genus 
Trochus. 

The shape is not orbicular (as we erroneously stated), but 
obliquely subglobose, and the whitish surface is slightly tinged 
sometimes with orange, sometimes with pink, in the recent ex- 
amples. The shell is ordinarily a little iridescent towards the 
mouth, and on the upper whorls so far translucent that the 


APPENDIX. pay | 


orange yellow hue of the dead mollusk may be perceived near 
the apex. The spiral strie are very decided, and beneath the 
microscope often seem to be punctated. The base or antérior 
disk is much rounded, and the sudden perforation is not broad- 
mouthed. ‘The aperture nearly occupies one half of the ventral 
area; the body-lip is free except at the posterior extremity, 
near which it curls back a little. 

Mr. Clark has noticed the animal. The cilia of its tentacles 
and cirrhi are less close-set than in Skenea? divisa, the curved 
auricles of the foot flatter and broader ; the foot more rounded 
at both extremities, and the bulgings for the eyes were pro- 
minent. ‘The animal is very active. 

Trochus pusillus, according to Mr. Clark, has a very similar 
animal. 


Vol. ii. p. 167, SKENEA? COSTULATA. 


In consequence of the specimen having been lost, it could not 
be engraved on the plate referred to in our text. We are in- 
debted to our kind friend Mr. Alder for an original drawing, 
(Plate CXXXII. f. 1, 2, 3,) taken from the same shell. 


Vol. iii. p. 174. Note to TURRITELLA coMMUNIS. 


A second species of Zurritella is mentioned in Brown’s “ Illus- 
trations” (p. 9, pl. 8, f. 57, 58), as found at Tenby by Mr. 
Lyons. We cannot recognize it, but copy the description :— 
T. minor. “Shell acute ; with fifteen well defined, rounded, some- 
what short volutions, tapering to a sharp point, covered with very 
fine, regular, spiral strie ; aperture subrotund ; outer lip thin. 
Length three-eighths of an inch, breadth not an inch.” 

The figure reminds one a little of the genus Mesalia. Can 
it be meant for Aclis ascaris? In the stated breadth there is 
clearly an omission, and judging from the proportions of the 
figure it should be “ not the seventh of an inch.” 


Vol. ili. p. 192. CERITHIUM RETICULATUM. 


Add to the synonyms, —C. reticulatum var, b. THompson. 


272 APPENDIX. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. v. p. 98, pl. 11, f 8 monstrosity (from 
type). 


Vol. iii. p. 195, CrRitHiuM ADVERSUM, 


Add to the synonyms,—Z'wurbo punctatus, ADAMS, Microse. pl. 
14, f. 21. Although a pallid variety of this species is occasion- 
ally procured, we entertain but little doubt, that the large white 
form mentioned in the Supplement to the “ Testacea Britannica,” 
as taken by Bryer and Laskey (equally notable for the discovery! 
of exotic shells in our Islands), was a West Indian species, 
allied to, but distinct from adverswm. 


Vol. iii. p. 200. Crriraium. 


A much worn specimen of a Cerithiuwm (or Cerithiopsis) whose 
shape seemed manifestly different from any recognised native 
species, was long ago placed in our hands by Mr. Alder, who 
procured it from shell-sand taken (not by himself) in the Channel 
Islands. Some doubt naturally arose in our minds from the cir- 
cumstance of the alleged locality being one of the three hot-beds 
(Weymouth, Dunbar, Guernsey) for spurious species ; but the 
independent dredging of the top whorls of a second individual by 
Mr. Barlee, sets the question of indigenousness at rest. We know 
no described species to which we can positively refer it ; its cha- 
racteristics, however, agree tolerably with the too succinct dia- 
gnosis of C. angustissimum (Brit. Associat. Report, 1843, p. 190), 
an /Egean shell, of which the types are not at present accessible. 
The apex and mouth are imperfect in both examples ; we must 
content ourselves then with enumerating the few perceptible 
features, and calling the attention of collectors to the subject. 

Shell turreted-cylindraceous, very slenderly tapering, whitish 
with an orange-brown sutural line. Whorls about eight (in the 
specimen), rather high, peculiarly constricted at the suture, so 
that the central area seems swollen ; coarsely cancellated by 
spiral and longitudinal cords, the lattices formed by which are 
decidedly broader than long ; spiral cords four on the principal 
turns. Pillar orange-brown. Length rather more than a fifth of 
an inch. 


APPENDIX. 23 


Vol. iil. p. 220. ACLIS SUPRANITIDA. 


We cannot determine from the description, avowedly taken 
from an immature specimen, to what the Zurbonilla reticulata of 
Macgillivray (Moll. Aberd. p. 327) should be referred. The 
synonyms indicate Cerithium reticulatum, but the characteristics 
mentioned (rounded whorls, and an umbilicus) scarcely permit 
this conclusion. An excellent conchologist who has examined 
_ the specimen, declares it to bea young Aclis: but the expressions 
“reddish brown,” and “ridges crossed by transverse grooves,” are 
against this hypothesis. 

Aclis supranitida was taken alive by Mr. Hanley in Guernsey 
this summer. It is entirely white, except the jet black eyes 
which are placed far back, sessile and rather distant. It has no 
true muzzle. The tentacles are subulate and truncated. The 
tail is simple and obtuse. There are short lateral lobes. We 
have figured the head of this animal in Plate MM. fig. 5. 


Vol. ili. p. 222. AcuLIs UNICA. 


Mr. Barlee has sent us a broken specimen, which agrees with 
this species in most particulars ; the ribs, however, are rather 
more elevated than usual, and the spiral lines almost entirely 
obsolete. It may possibly prove, however, a distinct species. 


Vol. iii. p. 231. Evra po.ita. 


The nitida here spoken of is that which was indicated but not 
described by W. Thompson, in the Annals of Natural History, 
New Series, Vol. ii. p. 352. 


Vol. ii. p. 239. On CuEmnirz1a, OpostomiA, and HULIMELLA. 


It is requisite to notice the elaborate papers* by Mr. Clark, 
on the Chemmnitzie, which are of high interest in a malacological 
point of view. In his last paper (Sept., 1852) he has abandoned 
many of his earlier and rasher assertions, so that his present 


* Ann. Nat. Hist., new ser. 1851, 1852. 
VOL. IV. N N 


274 APPENDIX. 


views of species are not so utterly at variance with our own im- 
pressions. His guesses at truth (for they are no more, inasmuch 
as he had rarely the advantage of seeing the types, but only 
certain shells belonging to Mr. Barlee, which he considered such) 
coincide oftentimes with our own conjectures ; our rule, however, 
has ever been to admit all published species as veritable ones, 
unless we could discover direct proofs to the contrary. Mr. 
Jeffreys’ monograph of the group, served as a basis for our own, 
because we knew of the extreme pains lavished by that most 
truthful naturalist upon his subject, and we determined not to 
repudiate any of his supposed species upon slight grounds of 
dissent. We shall now enumerate the changes determined upon 
by him; but neither acquiesce in nor dissent from conclusions 
at which we are sometimes a little astonished. 

Ch. formosa is ascribed as a variety to rufa proper. 

Ch. rufescens is considered a variety of scalaris. 

Ch, clathrata is regarded as a variety of indistincta. 

O. conspicua, and not improbably O. striolata, are supposed to 
be forms of acuta, to which the O. twrrita of Hanley (wnidentata, 
var. turrita of the present work) is also referred. The name 
turrita, be it remarked, was published long before acuta. 

O. dubia, alba, nitida, Rissoides, Eulimoides, and glabrata ? 
are all called C. pallida, and we are declared to have stated that 
Montagu’s type of Turbo pallidus was not positively his own 
specimen. 

O. truncatula is said to be an adult nivosa. 

Lulimella afinis is stated to be specifically identical with Z. 
acicula. 

In the descriptions of the animals of Odostomiw, cited from 
Mr. Clark, the “ mentum” is often described as a muzzle. 

Mr. Clark holds with Mr. Jeffreys that these three groups con- 
stitute but a single genus. We have considered them distinct, 
but are ready to degrade them to the rank of sub-divisions, 
should future researches on their organization and distribution 
both geographical and chronological, support the belief in their 
unity as a natural alliance. Mr. Alder would keep Odostomia 
and Chemnitzia apart, but unite Hulimella with the latter. 


APPENDIX. Dia 


Vol. iii. p. 242. CHEMNITZIA ELEGANTISSIMA. 


Mr. Clark has given a full description of the animal of this 
species in the “ Annals of Natural History,” for August, 1851. 
He also describes that of the form pusilla, which would appear 
to have strong claims to specific distinction. Its foot is longer 
(than that of elegantissima) and is acute behind (not obtuse as in 
the allied form).” In pusid/a the tentacula “when spread have 
their membranes united to the extremities, which are minute and 
pointed, so that they appear in action a single united leaf: in 
its congener they are more triangular, less, though greatly, mem- 
branous, and do not unite above half their length, and have very 
obtuse terminations. The C. pusilla has a palish purple streak 
on each tentaculum and on each side the rostrum” (7.e. mentum) 
“in the C. elegantissima both the parts are hyaline-white.” 

The shell differs very little from the typical elegantissima, and 
although long identified with the gracilis and pusilla of Philippi, 

has hitherto been regarded as its dwarf variety. It is both 
smaller and more slender, and has rarely more than nine or ten 
volutions, which are much flattened. 

In some individuals the whorls are high in proportion to their 
breadth, the suture strongly marked, and the ribs, which are not 
at all sinuated nor arched (for the most part they are slightly so 
in elegantissima proper) are so closely packed, that their intervals 
are mere grooves ; these peculiarities, however, are not present 
in others. 

The examples forwarded by Mr. Clark having been compared 
with the specimen of gracilis received from Philippi cannot be 
distinguished from it ; in others, he writes us word, he can trace 
the spiral striz (or rather what Philippi took for them, as he 
observes) mentioned as present in that species ; he considers that 
both form but one species, for which he prefers the name pusilla. 

Of our British synonyms of elegantissima, that of Fleming pro- 
bably belongs to this shell ; but almost all our English writers 
have included both forms under one appellation. 

The Turbo albus of Pennant (Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 13, 
pl. 79, fig. below central group) wasapparently a Chemnitzia, and 
probably the elegantissema of authors. The figure is too bad, and 


276 APPENDIX. 


the description, “with eight spires, striated transversely (longi- 
tudinally) white ” too succinct for positive identification. 


Vol. iii. p. 245. CHEMNITZIA RUFA and FULVOCINOTA. 


An acquaintance with the animals of both these shells enables 
us at length to declare their specific distinctness ; on this one point 
we can accord with the views expressed by Mr. Clark in one of his 
many papers on the Chemnitzie. 

The C. rufa of our work must, consequently, be thus divided. 


C. rnura, Philippi. 
Plate XCIII. fig. 4. 


Reddish ; if banded, the band immediately beneath the sutures ; 
whorls flat ; suture deep ; ribs straight, bluntish, their intervals 
distinctly and rather broadly grooved in a spiral direction. 


Melania and Chemnitzia rufa, PHIL1PPi. 

Parthenia crenata, Lowe. 

Pyramis crenatus, Brown. 

Odostomia rufa, in part, JEFFREYS. 

Chemnitzia rufa, southern form, British Moll. p. 247. 


Found chiefly in Devonshire (Clark) ; Dorsetshire (8. H.); and 
the 8. W. coast of England, in not very deep water. 


©. ruLvocrnota, Thompson. 
Plate XCIII. fig. 3, and F F, fig. 4, as rufa. 


White with a single sub-central orange spiral fillet ; whorls 
flattish, yet a little rounded below ; suture simple though distinct ; 
ribs not oblique, yet a little sinuated, their intervals rather finely 
grooved in a spiral direction. 


Turritella fulvocincta, THompson, and Brit. Marine Conch. 

Turbonilla rufa (by typographical error in our synonymy as T. crenata) Lov&n. 
Chemnitzia fulvocincta, ALDER. 

Odostomia rufa in part, JEFFREYS. 

Chemnitzia rufa, northern form, British Moll. iii. p. 246. 


APPENDIX. 277 


A deep water species, for the most part; dredged chiefly in 
Scotland, Ireland, and the North of England. 

The C. simillima cannot safely be referred to either ; indeed 
the known character of Laskey throws great doubts upon its indi- 
genousness. 


Vol. 111. p. 249. CHEMNITZIA FENESTRATA. 


Mr. Clark has taken this fine species alive in ten fathoms water, 
six or seven miles from land, off Exmouth. The animal has 
comparatively long, slender tentacula with white inflated tips. 
The black eyes are close together at the inner bases of the ten- 
tacles. The “rostrum is slender, long, flat, barely hollowed out 
at its termination.” The foot is short, broad, and white, but 
capable of much attenuation ; its anterior angles are very mode- 
rately auricled. The operculum is corneous, pyriform, and 
obliquely striated. 

Mr. Clark, in the same paper in which his account of the 
_ above-noted animals is contained (Annals of Nat. Hist. Sept. 
1852), describes those of certain other Chemnitziw, and allied 
mollusks, under which, however, he includes so many forms that 
it is not always clear to which species (or variety, as he would 
have it) his description rightly applies. Among these is one 
which he refers at once to Chemnitzia indistincta and C. clathrata. 
This animal is yellowish white, with snowy specks. It has very 
short tentacles, broad and subtriangular, often speckled with 
yellow, and having their eyes at their inner bases. The foot is 
largely auricled in front. The operculum is pyriform., 


Vol. iii. p. 252. CHEMNITZIA SCALARIS. 


The animal of specimens taken by Mr. Clark in ten fathoms 
water off Teignmouth was white (sometimes of a pale red muddy 
brown) speckled with opaque white points ; the mentum deeply 
notched in front ; the tentacula moderately long, strong and di- 
vergent ; the eyes black, not very close together ; the foot short 
and slightly auricled. 

Torquay in 8. Devon is also a locality for this rare shell. 


278 APPENDIX. 


Vol. iii. p. 255, CHEMNITZIA INDISTINCTA. 


To this species, Mr. Jeffreys in his interesting monograph of 
the British Odostomie has referred the Rissoa Dallie of Thomp- 
son (Annals Nat. Hist. Vol. v. p. 98, pl. 2, f. 9), stated to have 
been found at Youghal in Ireland by Miss M. Ball. The speci- 
men having been lost, we cannot verify the correctness of the 
identification ; we know, however, of no other indigenous shell to 
which it could be referred, and the delineation is not at all unlike 
some of the varieties of that variable species. The description 
runs thus,—“ elongated, white, apex obtuse, five slightly rounded 
whorls, deeply marked longitudinally with somewhat distant 
striz, aperture ovate, margin of the mouth thin, lower portion 
of the first whorl spirally striated. Length a line and a half. 
Although of a more slender form, this species, in sculpture, &c., 
somewhat resembles Odostomia spiralis, but is a true Rissoa.” 


Vol. iii. p. 259. Cnumnirzra Exit, Jeffreys. 


With not very numerous longitudinal ribs, that are clathrated by two 
or three spiral lyre on the principal turns ; whorls more or less rounded, 
not excavated above the suture ; fold quite obsolete. 


Plate XC. fig. 1, as Zéssoa eaimia. 


Rissoa eximia, JEFFREYS, Annals Nat. Hist. new ser. (1649) vol. iv. p. 299. 
Chemnitzia Barleei, CLARK, Annals Nat, Hist. new ser. vol. vii. (1851) p. 129. 


So few examples of this minute shell, whose sculpture ap- 
proaches very closely to that of O. excavata have reached us, that 
we neither feel positive as to their maturity, nor certain as to 
their genus: from the obliquity of the nucleus, we have pro- 
visionally attached the species to those of the present group. 

The shell is of an oblong-subturreted shape, moderately thin, 
but not transparent, and of an uniform whitish hue. The spire, 
which scarcely exceeds the body in length, is composed of three 
whorls and a half, that are profoundly separated by a not much 
slanting suture, and terminate in a large blunt rather obliquely 
disposed prominent nucleus ; they are ventricose, obtusely sub- 
scalariform of rather fast longitudinal increase, and of moderate 


APPENDIX. 279 


height (the dorsal length of the penult being to the breadth of 
it as three to five). The sculpture consists, upon the penult and 
preceding turn, for the first coil and a half do not exhibit any, of 
either narrow prominent and distant, or broad depressed and 
approximate, yet never very numerous, perpendicular ribs, whose 
intervals are clathrated by two spiral costellar lines, that wind 
along the lower half of each whorl. A third revolving line suc- 
ceeds them upon the rather narrow body-whorl, beyond which the 
ribs, that finally become rather more closely disposed, extend some 
little distance ; the base itself, however, is smooth, or almost so 
(always devoid, at least, of spiral striation), and is rounded yet 
rather quick in its declination. The mouth, which occupies two- 
fifths, at least, of the entire length, is simply ovate ; it is not 
distinguished by any peculiar markings. The outer lip is thin, 
simple, arcuated, and moderately projecting ; it neither expands, 
nor does it advance much at the base, where there seems occa- 
sionally a slight disposition to effusion. The curved pillar lip, 
which is acute and rather elongated, curls very slightly back, but 
is not reflected, nor furnished with a distinct fold. The axis is 
most minutely subperforated. The length of this minute shell is 
but a single line, which is about twice its extreme breadth. The 
discovery of this species is due to Mr. Barlee, who obtained it in 
the Zetland Islands. 


Vol. 111. p. 276. OposTomiIa DUBIA. 


This species was erroneously named wnidentata, var. upon the 
plate (XCIV. fig. 8). We do not like the figure. 


Vol. iii. p. 284. Opostomra Rissorpes. 


The animal is described by Mr. Clark in the “ Annals of Na- 
tural History,’ for December, 1850. The tentacles are very 
short, broad, awl-shaped, bevelled and blunt, and are marked from 
base to point by an opaque linear stripe, besides a white dot at 
their tips. The eyes are large, black, and immersed at the internal 
bases of the tentacles. The foot is very short, truncate, and 
scarcely auricled in front, pointed (when on the march) behind. 


280 APPENDIX. 


The colour is white, speckled with sulphur yellow ; it lives 
among alg in the lower levels of the littoral zone. 


Vol. iii. p. 289. OposTtomra INSCULPTA. 


The animal is opaque frosted white, with a rather large patch 
of dull claret red on the neck. The “rostrum ” is short, closer 
to the eyes ; with the segments arcuating as in O. obliqua. The 
tentacula coalesce at their bases, and are very broad and short ; 
they terminate in very small white slightly inflated tips; the 
eyes are close together at their internal bases. The foot is 
bluntly auricled in front. The operculum is horn-coloured, nar- 
row, and subelongated. This description is extracted from Mr. 
Clark’s account of specimens taken on a shelly bottom in fourteen 
fathoms water, six miles from shore at Exmouth. 


Vol. iil. p. 291. OposroMIA oBLIQUA. 


Taken alive in twelve fathoms, off Exmouth, by Mr. Clark. 
“The rostrum is short and cloven in the centre almost to the 
eyes. The tentacula are strong, rather long, subrotund and taper, 
terminating with minute circular snow-white spots or inflations 
on the tips; the eyes are close together at the internal basal 
angles ; the great peculiarity attached to the tentacula is, that 
instead of a moderate divergence on each side of the rostrum, 
they form large arcuations, and are carried at right angles with 
the shell. The foot is rather concave in front, auricled long and 
broad. The operculum is elongated and narrow.” 


Vol. iii. p. 292. Opostomta WanrReENII. 


Mr. Clark has taken this species alive in fourteen fathoms 
water off Exmouth. “The rostrum is short cloven as far as the 
eyes, having the segments curved to the right and left ; the ten- 
tacula are short, triangular, bevelled, not broad, attenuating to 
a fine point, and armed with small white inflated tips; the 
eyes are close together at the internal united bases. The foot is 
short, concave in front, slightly auricled, posteally terminating 


APPENDIX. 281 


obtusely with a light, horny, thin, obliquely striated operculum, 
seated on a simple lobe that is scarce distinct from the upper part 
of the foot, at its junction with the body.” 


Vol. iil. p. 301. OpDosToMIA DOLIOLIFORMIS. 


The animal, according to Mr. Clark, is hyaline pale azure. It 
has longer and not so triangular tentacula than its congeners, 
nor are they furnished with such broad lateral membranes, nor 
do they coalesce so decidedly. They are tipped with flake 
white. The eyes are at their internal bases. The foot is short 
and broad, truncate anteriorly, and exhibits a curious trilobed 
appearance. ‘This mollusk inhabits the littoral zone. 


Vol. iii. p. 303. OposToMIA DECUSSATA, 


The animal, according to Mr. Clark, is hyaline white, except 
_ the mentum, which is pink and less lobed, though more truncate 
than in congeneric species. The tentacula are triangular and 
pointed, with coalescing lateral membranes. The eyes are ele- 
vated on minute prominences, and are very close together at the 
inner bases of the tentacula. This mollusk is not shy; it in- 
habits the circum-littoral belt, in twelve fathoms water, at 
Budleigh Salterton. 


Vol. iii. p. 308. Oposromra Guison», Clark. 


Plate CX XXII. fig. 6. 


Chemnitzia Gulsone, CLarx, Ann, Nat. Hist. new ser. vol. vi. p. 459, and 
vol. viii. p. 108.—JxErrreys, do. vol. vii. p. 27. 


Shell thin, semitransparent, smooth, white, glossy, of a slender 
turreted form, subcylindrical in the middle, moderately tapering 
and blunt-topped above ; with a peculiar lateral projection of the 
last whorl on the side of the mouth. Whorls from five to six, 
distinctly divided by a more or less slanting suture ; rounded, or 
at least decidedly convex, of rather quick longitudinal increase, 
and somewhat high, the breadth in the penult volution being 


VOL. IV. Oo O 


282 APPENDIX. 


only about a fourth more than the length. The body occupies 
from one-third to nearly two-fifths of the entire length; it is. 
rather abruptly broader than the preceding coil, and is produced 
at the base, where its surface is moderately rounded. The apical 
turn large, blunt, mammillary, and subheterostrophe. The mouth 
which is disposed to become effuse at the base, where there is 
a slight sinuation of the edge of the lip, is very ample, occupies 
two-thirds of the basal diameter, and from rather more than a 
third to almost two-fifths of the total length; its shape is sub- 
ovate, being well rounded anteriorly, and but little contracted 
posteriorly, The expanded outer lip, which advances at the 
base, is greatly and continuously arcuated, and projects very 
remarkably beyond the general outline. The pillar lip is thin, 
elongated, somewhat narrowly reflected (forming an indistinct 
chink) and greatly arched, hence there is no angle formed at its 
basal junction with the outer lip. The extreme length does not 
much exceed a single line. 

The animal has been described at length by Mr. Clark. It is 
white with black eyes, not very close together and surrounded by 
white circles, and has a very pale yellow foot. The tentacles are 
thick, broad, short, and rounded at their tips. The foot is very 
short, narrow, deeply bifurcated in front and obtuse behind. The 
operculum is suboval, and is bordered with brown. 

This shell was discovered by Mrs. Gulson, who found it at 
Exmouth. Mr. Jeffreys has it from Sandwich and Weymouth, 
and Mr. Barlee has taken it at Falmouth, in Lerwick harbour 
among the Zetland Isles, and plentifully at the Arran Islands on 
the west coast of Ireland. 

Mr. Barlee has dredged three or four specimens from Lerwick 
harbour, which very closely approach the present species, yet 
may possibly prove distinct. One alone seems mature or nearly 
so, and in that the outer lip is not so prominently expanded ; 
yet judging from the lines of increase, it would eventually have 
become so; the form tapers more regularly (the difference be- 
tween the breadth of the penult and antepenult turns being 
evident) the whorls slightly higher, the mouth not so oblique, 
and the chink more obscure. 


Oo 


APPENDIX. 28 


Vol.i. p. 311. EHunimenua. 


Mr. Clark has observed the animals of Hulimella acicula, affinis 
(which he regards as a variety of the former species) and clavula. 

The animal of HLulimella acicula is of a subpellucid frosty 
white hue, speckled with minute snowy flakes. The mentum 
(regarded by Mr. Clark as “ the head or rostrum ”) is rather long, 
very broad, square in front, and slightly emarginate in the centre ; 
it is grooved throughout the whole length, and the groove is 
continued towards the neck, just separating the tentacula at their 
basal centre ; at its upper surface, close to the base, is the orifice 
of the proboscis. The tentacula diverge and resemble short 
broad, minute leaves, each with an opaque stripe down the centre. 
The eyes are not quite close to each other, and are placed a little 
behind the inner bases of the tentacula. The foot is rather long, 
extending to two volutions, bluntly auricled in front, pointed 
behind, and bears on a simple lobe a pyriform horny operculum. 

Hulimella affinis exactly accords with the above description. 

Lulimella clavula is of a clear frosted white hue. The mentum 
is very narrow, not bilobed or grooved. The tentacles are short, 
broad and phylliform ; they are not divergent ; each terminates 
in two white inflations. The eyes are at their internal bases, not 
very close together. The foot is strongly auricled. All these 
animals were taken in fourteen fathoms water off Teignmouth in 
Devon. 


Vol. ii. p. 319. TruncatetLa Monractt, and Note. 


The obscure Z’urbo nitidus of Adams (Linnean Transact. vol. 
ili. p. 65), is referred by Montagu to this species. Some specimens 
of H. subcylindrica, once the property of the author of the “Tes- 
tacea Britannica,” prove, on comparison, to be identical with a 
Jamaica Z'runcatella sent us by Professor Adams, of Vermont, as 
his 7’. succinea. 


Vol. ili. p. 376. Note to Murex coraLLinus. 


To the Murex gyrinus of Montagu’s description (Test. Brit. 
Suppl. p. 170, erroneously as of Gmelin ; Turton, Conch. Diction. 


284 APPENDIX. 


p- 95) must also be referred the Fusus gyrinus of Fleming (Brit. 
Anim. p. 351.—Brit. Marine Conch. p. 205.—Brown, Ill. Conch. 
G. B. p. 8, not figured). 


Vol. 11. p. 380. Purpura LAPILLUs. 


The experience of Mr. Albany Hancock is opposed to the 
observation of Mr. Spence Bate, that this mollusk does not bore 
through the epidermis of the mussel. The former of these 
excellent observers remarks that it is indifferent what epidermis 
or shell be opposed to its progress: and has obligingly sent us 
specimens which indubitably prove his case ; an important point, 
since this is one of the strong facts against the notion of a solvent 
being the agent used in boring. 


Vol. iil. p. 394. Nassa pyemma. 


Add to the synonym Buccinum tuberculatum a reference to 
FieminG, Brit. Anim. p. 341.—Brit. Marine Conch. p. 219 ; both 
which descriptions are copied from Turton’s Conchological Dic- 
tionary. 


Vol. iii. p. 408. Buocrnum Daz. 


Through the kindness of Mr. Howse, who obtained the speci- 
men, and Mr. Alder, who examined it, we are enabled to give some 
notice of the soft parts of this most rare and interesting mollusk. 
“ Its tongue differs,” writes Mr. Alder, “ from that of Buccinum 
undatum, as well as from those of the allied species of the genus 
Fusus, and makes a slight approach to that of Wangelia. It hasa 
single plain and slightly-curved tooth on each side, anda very thin 
non-denticulated plate in the centre. The /usws it comes nearest 
to is #. Turtoni, whose tongue I have also examined.” In the 
sketch sent of the latter the curved lateral teeth are broader at 
the bases than the former, shorter, and have two small lobes or 
denticular processes at junction of the broad part with the hook 
at the inner side of the centre plate, which, as in the former, 
has no denticles. 

“Mr, Howse got two or three specimens of Buccinum Daler from 


APPENDIX. 285 


the deep-water fishermen in this (the Northumbrian) coast. Two 
of them had the animal in, and one which was alive I had in my 
possession for a day or two, but the animal was in a very sickly 
state, and never showed itself out of the shell. It was of a pale 
flesh or salmon colour, without markings. Its form, which I 
have only had an opportunity of examining in spirits, does not 
appear to differ from that of Buccinwm undatum, though the 
opereulum, which is rather small, has an apical nucleus, in that 
respect resembling /usus rather than Buccinum. The characters 
of the species are, upon the whole, rather anomalous.” 


Vol. ii. p. 410. Bucctnum Humpnreystanum. 
Plate CX XXIII. fig. 2. 


The recent capture, by Mr. Barlee, of several living individuals 
of this species, in various stages of growth, enables us both to 
amend our former description, and to illustrate the species by a 
better engraving. Immature specimens (those with six volutions; 
the adult have seven at the least) which are excessively fragile, 
display the characteristic painting more vividly than the full- 
grown shells. The ground-colour of the shell ranges from pale 
fawn to light purplish chocolate, shaded lengthways with a more 
intense tint at the stages of increase, and, for the most part, 
irregularly flecked here and there with white. It is variegated 
also by several narrow fillets of a darker hue, which sometimes 
are interruptedly articulated by paler intervals: sometimes are 
simple spiral lines. These bands, which are not generally very 
clearly defined, and are usually about five in number upon the 
penult turn, are wont to be grouped upon the body whorl, so as 
to form two broad ribands, one near the anterior extremity, the 
other midway between the former and the suture. 

Some of our specimens are more elongated than the one for- 
merly delineated, and the spiral sulci are very decidedly nar- 
rower than the intervening spaces; no vestige of longitudinal 
undulations is perceptible in any of them. The columella, which 
in the aged shell is pure white, and destitute of callosities or folds, 
is marked in those barely adult with a very oblique brown one ; 
it decidedly exceeds the posterior portion of the inner lip in 


286 APPENDIX. 


length, and forms an obtuse angle with it; hence imparting a 
semi-rhomboidal aspect to the mouth. The emargination is very 
broad. The operculum is very small, and of a deep bright yellow 
on its inner surface. 

Mr. Barlee took his specimens (some of them two inches in 
length), “abundant,” north and east, thirty miles off Zetland. 
In the neighbourhood of the same islands he has taken Musus 
Berniciensis (one of the examples four inches and a quarter long), 
Mangelia purpurea, var. asperrima, Mangelia nana, Natica He- 
licoides, and Natica pusilla. 


Vol. ili. p. 449. Maneerrta. 


Pennant’s Murex acuminatus (Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 125, 
pl. 79, fig. 4 of central group?) is evidently a member of this 
genus, but too imperfectly defined* for identification. 


Vol. iii. p. 512. CynicHna optusa. 


The Bulla pertenuis of Mighels (Boston Journal Nat. Hist., 
vol. iv. p. 346, pl. 16, f. 3,) so closely resembles the variety 
Jeverensis, that the difference is scarcely appreciable. 

Mr. Byerley, of Birkenhead, having taken this species alive, 
communicated the animal to Mr. Alder, who writes to us re- 
specting it.—“I find it is a true Cylichna, approaching much 
more nearly to C. truncata than to C. cylindracea. The head- 
disc is remarkably short, and has two lateral prominences stand- 
ing up like ears; they are rounded, and do not terminate in 
points like those of C. truncata. I cannot perceive any 
eyes.” 

Montagu has referred to this species the Bulla Regulbiensis of 
Adams (Microscope, pl. 14, f. 28), an immature shell of doubtful 
parentage. 


* Some of Pennant’s figures are so bad that we have not ventured to cite them. 
His Turbo levis (p. 130, pl. 79, top fig.) is an Eulima, but which species we 
cannot declare ; his Turbo duplicatus (p. 129, pl. 81, f. 112) is perhaps Turvritella 
cincta : his fluviatile Helix laevigata (p. 140, f. 1389) probably a Velutina. 


APPENDIX. 287 


Vol. iii. p. 527. AKERA BULLATA. 


The Voluta Ionensis of Pennant (Brit. Zool. ed. 4. vol. iv. p. 
117, pl. 71, f. 87), should probably be referred to this species. 
Mr. Barlee has taken this shell recently at Zetland. 


Vol. iii. p. 541. Purine quapRata. 


The sculpture of this species, which we have lately received 
from Massachusetts, as the P. formosa of Stimpson, is very vari- 
able. In some of our younger specimens, the surface is merely 
traversed in a spiral direction by curly striz (the curls short 
and numerous) with an occasional simple or scarcely undulating 
stria intervening. As these curly lines, in approaching the lip, 
run farther apart from each other, the spaces become filled by a 
similar series of strie, which form engraved ovals (for the most 
part linked together) by their contact with the preceding set. 
_ The upper or posterior spiral rows are rather impressed dots than 
catenc. 


Vol. iii. p. 609. ANTIOPA sPLENDIDA. 


In a very interesting paper on the anatomy of this beautiful 
Nudibranch, published in the “Annals of Natural History,” for 
July, 1851, Mr. Albany Hancock has identified the species 
with the Kolidia cristata of Delle Chiaje, and Janus Spinole of 
Verany. The specific name will stand as cristata. 


Vol. iv. p. 9. ARION FLAVUS. 


Mr. E. J. Lowe has obligingly communicated to us living 
specimens of this rare species from the neighbourhood of Notting- 
ham. He remarks that, “it never appears on the surface even 
in rainy or damp weather. It is mostly under very damp leaves, 
although occasionally found in shady woods, under the lichen, 
Peltidea canina, and among the fungus of Vidularia striata, but 
when found it is quite imbedded in these plants. It is capable 
of suspending itself by a mucous thread of strong substance.” 


288 APPENDIX. 


Vol. iv. p. 13. Limax acrestis. 


There is much confusion in Turton’s notices and figures of the 
shell of this common slug. His animal is agrestis, his descrip- 
tion of the shell that of either agrestis or Sowerbii, whilst his 
figure was copied from Brard’s, Plate iv. Fig. 8, concava. As the 
latter is declared by its describer to be truly the shell of agrestis, 
the synonymy should stand thus : 


Limacella obliqua, BRarp, p. 118, pl. 4, f. 5, 6, 13, 14, 17. 
Limacellus obliquus, TurTON, p. 26 (pl. 3, fig. 16, as variegatus). 


Mr. R. Gibbs has found a curious monster of this species, 
having the upper tentacula united into one, 


Vol. iv. p.17. Limax aRBoRUM. 


This species appears to be very generally distributed. We 
found it plentifully in September, 1852, creeping on bare stones 
and rocks at an elevation of above fifteen hundred feet, near 
Connor Cliffs, above Dingle, in Kerry. The locality is worthy of 
record, as being entirely devoid of trees. Mr. E. J. Lowe ob- 
serves, that near Nottingham it prefers walnut trees. The same 
active observer has found a curious pigmy variety of the scarce 
Limax brunneus near Nottingham. 


Vol.iv. p. 19. Limax FLAVUS. 


Although the shell described by Turton seems to be truly that 
of this species, his figure is copied from Brard’s obliquus (pl. iv., 
f. 6), which is really agrestis; the synonymy would stand better 
thus :— 


Limacella unguiculus, BRARD, p. 115, pl. 4, f. 14, 12, 3, 4. 
Limacellus variegatus, TURTON, p. 25 (shell), fig. 15, as unguiculus, 


It is just possible that Turton’s description of the animal of 
flavus may refer to Sowerbii ; the figures of Limacella concava, 
Brazp, p. 121, pl. 4, f. 7, 8, 16, 17, 18 (copied as Limacellus 
obliquus, by Turton, fig. 17), may belong to Lema gagates, or even 
L. brunneus. 


APPENDIX. 289 


Vol. iv. p. 24. Limax GaAGarEs. 


Mr. R. Gibbs has taken this rare slug, as well as Limax cari- 
natus and L. arborum, plentifully at Sandown, Isle of Wight. 
Zonites excavatus was found in the same neighbourhood. 


Vol. iv. p. 57. HeEurx vircata. 


The larger individuals are often obtusely keeled. A very pretty 
brownish buff-coloured variety is obtained in Guernsey, that has 
the principal or peripheral band interrupted, and those below it 
more or less confluent, or even partially obsolete. 


Vol. ix. p. 71,77. Hzxtrx sericea and H. Fusca. 


The original figures not proving satisfactory, the shells are 
again delineated at Plate COXXXIL, fig. 9, 10, 


Vol. iv. p. 100. Pupa Aneuica. 


The discoverer of this shell was not Mr. Miller, but Mr. Bean 
of Scarborough, whose services to British Conchology are so 
numerous, that, in their multiplicity, we fear we have overlooked 
them more than once. 


Vol. iv. p. 130. AcHATINA ACICULA. 


To this species must be referred likewise, the Buccinum longius- 
culum, of Jacobs (Apams, Microsc. pl. 14. f. 26, from Wauxer, 
Test. Minut. f. 60.—Jaminia longiuscula, Brown, Ill. Conch. 


fe. B. p. 22, pl. 8, f. 8). 


Vol. iv. p. 162. PLANORBIS LACUSTRIS. 


Mr. Barlee informs us that this pretty and local shell has been 
found most abundantly by Mr. Bridgman, of Norwich, in streams 
running into the Norwich river. Mr. Barlee has taken Planorbis 
glaber and P. nautileus in the Zetland islands. 

VOL. Iv. PP 


290 APPENDIX. 


Vol. iv. p. 184. Limyaus INVOLUTUS. 


Add, Plate CXXXII. f. 12. 


Vol. iv. p. 204. ACME LINEATA. 


This rare shell has been added to the Scottish fauna by Mr. 
Barlee, who has taken it at Inverary, and in the Isle of Skye. 


(AppiTionaL FAMILy.) 


PHYLLIDID. 


This family formed part of the order of Jnfero-oranchiata in 
the arrangement of Cuvier, and has its place alongside of the 
Pleurobranchide (vol. iii. p. 557), from the members of which 
group, among other characters, the mollusks composing it differ 
maierially in being provided with branchiz at both sides, and in 
not being furnished with any shell, either internal or external. 


Dipuyburpra, Cuvier. 


Animal oblong, fleshy, covered with an ample mantle, under 
the borders of which the obliquely lamellated branchiwe extend 
along the two hinder thirds of the body. Head with minute 
tentacles and a lobe-like veil. Vent at the right side behind the 
reproductive orifice. 


D. trnEAtA, Otto. 


Plate K K K, fig. 1-3. 


Diphyllidea lineata, Orro, Noy. Act. Acad. Leop. Nat. Cur. v. x, p. 121, pl. 7, 
f. 1.—Puuiteri, Enum. Moll. Sic. y. i, p. 82. 
‘5 Neapolitana, DELLE CHiAsEe, Mem. y. i., p. 128, pl. 10, f. 12 (fide 
Philippi). 


APPENDIX. 291 


Through the kindness of Mr. Albany Hancock we are enabled 
to give representations of this rare and interesting addition to 
the British fauna. The first British specimen was dredged off 
the Shetland Islands by Mr. Barlee in 1849. A second example 
has been taken by the Rev. R. C. Abbes, from the boats at Whit- 
burn, which place is in the county of Durham, not in Northum- 
berland, as we have on several occasions stated in the preceding 
pages. The animal found by Mr. Barlee measured less than one 
inch in length. It has been carefully compared by Mr. Hancock 
with specimens of the true D. lineata, and found to be identical. 

Philippi describes the Mediterranean animal as having the 
body rounded in front, narrowed behind the middle, and acumi- 
nated at the posterior extremity. The foot is similarly shaped 
and fleshy ; it exhibits a distinct glandular space behind. Under 
the edge of the mantle are numerous lamelliform fuscous branchie. 
The capital veil is fleshy and tinged with crimson. Between it 
and the foot is the longitudinal orifice of the mouth, surrounded 
by plicated lips. Between the veil and the mantle there is a 

conical fleshy process, with minute clavate tentacles lodged in 
deep grooves, and never protruded by the living animal. 


In the “ Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain,” pub- 
lished in 1852, from the manuscripts of Dr. Leach, there occurs 
at p. 365, the following account of a mollusk, which has not 
been noticed by ourselves or any other recent observers in the 
British seas, but of the authenticity of whose presence we enter- 
tain not the slightest doubt. 


CLIO, Lamarck. 


“The body is naked, gelatinous, oblong turbinated, and formed 
for swimming. The head is exserted, laden with many minute re- 
tractile tentacles, arranged into two bundles. ‘T'wo eyes are situ- 
ated on the upper part of the head. The mouth is terminal. ‘Two 
branchial oblong-ovate fins are situated opposite each other on the 
sides of the neck. The aperture named the anus, and that of the 


292 APPENDIX. 


organs of generation are situated beneath the fin, on the left side 
of the body.” 


C. BOREALIS, Pallas. 


Clio Borealis, PALLAS, Spicil. Zool. 10, p. 28, t. i. f. 3—4.—Brue. Encycl. 
Method. pl. 75, f. 3—4; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. 
vii. 288; Cuy. Reg. Anim. ii. p. 379.—Lxacu, Ross, Voyage to 
Baff. Bay, Suppl. 
» retusa, Fasr. Faun. Green. p. 334, no. 324. 
», limacina, Phipps ; C. Exuis, Zooph. p. 15, no. 324. 


“This species is extremely common in the northern seas, and 
forms the principal food of the cetaceous animals. In 1811, dur- 
ing a tour made by me to the Orkneys with some friends, I ob- 
served on the rocks on that side of the Isle of Staffa, several muti- 
lated specimens of this animal ; the three previous days had been 
extremely stormy, so as to confine us to the Isle Colunsa. Some 
days afterwards I borrowed from a fisherman a large shrimp-net ; 
and on rowing along the coast of Mull, when the sea was calm, 
after many vain efforts I was at last enabled to capture one of 
them alive. This specimen is in that part of the Zoological Col- 
lection which I presented to the British Museum.” 

The work from which the above extract is taken, and which 
appeared just as the last sheet of our last number was passing 
through the press, demands from us more than a passing notice. 
To a synonymy already overburthened, it adds an awful accumu- 
lation of names, which, although invented by Dr. Leach, more than 
thirty years ago, can only take date from December 1852, the year 
in which they are published, with descriptions attached. Mr. Gray 
sends forth this work as an act of duty and justice towards his dis- 
tinguished friend and master. There will be many doubts in the 
minds of naturalists as to the good policy of the act, and whether 
it can be regarded as one of either justice to Leach, or justice to 
science. The eminent author of the manuscripts thus issued was, 
unquestionably, a man of brilliant genius, and, in many respects, 
in advance of his time. It would be unfair to judge of his merits 
by this “Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain,” a portion 
only of which appears to have been revised for the press. It is 
scarcely fair to send forth these undigested pages, containing such 
manifest experiments on the constitution of generic groups, that 


APPENDIX. 293 


more than once we find the same species figuring in two genera 
with the same references in each instance! It is a most disap- 
pointing book. Trusting to the traditional fame of Leach, as a 
malacologist, we had expected to find that when reasons were un- 
discoverable in the shells only, there were good ones derived from 
observations on the soft parts, or anatomical researches, for the 
numerous genera, the names of which are preserved in cabinets, 
or ticketed, to the perplexing of beginners, on specimens in the 
British Museum. We had imagined to ourselves sound though 
occult reasons weighing in the mind of Mr. Gray, when he so often 
adopted these mysterious appellations in preference to the terms 
of published nomenclature. Greatly were we surprised to find, 
now the murder is out, that Leach constituted these genera on tri- 
vial distinctions, exhibited by the shells only ! The strangest com- 
binations result, and animals that are toto ceo distinct, are bound 
together by almost imperceptible links. Let any zoologist turn 
to Leach’s family of Z’wrbonide, and see if our censure be not far 
too mild. ‘The descriptions of the species are vague, meagre, and 

poor indeed, and for this there could be no excuse, since the accu- 
rate and perspicuous Montagu had already written to serve as a 
model. But far more censurable than these errors of judgment is 
the unaccountable recklessness with which new names are given to 
well-known and well-named species, without the shadow of a rea- 
son why ; and, except in very rare instances, without an apology 
for the proceeding. ‘The supposed new species that are described, 
unless traditionally known, are undiscoverable, and most of them 
must remain so. So far as the Z’unicata and Nudibranchiata are 
concerned, little harm will be done, since in these cases the work 
will be treated as so much dead letter. But injudicious collectors 
and curators may be tempted, from the love of change or the 
vanity of differing from accepted usage, to make use of Leach’s 
nomenclature. ‘To prevent mischief as much as possible, we 
append, in default of editorial notes, a concordance for the tes- 
tacea. Ifwe have been severe in these comments, it is because 
we feel compelled reluctantly to protest. At the same time we 
must express our belief, that, with matured thought and better 
health, the work would have been sent forth by its author in 
a very different shape. 


294 CONCORDANCE. 


Tue following Concordance of Leach’s nomenclature, 
is drawn up almost entirely from the synonymy; the 
descriptions being utterly insufficient for the determina- 
tion of species. The naked mollusks are not included 
in it. 


Cleantus Montagui (pl. 7, f. 6, 7) = Pleurobranchus plumula. 

Oscanius argentatus — Pleurobranchus membranaceus. 

Aplysia varians — A. hybrida. 

Esmia Griffithsiana (pl. 7, £8, 9, 10) — Aplysia hybrida junior ? 

Marsenia producta — Lamellaria perspicua...M. complanata — L, ten- 
taculata. 

Bullzea Planciana — Philine aperta...B. catena — P. catena. 

Seaphander lignarius — 8. lignarius...S. catenatus — 8. lignarius, var. 
(from dese.)...S. Brownii — ? 

Hamineea Cuvieri — Bulla hydatis...H. dilatata — B. hydatis (mon- 
strous) ?...H. elegans — B. (exotic). 

Eucampe Donovani — Akera bullata, 

Roxania Cranchii (pl. 7, f. 11) — Bulla Cranchii. 

Succinea Miilleri — 8. putris. 

Vitrina Drapernaldi — V. pellucida. 

Helix aspersa — H. aspersa. 

Tachea nemoralis, T. hortensis — Helix nemoralis. 

Arianta arbustorum — Helix arbustorum. 

Pomatia antiquorum — Helix pomatia, 

Teba cingenda — Helix Pisana...T. virgata — H. virgata... T. Cantiana 
— H.Cantiana...T. Carthusianella (pl. 8, f. 4, 5, 6) — H. Carthusiana, 
T. rufescens — H. rufescens... T. caperata — H. caperata...T. his- 
pida — Helix sericea...T. fulva — H. fulva...T. spinulosa — H. 
aculeata. 

Zonites ericetorum — Helix ericetorum...Z. radiata — H. rotundata...Z. 
rupestris — H. umbilicata...Z. lucida — Z. cellarius, &e...Z, erys- 
tallina — Z. erystallinus. 

Chilotrema lapicida — Helix lapicida. 

Zurama pulchella — Helix pulchella. 

Elismia fasciata — Bulimus acutus. 

Ena montana — Bulimus Lackhamensis...E. obscura — B, obscurus. 

Zua lubrica — Z. lubrica, 

Balzea fragilis — Balea fragilis. 

Clausilia lamellata — C. laminata...C. Rolphii (pl. 8, f. 7) — C. plica- 
tula...C. biplicata — C. biplicata...C. rugosa — C. nigricans. 

Azeca Matoni (pl. 8, f. 8, 9) — A. tridens. 

Abida secale — Pupa seeale. 


CONCORDANCE. 295 


Pupilla Drapernaudii = Pupa umbilicata...Pupilla marginata — Pupa 
muscorum, 

Vertigo palustris (pl. 8, f. 10) — Pupa antivertigo... V.vulgaris — P. pyg- 
mea... V. heterostropha — P. Venetzii (probably). 

Carychium minimum — C, minimum. 

Jaminia bidentata — Conovulus bidentatus. 

Alexia denticulata — Conovulus denticulatus. 

Stagnicola octanfracta — Limnzeus glaber...S. communis — L. palustris. 
...S. minuta — L. truncatulus...8. elegans—L. stagnalis var. fragilis. 
...S. vulgaris — L. stagnalis. 

Gulnaria peregra — Limneus pereger...G. lacustris — L. Burnetti, or 
pereger, var....G. auricularia — L. auricularius. 

Myxas Miilleri — Limneeus glutinosus. 

Physa fontinalis — P. fontinalis. 

Nauta hypnorum — Physa hypnorum. 

Planorbis corneus — P. corneus...P. albus — P. albus...P. carinatus — 
P. carinatus...P. marginatus, P. Sheppardi — P. marginatus...P. im- 
bricatus — P. nautileus...P. contortus — P. contortus...P. vortex — 
P. vortex...P. spirorbis — P. spirorbis. 

Hemithalamus nitidus — Planorbis lacustris. 

Ancylus lacustris — A. oblongus...A. fluviatilis — A. fluviatilis. 

-Todes angulatus — Ianthina communis...Jodes Norrisii—I. ? (no 
dese.) 

Cyprea Europzea — C. Europea. 

Simia Pennantiana — Ovula patula. 

Marginella Anglica — M. leevis. 

Actzeon tornatilis — Tornatella fasciata. 

Ocinebra erinaceus — Murex erinaceus. 

Purpura lapillus — P. lapillus. 

Hima minuta — Nassa incrassata...H. reticulata — N. reticulata...H. 
levigata (pl. 10, f. 1) — Planaxis Brasiliensis (exotic). 

Buceinum Puxleianum — B, Humphreysianum ?...B, undatum — B. 
undatum... B. antiquum — Fusus antiquus... B. corneum — F. 
Islandicus...B. Bamffium — Trophon clathratus...B. turricula — 
Mangelia turricula. 

Fusus muricatus — Trophon muricatus...F. asperrimus — Mangelia 
purpurea, var, asperrima. 

Mangelia gracilis — M. gracilis...M. purpurea — M. purpurea...M. ele- 
gans — M. linearis...M. Cranchiana — M. linearis ? ? var....M. Pen- 
nantiana — M. costata...M. Goodalliana — M. striolata...M. lineata 
(pl. 10, f. 2) — M. multilineata (exotic)...M. minima — Lachesis 
minima. 

Bela nebula — Mangelia nebula, var. levigata...B. rufa — M. rufa, or 
var. last...B. Cranchiana — M. rufa var. (probably)... B. minima — 


296 CONCORDANCE. 


M. rufa var, ?...B. septangularis = M. septangularis...B. attenuata 
— M. attenuata...B. accincta — M. accincta (exotic). 

Aporrhais pespelecani — A. pespelecani. 

Cerithium reticulatum — C. reticulatum...C. tuberculare — Cerithiopsis 
tubercularis...C. subulatum — Cerithium subulatum ?...C. adversum 
— C. adversum...C. Spencerianum — Chemnitzia = ?...C. _ elegan- 
tissimum — C. elegantissima (scarcely so from desce.). 

Sabanzea eburnea — Rissoa ventrosa...8. ventricosa — Lacuna crassior ? 
...S. rubra — Rissoa rubra (probably)...8. interrupta — R. parva, var. 
...S.vittata — R. cingillus...8, Montaguana — Odostomia unidentata ? 
...S, plicata — O. plicata...S. unifasciata — Rissoa rubra, var. ?...8. 
ulve — R. ulve...8. paucicostata — R. ?...8. Binghamiana — R. 
parva, var. ? 

Assiminia Grayana (pl. 9, f. 4, 5) — A. Grayana. 

Scalaria clathrus (pl. 9, f. 8) — 8. communis...S. Turtoniana (pl. 9, f. 9) 
S. Turtonis...8. Trevelyana (pl. 9, f. 10) —S. Trevelyana...S. cla- 
thratula — 8. clathratula. 

Turritella terebra — T. communis...T. elegantissima — Chemnitzia ele- 
gantissima (again, from synonyms) (? C. rufa from description)...T. 
Clelandiana — Aclis unica... T. nitidissima — A. nitidissima...T. 
vitrea — Rissoa vitrea...T, Dorvilleana — R. punctura...T. eburnea 
— R. ? 2...T. nivea — R,. proxima?...T. nitida — Odostomia 
truncatula ? ?...T. Danmoniensis — Chemnitzia? fenestrata ? 

Turbonella Hibernica — Odostomia spiralis ?...T. Montaguana — Chem- 
nitzia ? indistincta ?...T. costata — Rissoa costata,..T. decussata — 
Odostomia decussata...T, striata — Rissoa striata...T. pallida — 
Odostomia pallida...T. transparens — O.? 2.,..T. angusta — O. ? 

..T. nivosa — O. nivosa...T. vitrea — Rissoa vitrea (again from 


synonyms). 
Alyania striata — Rissoa striata (again from synonyms, but not so from 
generic description)...A. glabra — ? ?...(Aclis from definition) A. 


costata — R. costata (again from synonyms not so from desc.)...A. 
Cranchiana — ? ? 

Zippora Drummondi (pl.9, f.11) — Rissoa aurisealpium, probably (exotic). 

Trochus papillosus — T. granulatus...T. Cranchianus — T. ?...T. Cle- 
landianus — T. millegranus ?...T. ziziphinus — T. zizyphinus...T. 
irregularis — T. ?...'T. discrepans — T. zizyphinus (monster). 

Montagua Danmoniensis (? plate 9, f. 2) — Trochus ? Montagui ? 

Neptheusa crassa — Trochus lineatus. 

Gibbula tumida — Trochus tumidus...G. lineata — T. umbilicatus ?...G. 
magus — T. magus 

Natica glaucina — N. monilifera...N. Lamarckiana — N. Alderi ?...N. 
Browniana — Narica (exotic). 

Nerita littoralis — Littorina littoralis. 


CONCORDANCE. 297 


Neritina Europea = N. fluviatilis. 

Temina pallidula — Lacuna pallidula...T. Turtoniana, T. rufa — L. 
puteolus...T. variabilis (pl. 9, f. 1) — L. puteolus (from figure). 

Turbo littoreus — Littorina littorea...T. sulcatus (pl. 9, f. 6) — L. 
rudis, var....T. rudis — L. rudis...T. tenebrosus — L. rudis, var. 
tenebrosa...T. petricola — L. Neritoides...T. striatula — Rissoa 
striatula (not from descr.). 

Persephona rufilabris — Rissoa costata of Lamarck, probably (exotic) 
...P. Scotica — R?...P. Goodalliana — R. rufilabrum ?...P. calathiseus 
— R. calathiscus (exotic)...P. punctata — R. Beanii ?...P. Zetlan- 
dica — R. Zetlandica...P. Hutchinsiana R. — crenulata ?...P. brevis 
— R. striatula ? 

Epheria Bulweriana — Lacuna? ?...E. vineta (? the E. Goodalli of 
pl. 9, f. 3), E. quadrifasciata — L. vineta. 

Zacanthusa reticulata — Rissoa Beanii ?...Z, semicostata — R. striata 
young (from syn. only). 

Lamarckia costata — Rissoa labiosa. 

Medoria Walkeri — Lacuna crassior...M. Danmoniensis — ?...M. 
tenebrosa — Littorina rudis, var. tenebrosa (again, from synonyms). 

Margarites diaphana (pl. 9, f. 7) — Trochus (Margarita) Helicinus. 

Zeanoe nitida — Truneatella Montagui, probably (or exotic). 

Glaucothoe Montaguana — young of last from synonymy, not descrip- 
tion ; Odostomia truncatula ? 

Eudora varians — Phasianella pullus. 

Balcis leevis — Eulima polita...B. testacea — EK. subulata ?...B. arcuata 
— E. distorta? ? 

Cyclostoma elegans — Cyclostoma elegans. 

Valvata Miilleri — V. cristata... V. fontinalis — V. piscinalis. 

Paludina vulgaris — P. Listeri (from synonyms, not description)...P. 
achatina — P. vivipara (from synonyms, not description). 

Bithynia jaculator — B. tentaculata...B. Leachii — B. Leachii...B. 
inflata— ? 

Fissurella Greca — F. reticulata. 

Cemoria Montaguana (pl. 10, f. 6) — Fissurella reticulata (young)... 
C, Flemingiana (pl. 101, f. 4,5) — C. Noachina. 

Emarginula vulgaris — E. reticulata...E. rosea — EK. rosea, 

Capulus Hungaricus — Pileopsis Hungaricus. 

Mitella Sinensis — Calyptreea Sinensis. 

Patella vulgata — P. vulgata...P. parva — Acmeea virginea,.. P. Cle- 
landiana — A. testudinalis. 

Patina levis and pellucida — Patella pellucida. 

Lepidopleurus albus — Chiton albus ?...L. punctulatus (? as Chiton 
punctatus, pl. 10, f. 7=C. levis), L. carinatus — Chiton ? 

Acanthochetes vulgaris (pl. 10, f. 8) — Chiton fascicularis. 


VOL. IV. QQ 


298 CONCORDANCE. 


Chiton cinereus = C, asellus...C. Flemingianus — C. levis ?...C. ruber — 
C. ?...C. Cranchianus — C. ?...C. tubereulatus — C, ?...C. fuseatus — 
C. cinereus ? ?.,.C. levis — C. ruber ? (levis from syn.)...C. latus — 
C. 2...C. Sceoticus — C, 2...C. variegatus —- C. cinereus (probably). 

Pholas dactylus — P. dactylus. 

Zirpheea crispata — Pholas crispata. 

Anchomasa Pennantiana — Pholas parva. 

Cadmusia Solanderia (pl. 11) — Pholadidea papyracea, 

Barnia candida — Pholas candida. 

Gastrochzna Modiolina — G. Modiolina. 

Saxicava rugosa and pholadis — §. rugosa, 

Hiatella spinosa — Saxicava arctica. 

Solen ensis — S. ensis...8. siliqua — S. siliqua. 

Listera vagina — Solen marginatus. 

Phaxas pellucidus — Solen pellucidus. 

Artusius legumen — Ceratisolen legumen. 

Azor antiquatus — Solecurtus coarctatus. 

Gobreeus variabilis — Psammobia vespertina. 

Adasius Loscombeus — Solecurtus candidus. 

Mya arenaria — M. arenaria...M. truncata — M. truncata. 

Magdala striata (pl. 12, f. 1, 2) — Lyonsia Norvegica. 

Thracia convexa — T. convexa...T. declivis — T. pubescens and 
phaseolina. 

Galaxura preetenuis — Cochlodesma preetenuis. 

Ixartia distorta — Thracia distorta, 

Lutraria elliptica — L. elliptica. 

Psammophila Solenoides — Lutraria oblonga. 

Oranthea Montaguana — Kellea suborbicularis. 

Corbula nucleus (pl. 12, f. 1O—13) — C. nucleus. 

Pandora rostrata — P. rostrata...P. obtusa — P. obtusa (from deserip- 
tion, not synonym). 

Amphidesma Goodalliana — Montacuta ferruginosa...A. prismatica — 
Syndosmya prismatica...A. Boysiana — 8. alba. 

Eupoleme cancellata — Lepton squamosum. 

Orixa tenuis — Syndosmya tenuis. 

Trigonella Listeriana — Scrobicularia piperata. 

Lembulus suleatus (pl. 12, f. 3, 4) — Leda caudata. 

Nucula margaritacea — N, radiata and nucleus. 

Mactra stultorum — M. stultorum...M. subtruncata — M. subtruncata 
...M. truncata — M. solida, var. truncata...M. solida — M. solida. 

Dorvillea Anglica — 7? 2? 

Autonoe rubra (pl. 12, f. 5, 6, 7) — Kellia rubra. 

Cyclas rivicola — C, rivicola...C. lacustris — C. lacustris ?...C, cornea 
—— C. cornea...C. stagnicola — C, cornea (teste Sheppard) ; calyculata 
(teste Lam.)...C. alata— 7% 2. 


CONCORDANCE. 299 


Euglesa Henslowiana = Pisidium pusillum (teste Gray). 

Pera Henslowiana — Pisidium ?...P. amnica — P, ?...P. fluviatilis — 
P. ?...P. appendiculata — P. Henslowianum...P. pulchella — P. pul- 
chellum...P. gibba — P. obtusale (teste Gray). 

Cordula amnica — Pisidium amnicum. 

Psammobia incarnata — Psammobia Ferroensis. 

Tellina tenuis — T. tenuis...T. fabula — T. fabula...T. Donacina — T. 
Donacina...T, depressa — T. incarnata. 

Limicola carnaria — Tellina solidula. 

Donax variegatus — D, politus...D. trunculus — D. anatinus. 

Capsa Irus — Venerupis Irus...C. virginea — Tapes virginea...C. deflo- 
rata — T. aurea...C, perforans, pullastra — T. pullastra...C. reticulata 
— T. decussata. 

Crassina Britannica — Astarte sulcata. 

Chione coccinea — Cytherea Chione...C. minima — Circe minima. 

Cyprina Islandica — C. Islandica. 

Calista verrucosa — Venus verrucosa...C. casina — V. casina. 

Hermione gallina — Venus striatula...H. laminosa (pl. 12, f. 8) — V. 
striatula, var....H. reflexa — V. casina, var. 

Zucleica fasciata — Venus fasciata, 

Pasiphaé Pennantiana — Venus ovata. 

Isocardia cor — I. cor, 

Loripes lacteus — Lucina leucoma. 

Lucina radula — L. borealis...L. divaricata — L, divaricata (of Chem- 
nitz ?). 

Thyasira flexuosa — Lucina flexuosa. 

Amphitheea exoleta — Artemis exoleta and lincta. 

Glocomene Montaguana — Diplodonta rotundata. 

Cyracheea spinifera — Lucina spinifera. 

Cydippe Listeriana — Tellina crassa. 

Cardium aculeatum — C, aculeatum...C. echinatum — C, echinatum... 
C. tuberculatum — C., rusticum...C. edule — C, edule...C. tenue — 
C. edule ? var....C. zonatum — C. fasciatum (probably)...C. 
exiguum — C. pygmeum...C. leeve — C. Norvegicum. 

Damaris elongata — Unio margaritiferus. 

Unio ovalis — U. tumidus...U. pictorum — U. pictorum. 

Anodontes Europea — Anodonta cygnea. 

Pinna fragilis, elegans — Pinna pectinata. 

Modiola Papuana — M. modiolus...M. Gibbsiana — M. barbata...M. 
Prideauxiana (pl. 12, f. 9) — Crenella rhombea...M. discrepans — 
C. discors and nigra...M. discors — C. marmorata. 

Mytilus edulis, pellucidus — M. edulis. 

Arca Now — A. tetragona...A. Pennantiana — A. lactea. 

Pectunculus glycimeris, P. pilosus — P. glycimeris. 


300 CONCORDANCE. 


Avicula Britannica — A. Tarentina. 

Pecten maximus — P, maximus...P. opercularis — P. opereularis...P. 
varius — P. yarius...P. sinnosus — P. pusio...P. obsoletus — P. 
tigrinus. 

Lima Losecombea — L. Loscombei...L. reticulata — L. hians...L. tenuis 
— L. ?...L. unicostata — L. subauriculata. 

Ostrea edulis — O. edulis. 

Anomia ephippium — A. ephippium...A. squammula — A. ephippium, 
var....A, aculeata — A. aculeata...A. squamosa — A. aculeata, var. 
(probably)... A. undulata— A. patelliformis...A. lens — A. ephippium. 
var ?,..A. cymbiformis, A. pellucida, A. cepa, A. electrica — A. 
ephippium, vars. 

Criopus Orcadensis (pl. 13, f. 7, 8) — Crania Norvegica. 

Terebratula glabra (pl .13, f. 3, 4,5) — T. cranium (from figure, not dese.) 
... T. striata (pl. 13, f. 1, 2) — T. caput-serpentis. 

Eucluseea Pandorida— ? 7?...K.fragilis— 7? ?, 


301 


EMENDATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE PLATES 
OF SHELLS. 


The Engravings having been published in many cases long before the text had 
been written, the names attached to the delineations do not always correspond to 
those mentioned in the letter-press. The following corrections are consequently 
requisite. 


. 4, 7, enlarged. 
4, 5, enlarged; 9 to 14 slightly so. 
2, Ceratisolen, not Solen. 
11, enlarged. 
XVIIL. f. 5, ferruginosa, not ferruginea. 
XXIII. f. 1, solida, var. truncata, not truncata. 
XXX. f. 5, 6, sulcata, not triangularis and Danmoniensis. 
XXXIV. f. 1, greatly enlarged. 
XXXYV. f. 2, leucoma, not lactea. 
XXXVI. f. 3, 4, Lepton nitidum not Kellia nitida; 5, 6, 7, Kellia not 
Poronia ; 10 enlarged. 
XXXVIII. Unio margaritiferus not Alasmodonta margaritifera. 
XLIV. f. 5, Crenella, not Modiola. 
LVII. f. 9, Argiope, not Megathyris, much enlarged ; 11, a. b. 12, a. 
b. magnified. 
LVIII. f. 1, 3, enlarged. 
LIX. f. 3, enlarged. 
LX. f. 1, 2 Pileopsis, not Capulus. 
LXII. f. 6, Pilidium, not P. 
LXIII. f. 1, reticulata, not Miilleri. 
LXV. f. 4, 5, lineatus, not crassus. 
LXVI. f. 7, 8, alabastrum, not formosus. 
LXXII.f. 3, 4, pallidula, var. patula, not patula. 
LXXIX. all the figures enlarged. 
LXXXI. f. 6, 7, Assiminea, not Rissoa ? 
LXXXIII. f. 4, 
Cees ae: 1 brn rudis, varieties. 
LXXXVI. f. 4, 5, 
XC. f. 1, Chemnitzia, not Rissoa. 
XCI. f. 7, 8, Cerithiopsis, not Cerithopsis. 
XCIII. f. 4. fulvocincta, not rufa, 
XCIV. f. 8, dubia, not unidentata, var. 
XCVIII. all the figures enlarged. 
CII. f. 5, 6, corallinus, not coralinus. 
CXIV. f. 5, 6, much enlarged; the rest, except f. 4, slightly enlarged. 
CXIV.D. f. 1, 2, Amphisphyra, not Amphispyra. 
CXX. Zonites, not Helix. 
CXXI. f. 1 to 6, Zonites, not Helix. 
CXXII. f. 1, Zonites not Helix ; 6,7, hypnorum, not hyphorum. 
CXXV. f. 7, lineata not fusca. 
CXXVI. f. 6, 7, Nautileus, not imbricatus; 8, 9, glaber, not levis. 
CXXVII. f. 2 and 4, are reversed, 
CXXVIII. f. 1 to 4, a little enlarged ; 6, Lackhamensis, not Lackamensis ; 
8, 9, fragilis, not perversa. 
CXXIX. f. 3 to 6, enlarged, 5 secale, not juniperi ; 7, 8, 9, magnified. 
CXXX. all the figures magnified. 


DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. 


Ir is suggested, in order to as much as possible equalize 
the thickness of the volumes, that the Plates of Animals 
(marked with letters) be placed at the end of Vol. I., and 
the Plates of Shells (marked with figures) be placed at the 
end of Vol. IV. 


LONDON, 
Printed by SAMUEL Bent LEY and Co, 
Bangor House, Shoe Lane. 


Ley oh als 


lto 4, Teredo Norvagica ,valves and pallets . 
5. Ditto, tube exmbiting concamerated structure and hinder aperture . 
6. T.megotara. 7. T.navalis pallets . 
8. Ditto, tube broken to show its simple structure . 


9,10,11. T. bipennata . 12.13.14:. T. malleolus . 


London 


fe Ra aR ot ~ety enon YE: HAs eon a 


‘ a y| 
hot D of ’ . ad 


bh aeatéh \4 a * i DER, ' Mb ieek . 5 
r % i: ? 


fis! ee ‘rental weer Sahat satan ih “i dine ie * Hy 


F PEATE AL. 


1.Phol* papyracea, dwarf variety. 2, Pholas parva,var. 


3,4. Xylophaga dorsalis. 9.6.7, Gastrochena modiolina ,valves. 
8. Ditto.tube or case. 9,10. Teredo palmulata . 


ll, Ditto. pallets magnified . 


London, Published by John Var Voorst, 1828. 


=~ 
mn. 


ME. 


+7 a 


“4 


ay pa 
ft 
¥ 


~— 


nee a 


a 
} 
 ] 
f 


2 


PLATE Ill. 


Pholas dactylus. 


London. Published by John Vare Voorst, 1843 


bate 
ie 
> 


i * 


Re ee Le 
Sai Oley Ts +S 
. Ppa | > % 
if \ > td r 
i ee 4 , ) 440 er 
bd acy wo tire Soy 2¥ re 
2, eee “ , 


is i 


4 PASTE 

if 

4 =, 

is 

3B 
GB. Sowerby, Jum! exc. 

1.2. Pholas parva. 
f 
; 2 3 
DO. a Lerispata:. 
} 
4 


London. Published by John Van Voorst. 1848. 


PRAT Vic 


1,2. Pholas candida. 
3,4. Pholadidea papyracea. 


5.6. Ditto, young. (Plamellata, Turton) 


London. fu blished by John arn Vo 


‘+ 
: 


4 
; | 
‘ - b 
a A Se > ee 
% 
fis Bate 
= /s ‘ G " 
- ‘ ys 
fa QS 3 
‘< i 
a . 
' > 
a 
P 
. 
yi 
4, 
i ' 
‘ 
i 
i 
‘at 
rr 
a 
da 
‘t ' 
Sa 
& 
: + ra 
eetiwmpnni aH 2. “wend “n 
“ » 4 Td * 5 
8 ‘ih 7 
ts Pins 


bai tregets ire opt wo Aptos 4 eesseiia y+ 


4 a iM. i 
epevigonant re RCL Le tin Siti BG ‘« hi Py 


i ? 
i * “ 


PLATE VI. 


GB. Sowerby. Tian! exe 


1. Fry of 7? 2.3. Ditto magnified. 
4..Saxicava arctica. 5.6. Ditto magnified. 


7.8. S.rugosa. 9.10. Petricola lithophaga . 


. London, Published by John Van Voorst, 1848. 


of yt engeandes Sb 


; wvent bite ij atnverte 2X 


PEATE VLl 


7 - 7 
CPLY, Slt, EXC 


1.2.3. Venerupis Irus. 4.5.6. Newra cuspidata. 


7, N. abbreviata.(magnified) 8.9. N. costellata.(do,) 


London, Published by John Van Voorst, 1848 


¢ 
. - 
i 


Gs x ae ade ‘ ad 
SS ence 


PLATE Vill. 


es: 


COB. Sowerby, Sun! ex 


l.2..0.4. Pandora rostrata. 5, FP obtusa - 


6,7,8,9. lyonsia Norvegica. 


London, fublished by John Van Voorst, 1828. 


“aati Men, arae ie Saka’ 7. mapmt Kine “st se cng if 


tm ey i 
tier B4 ] k haa) y a“ ah “et ' 


PLATE 1X. 


1,2,3. Sphenia Binghami. 4,5,6. Poromya granulata. 


7 to 12. Corbula nucleus. 13,14. C.rosea. 15.C.ovata. 


London, fublished by John Vari Voorst 


1 TPO 
od) ot oe 


3 PATA XX. 


1.2.3. Mya. truncata. 


45.6. <= arenaria. 


London, Lublished by John Van Voorst. 7. 


re: 
¥ 


14 Pa 
. 


gc ie 
Poise port ! 


i , ; 


PATE kl, 


——— 


—————— 
—S————— 


= 


Panopea Norvegica. 


Londore, blished by John Var Vi 


PLATE XI. 


Sowerby, Tun? exc. 


Lutraria elliptica. 


London fublished by John Van Voorst, 1E22. 


p0ULY 


1 


fe feos a 


Sry sty ey ih i | wt Md 


7 


PLATE XHI. 


44 
By Z 


mide 


GB. Sowerby, Jun.” exe 


1. Lutraria oblonga. 


2. Solen lecumen. 


3.5.pellucidus. 


q London, fublished by John Van Voorst, 1848. 


eri dyin sralee bo 
} ‘3 u 7 i! 

,) Nak / AE eee 
L¥ecal wee dime 8 
if a ‘ 1 


ZS \\ 
\ 


we i} 
BTV VAWA) Ps, 
i \ } Ni 
i) Ot Bit 


a 


PLATE XIy. 


1. Solen marginatus. 
2, S.ensis var.maéna. 


3. S.sthqua. 


London, fublished by John Van Voorst, 1848. 


GB. Sowerby, Tut” exc. 


IL a Pp ie, ge pie pd 
; ine 


rv . is 
‘ ¢, ae § oe 


* sbrreetry 2 20h ost, spre 
Ta aelo cal etn + e 
Mp a 


We of, Ag 
ser ripab, Samia nee hs Sere oT omy 
Atxe 


PLATE XV. 


1,2. Solecurtus candidus. 3.S.coarctatus. 


4. Cochlodesma pretemiis. 5. Scrobicularia piperata . 


London, Fublished by John Van Voorst. 1848. 


ihe 
wae RET ST Titel. 


‘ 


exer apiuadT Od.) 
eae : tj 


! : _ * bee ie. 
, Pe aL | AA Gave, 
7 No be | 

* Fz yan 2 Pi ' ; 
fe VALS ee ie 
Wei yal ‘pn 7” iL A 


y 


PLATE XV1, 


CB. Sowerly, Jur” etc. 


1.4. Thraeia convexa. 


ye eablian pubescens . 


London, Lublished by John Van Voorst, 1648. 


fe ’ 


cle dk nt cal i eee ay, 
“ tat . 


GB. Sowerhy, Tan exe. 


1.2.5.5. Thracia distorta. 4.7. Th.villosiuscula. 5.6. Th. phascolina. 


9.10. Syndosmya intermedia. I. S.tenuis. 12.13.14. S.alba. 


London, Published by John Van Voorst. 1848. 


eg etoay ity ober 


peril 


44 hyvat 
BOP RUA DG pi cepmenenil 


“ 


ie” SCP Oe} en ee me 


ew! 
whut warope? .¥ 


ye Ea otP 


1, Teredo megotara; 2,2,pallets of the same . 
3.4, mavalis. > 

5, Montacuta ferruginea; 5,a,inside; 5,b, variety. 
6, ________ bidentata; 6,a, inside. 

So. = = substrata s,a,imside. 

7, Turtonia minuta; 7,a, inside. 


9,Kellia suborbicularis; 9,a.inside; 9,b,variety. 


London, Published by John Van Voorst1e4é. “74 


GB. Sowerby, Tori exc. 


wick Ry re vat 


Duy 
oS 


wee 
vee 4 “nibs talker dy" 
SL tea Md ibr api ca Ror a 
4 aki < 


GB. Sowerby, Tun! wc 


1.2. Psammobia vespertna. 3. P.Ferroensis. 
4.P.Tellimella. 5. P.costulata. 


6.7. Telina pygmea. 8.Ttemms. 9. T.fabula. 


London, Published by John Van. Voorst, 1048. 


at Beil ' ra 


# 


i} i i. ae CY 
Paleo del Te Ny 


nN SR IATIE ROX, 


1.2. Tellina crassa. 3,4. T.Donacina. 


5.Vinearnata. 6.T.solidula. 


q London, Published by John Van Voorst, 1648. 
4 
; 


‘ } i ' ’ . i ; 
anhe vritte! ) r ; eh erly PA la ee 
7 \/ ‘ é a 


>is aitiiaat apdelin a 2" 


? 


PLATE XXI. 


Sowerby, Tun’ exc 


1.Tellina proxmma 2.1. balaustina. 
: 5. Diodonta fragilis. 
4.5.6. Donax anatinus. 7. D.politus. 


8. Mactra subtruncata.var. 


London, fublished by John Vian Voorst. 1848. 


, wage . fs 


L ico bled 
ans nny 


} ate ah: es ey fs ; i 


eeu 
i ty ri if is 


ay! Witte ; an 
" dt et ALianD BaN 


PLATE XXII. 


1,5. Mactra solida. 2.M.subtruncata. 


5.M-.elliptica. 4.6. M. stultorum. 


London.fublished by John Van Voorst, 1848. 


ay, nN 


sere Fae a } 


‘ bie Sw ap 


j 
e 
z 


. M.helwacea. 


2 


1. Mactra truneata. 


4..V. striatula. 


3.Venus fasciata. 


An Var Voorst, 1848 


— 


by Jo 


hed 


i 


London, Pub tz. 


is i 
7 i ee, onl Pk 


‘Aen sit Recraat a "! 


an 8 tie in On fe 


7 
ni, 
ha 
way A 


‘| 
ie nie’ ne eat WF) Ey ‘! " im 
. a 
ae ih. ae aS 
: ; rn ‘Si rt er" 7 bi 


PLATE XXIV. 


1,5.6. Venus casina. 2.V.ovata. 


3.V.verrucosa. 4.V.striatula.var. 


London, fublished by John Van Voors 


Rute Shannan. iy het 
a ~ i hy ‘eae 7 - 


: + 


4) : We 


: ‘ ik el 
: : 
’ 1M % 
. ‘ Pe sae ae 
A 4 
° 
' 
a 
_ 
- 
bal 
pay 
vs - 
i 
< 
.) J 
Va 
e, 
; 
By 
i” vi 
a wan? 
‘Be esta 
4 ’ i 
, *] 7 
Ly ° 
& “ 
tw, 
5 
J 
j 
- 


PLATE XXV 


1. Tapes decussata. 2,3. T.pullastra, 


4.6. T.virdinea.. 5. T.aurea. 


i 


Sa, 
Vthie 


a 


rat oe 
4 u i 


a 
« 


aS ea. Se. ee 
“a 
* 


wrest te? abbey % Hah Soy Mote wits ty! 


7 » a 


“ ~ fs és om 7 7 7 7 
wynidanrenrtns © RTPI” ofly ‘clit intial 6 10 lin 
j 4 4 - ¥ ats if ; oo : 
fot Agcy etal Ft GD ne 
» i i ; Yan fh 7 
i“ Caan 7 
i i 
ra { Pe fh 6.) 


CB. Sowerby, Tun? exc. 


1.Venus ovata. 2. Mactra stultorum,var. cinerea. 
3.Tellina fabula,var. 4.5.6.8. Circe minima. 


7.V.fasciata,var. 9.10.11. V. striatula,varieties. 


London, Published by Sohn Van Voorst. L848, 


a 7) oe ha 
Poe ea Wh tier oe 


a 
ra] 
i 
a) 
ite 
4 
5 
$y 
‘ 


' Nae a be 1 
velit wernt) 


oe Ase sae ; > 
, v Ritter ae oe Bree 
Sah a 
i 44 4 ; i‘ 
ST wa ee 


q mene 


bi vi tae MR 
Plas MN 


PLATE XXVIII. 


Cytherea Chione. 


Jontdon Lublished by Tokr V: 


tad 
ea 


7 Te, 
ae Worae* Seis 
teh air void neds 2 f 


Mt eee ee 4 
mbes cethiaiak US» 
beh. bp a ibe Hoe 


a ra Rein ‘ 


' 
12 


I 
i 
ie 


, PLATE XXVIII. 


GB. Sowerly, Jami exe. 


1.2. Lucinopsis undata. 
5.4. Artemis exoleta. 


5.6. A.lincta. 


London Fublished by John Van. Voorst, 1E#8. 


. 
* ‘ 
“ye 


ina theal't vapienpy > (sa 


a A he } 7 


7 


PLATE XXIX. 


r GB. Sowerby, Tara exe. 
=) 


: Cyprina Islandica. 5 


Lonion,Fablished by John Van Voorst, 1848. 


toi! 


Rv ; fone wt 


7 ‘ J 
impart hie 
7 } Pal Bi |b 


) Visi: ne i 
Linnea you drove LTV! ft A 


PLATE XXX. 


1.2.3. Astarte compressa. 4,5, A.triangularis. 
6. A.Danmoniensis. 7. \.Aretica. 


8. A.elliptica. 9 A. crebricostata . 


welts ih heb er: mits 0: 


Wie A 


PLATE -XXXT. 


1,2. Cardium Norvegicum. 3,4. C.rusticum. 


London 


5,6. Erviia castanea. 


Lublished by John Van Voorst, L848. 


voted walk aie, tot eel vf e a 


] | ‘ 


suerte 7 mL eneea Be 


OB. Sowerky, Tun exe. 


5. C.fasciatum. 


Cardim edule. 


lto 4. 


6.C.Suecicum 7. C.nodoswun. 8.C.pygmaeum. 


London. Published by John Van Voorst, L848. 


Pies 


ee a a ‘ 
a a 


Sle 
fie 
' a 
-< 


. Oa | Tete ou ry ae 
i yr anton! 
erie: Fat ie a ar an | 
¥ de@tegnibes "2S vee Slang te ii a 


ms, iyh 5 
Loge * aris * ey, 
Wy d 5 ’ 


25 coe | my 


4 -“ 
- jes oD, ie 
iG, a aa 


LAe ar) 
UA ike. : fy ul i Nol 287! - is iis 


PLATE XXXII. 


1. Cardium aculeatum. 2.C.echinatum. 


London. Published by John Van Voorst, 1848. 


Cis | 
EP. gh 
ev ?.ba 


ie 
rps oe 
aire) ie . 
4 Usd 


PLATE XXXIV. 


1. Lucina ferru ginosa , 


2. lsocardia cor. 


2 > a = 


London, Lublushed b 


, es 


Wag} 


eS > 


Pr 
a! is r 
sithvedw end whieh rat 


1.Lucina spinitera. 


4.Lflexnosa . 


PLATE 


5.L.boreahs. 


8.8.4 


2.L.lactea. 3.L.divaricata. 


6.Diplodonta rotundata . 


a. > 
q | 2.00) 2 
: ay Le x hi ate eee ‘ya 
A oo 4 mh ee 
: \ . 7 - vo. ae. Bi is 


Lh Pa 
re Y ooo | 
| ay? es 
¢ 7’ ht rT 
'S nay j e 
’ ft 7 
1. 7; » ‘ : 
| ty w 
. * = - 
@ ae 
hl , ae) ee 
‘- ” 
‘ ry, 
, Le Wh ae ; 
" - | sada cuemeiny 
bs 


1.Pisidium obtusale.  2.P.Cinereum. 
3.4.Kellia mitida. 5.6.7. Poroma rubra. 8.9. Lepton squamosum . 


10. L.convesum. 11.Galeomma Turton. 


re. 


nen 


“sifivetinand “ ie 


ities ees 
. een oa mt |e tt * “amen 8 
> 7 7 fit gael! wpe wl 


attest NM We 


- C. , * we 
‘wit pit cia 
hg es 
Lim aAlh 


PLATE -XXXVII. 


12.Cyelas rivicola. 3,4,56.C.cornea. 7.C_lacustris. : 
8,9. Pisidium amnaicum. 10.P.pusiltam. T1.P.Henslowianum. 


12,13.P pulchellam. 14. Paitidim. 


XXXVI, 


PLATE 


So 


Alasmodonta maréaritifera. 


hed by - 


,b Lis 


RB 


Onaoreti 


— 


eT: 


f 


Var. 


torum . 


. Unio pie 


sy 
= 


PLATE XXXIX. 


. Anodonta cygnea, 


iS 
y 
A) 
~ 
) 

) 
3 
iy 
es) 
< 
a 
S 


i 
3 


ib 


a & 


PLATE XL. 


4 o— 


ll On le el 


— TS 


| 


1.Unio tumidus. 


2.3. Anodonta cyénea ,var. 


London, Publushed by John Var Voorst, 1829 


hie aig AM 
OF hn ty Bl Pl 


a 


td ioe 
een 
#4, ty ie ie 


x 


PLATE XLT. 


Anodonta cyénea . 


+ meh a Titty & Pos 
- 


it p oii. 
‘ ae ae Wh Subd’ Cle Wie a ee 
rove ere ut i! ed ie Sn a 


PPAZEE, Sebi. 


1.2.5. Avicula Tarentina . 


4.5. Dreissena polymorpha. 


1G 


London, Published by John Van Voorst. 1E49. 


PLATE XLII. 


ren) it 


te 4 
ey) 


eg 


pectinata . 


. Pmna 


), 


lL. 


ait v 


Tn 


Tab 


London. Published by J 


by Mu Beer oa aabgalut: SE 
~ whee, piece FT) 


" 


" 4 


‘) i hi tah M4 utr f Ae) 
ie! eet ss, 2D) Ola iaas ; 


PLATE XIly. 


1,2.Modiola modiolus. 5.M.phaseolina. 


4. M.barbata. 5. M. nigra. 


London, Pablished by John Van Voorst, 1829. 


a _ . r 
Wh + F 
. ' t Cea’ A | 2% y 
r mol 2 (tube. ' ie ; 


ns Py i PAN 


os Ca 


PEATE: XIV’. 


CB. Sovierty, a7! xe 


1. Crenella. costulata. 2 1C decussata:. 3.C.rhombea. 
4.C.marmorata.  5,6.C.discors. 


7.Modiola tylipa. 8.Arca raridentata. 9.10. A-tetragona.. 


Lonior, Pablished by John Vare Voorst,Lé29. 


PEATE SGEVE. 


GB. Sowerby, Tani exc. 


1.2.3. Area lactea. 


4.5,6.7. Pectunculus ¢slycimeris . 


London, Published by John Van Voorst. L849. 


é tealpacen ‘ 


1 
reheblane ra Pad 

> 
‘ 


Aa, Se) SS knee aN) a my 
"| gi pe Pete a 


a nw rs) lg Py ’ ; ; , 7 rey A a 
et ae py 6 ry pn 


PLATE XVII. 


ie ee an 
CB. Sowerby, Tan! exc, 


1.2.3. Nueula decussata. 4,5. N. radiata. 
6.N.tenms. 7,8. N.nucleus. 9.N.nitida. 


10. Leda pygineea.  11,12,13. 1. caudata . 


London, Fublished by John Van. Voorst. 189. 


‘ 2 : 
x : Ey vibe vi vr bia Fy ifr iy vr) 


rae SEN At ieee a ae ual eats: fi te md 


—- @ « , ib » ao 7 


PLATE XLVI. 


2 
597 
Re? 


wea 
° 
ae 


aa ey 


° 
© 
° 


“. Mytilus eduhs. 5. Crenella discors. 


Nnecnla radiata. 


a | 


6. Modiola tultpa var. 


yn youN ie 
dye bebe 


igre an Pret 


PLATE XLIX. 


Pecten maximus. 


TA + F849 


Eb Spe ie te hee ee fay a br m, " a 
9¥E, LAOLSIEA OV SOLE VAIL VOOTST, LOD. 


ene 


ee ne 
J 2 


PLATE, di. 


1.Pecten varius. 2 P.niveus. 


3.P.operenlaris. 4.5.P.pusio. 


; 


4-7. 
smart 


PEATE, U0: 


SESE 


1.4. Pecten striatus. 2.3. do-var.furtivus. 
5. P.opercularis var. lneatus, 6.do.v. Audouin . 


7. P-pusio,young. Stoll. P.tigrinus . 


% Londomfubhish 


PLATE Li. 


OB Sowerby 


1.2.7.8.9.10. Pecten Damicus. 3.4.5.Lima hians. 


6.P. similis. (shightky enlarged.) 


London, fiblished by John Var. Voorst, 1849 


pee 


exe 


A ae 


—" so 


fhdeny is Le 


a 


— 


7 


PLATE Ii. 


GB. Sowerby, Tun! exc 


1.2.3.Jama Loscombii. 4:.5.L.subaurieulata. 


6. Anomia striata. 7. Pecten opercularis . 


5. Pinna pectinata.( dimmished in size .) 


London, fublished by John Van Voorst, 1849 


PLATE LIV. 


SS 


Gianni 


My 


ER EEN A 


MSS ~ 


SAY 


wy}, /* 


A 


x 


Ostrea edulis. 


LondonTtublished by Johr Var Vaorst l&E49 


vasnggubye 8 SARS Reride sicwned, Bini 


emwcpela Nae A eleanminpe wes cere) “he . iv : 
2 : ‘ : 


i. .¢ , : tis 7. 
Petphines! # eh 
iA gee Cie ie. 
emia J 7 i 
: i’, ee 
. tee ie ft “Si 


PLATE Iv. 


16. Anomia striata. 2,3.5.7. \.ephippium, 


(2. var. cepa. 3.var. squamula. 7, var. electrica.) 


4. A aculeata. 


4 PLATE LVI. 


GB Sowerby, Funl xc. 


oe ee eee ~~ 


12,3. Terebratula caput-serpentis. 


. 4. do. yound, maénified . 
cm ° fo} 


5.6. Anomia Patelhformms. 7,8. Cramia Norvegica . 


Lonéor,tuolished by John Van Voorst, 1849. 


Dy 


_ ir = fe. 


=e rere ene hog ae 
tee abet. te Ae * 
Hi hete nhater bere TO ole theters “erefagals 


] whid ewe OF Shee ihn ertad Girt ik 


= Syme 


PLATE LVI. 


7B. Sowerby, Tani xc. 


12.3. Hypothyris psittacea, 4.5. Spimialis Flemingi. 
6.7. S.M'Andrm. 8.5. Jeffreysn . 
9.Megathyris cistellula. 10. Terebratula cranium . 


ll.Dentalium entahs. 12.D.Tarentinum. 


Tnndan. Pah shed bv John Var Voorst 


= 


HES Rt, 7 


i 2 \ a 7 yus is a : 

wy ; a aes ; af » rh) . 7 x ‘ 

® uleaiail bis g — Sete my a 
Ge te 


Bice 0 


PLATE VILE. 


y, Sant exc 


1. Chiton mareinatus. 2.C. marmorens . 


3.C. levis. 4.C.diserepans. 


ie. a x ay, 
LEa by Sohn Van Voorst, L849. 


1.2. Chiton asellus. 


4. C marmoreus -var. 


- ae ro ey Ae Be 
LOnaAOTY, LUGLLS hi 


PLATE LIX. 


ea b 


5. C.fascicularis . 


> 
€ 
Sy 
S 
~ 
8 
Xx 
S 
SN 


3. C. cancellatus 


6.C.ruber. 


rite aexrousol avloqece’ 2h, ab 
om 


Airy Hing RCAC, detonate dah aon i hE 
Mae tae! Aipea anaes ae os 
4 
Asa at's? Lys 
Pt 


] 
ah ian -s 


PLATE LX. 


1.2. Capulus Hungaricns. 


3,4,5. Calyptrea Sinensis . 


London, Lublished. by John Van Voorst. 1829. 


ebinalkay atteteth 4, geuvite oud Li 


grvrteniyd tr, TAN whim Sirs 4 Les 
. H . : 7 % 
; a” li é v i / ‘4 ; 


, Yeti ts 
‘ ‘ a7) Us De Ay) 
/ chy SOP eres i, Lh i 
ro 7 . Jia eee a, + lata 4 iy Me 


} 
ee ‘teks 


PIAATE, EXT. 


GB. Sowerby. Fun? cc 


12. Acmea virginea. 3.4. Patella pellucida . 


5.6. P-vulgata . 7.8. P.athletica . 


London, Published by John Van Voorst, 1849 


oOo < 
cer let ’ wv 
(hentia 


a 4 wine 8 


nine olbamemél SEARO 


l 
ovfey rite 


yrlew whtit © scvAhiet! adh 


ls ey 
[hate F hss 


of datal unihy 


\ Se ronal Sh pe! 


HH 


SS iy 


PLATE DLXIL 


-—— 


1.Chiton Hanley; ?.fifth valve. 6,7. P. falvum. 


aS albus ; *.fifth valve . 8,9. Acmeea testudinalis . 


3.4.5. Propilidium Ancyloide. 10, 11,12. Puncturella Noachina. 


London, Published by John Van Voorst, 1lE49 


— 


a ee eS 
y x + 


ei J314,.17 


- 


: L 7 ‘ "* 
dee eh wel teels wauagrentt 4 
m1 * 


Ms used ett Bein Gh 


4 


ma diay qe oe i @ | etnasire wfuduasel 44 


PEATE Taxikh. 


GB. Sowerby, Fare 


1.Emarginula Mulleri. Lb,yonng. 2.E. crassa. 


3,3a, 3b, E-rosea. 


4.5. Fissurella reticulata. 6. Scissurella crispata . 


London, Published by John Van Voorst, L849 


- 3 

“ ; 

A ¢* x 
a © 
is: 

| —~ = a: 

S . 7 

tr = 

as As = = 

~~ Ee 's 
= 3 
3 
vs = z 
A 
= - 

7 . 7 . 

= = 

— 7 

< 
5% 

§ e + 
cd i 

= P 

_— ' 

_ 1 Md ‘ 

7 eee 

|=? ~ 7 , ‘-@ Pa 


PLATE LXIV. 


Hahotis 


London, wbltshed by John Varn Vi 


tuberculata . 


7 , 4 . ie oe . ‘ ; ; 
NS TE RM Tees ELM 
= ayaa trop LL “ph bal on Pe wy aiynth 7 by, ; 


: 7 Ler 4 * 
3 ' ; 
“ ) 
i) ‘ 


poe ad 2 
ene 


late” | te ‘ Oh. a 
aaa } pars » ina fine ter) UM Oe a a eee 


PLATE LXV. 


Trochus cmeranius. 4.5.T.crassus. 


6.7.T.Magus. 8.9.T.tummdus. 10.11.T. Montag . 


London,tfablished by John Var t 


wale a) ‘gies an 8 isola, 


ici 


- ANE, 1) “ohn ‘sabi tan Hee e oe 
Fac os 


} up wien aves » 
Te oe - 5 i} RS Ry eth ee > ny ! 


PLATE LXVI. 


lto 4. Trochus umbilicaris. 5,6.T.striatus. 


7,8. T.formosus. 9,10. T.millesranus. M12.T.exisuus, 


Jon, BZ % > x > por a 
WHLLOTM, LUOCESHER OY SOP VAIL VOOTST, 


L atin rien. ae) je ote 


PLATE I:XVil. 


2. Sowerby, 


lto 6, Trochus zizyphinus. (4 var.Lyonst: 5,6.var. levis. 


7, T.Granulatus . 


Weet rg re TE ERO Z, 
London, fibvlishea by Joli 


PLATE LXVI. 


1,2. Trochus undulatus. 3, T. grannlatus. 


6.7,8. Adeorbis subcarinatns . 


London. Published by John Van Voorst 


4.5. T. Helicinus. 


i; 


: .* . PS ; 
wn » ne 


PLATE. LX. 


1.2.3. Phasianella pullus . 4. Cecum trachea 
5. C. glabrum . 6.7. lanthina communis. 


8 9. 1. exigua. LO; Wise, wpaltada: 


———- 


London, Published by John Van Voo LE#EI. 


ubinn teary? A 


keen ee ans 
Abe ps 


‘ neha iy veined is 


PLATE. LXX. 


1.2. Sealaria Turtonis. 3.4. S.clathratula. 5.6. S. Grenlandica. 


7.8. S. Trevelyana. 9.10.5. communis. 


London Fublished by John Van Voorst. L849 


“aledis nin Pe hy 


, 
: 
] 


ee 


1,2. Nertma flwiaths. 3.4. Assmiinea Grayana . 


5.6. Bithima tentaculata. 7.8.B. Leachii.. 9.10. Valvata piscinalis. 


IL. 12.13. V. cristata. 14.15. Patudina vivrpara. Lin. 


16. P. Listeri (vivipara. Mil) 


Lorton, Published by lah Van Voorst. LE49 


a 


PLATE LXXI1. 


1.2. Lacuna pallidula. 3.4. L. patula. 5,6. L. crassior. 


7.8.9. L. puteolus . LO, V2) .. venta: 


Lonitton. Published by John Van Voorst. L829 


mar Snlk, 7 4 


PLATE. LXXIT . 


‘ 
. 


) 

: EB Sowerby, Tunlexc 
, 

4 

! 1.2. Trochus conulus. 3.4. T.(Mar¢) pusillus. 

: c 

; 5.6. T. (Mars) undulatus, var 

8 

{ 

7.8.9. Skenea mnitidissima . LO. S. rota. 


London, Publish: 


av¥2.1 “MVé17 


cul dk onldadaity paente GE 1 


det iarg) a beltisere! ambiental 8 Xs ” 
; Wars bo ‘-: 
dpe OTL Lirbnt ses hee wih Ska Y 


. 4 ¥ P } 
‘4 t 7 
i] 


A Peay 
Rar Ney eee 


PLATE LXXIv. 


G2. Somerby, Jun” exc. 


1.2.3. Skenea planorbis. 4,5,6. S. divisa. 


7.8. Lacuna vimceta.var. gracilis . 9.L. puteolis. 


10. Troch. (Marg.) Helicinus . 


London. Published. by Jotun Van Voorst. 1850. 


rh ¥ 
¥, fe 
i. 
j « 
o 
- 
* 
a 2 * 
Pa Ts 


‘ 
‘ . 


~ pierlowe WA cig stiatinking, wie ren of 


grit ms i 


, Fr fi * + 
Laer 8.86 oh pom AG 
4 : o* 


anol a whi it toc ; ft a 


PLATE LXXv 


eZ assoa pulcherrima : 3.4. R. soluta. 


On 6. Ine witrea: 7.8. KR. proxmna . 


9. R. pellucida of Bean. 


London. Published by John Van Va t J8SO. 


2 ' 4 * 
CAC we teier i ye 


ry 
& 


#« HD as en 3 y = ae 
At eT AS We en eta 2° us afttiedr JS. 


PLATE LXV. 


1. Jeffreysia diaphana . 2. Rissoa parva, var. discrepans. 
3.4. J. opahna 5. R.labiosa var .venusta.. 6. R. parva 


Te isia sty inconspicua, var. albula. 


PLATE LXXyvil, 


iZNo wkasso) slaipiosa:. 4.5. R. eostulata. 


6.7. R. parva. 8.9. R. rufilabrum. 


London, Published b, 


i 


- : vy 
brs a 
H 


At : 
tir 


- 
my 
; 


oul - . yy 7 a = er j 
by \ — - . 7 
> & - _ ¥ 
ee A pee ere nan nat ee 
‘ ) bewkag . z 


S 


‘ ” \OanL 7 


CB. Sowerby. Sam” ene 


1.2. Rissoa abyssicola . 3.R. ecalathus . 
A 5. Ree rubra’: Gi. Re costata : 


8.9. R. strata. 


London, Lublished by Sohn Var Voorst. 1850. 


4 = 
a oo ar we 


ese. 2 
mm 


or ee 


PLATE LXxIxX. 


70 


1.2. Rissoa crenulata . 3,4. R. Lactea. 
5. 6. RR. Beans. 7.28. Ri. ‘strevatula 


Oe SAO ea aint cingillus : 


a 


London. Published by John Var Voorst IE5O. 


ts 


ae st 


a 


rime 
waniyr <i ” i ” 
a) oi kus Lyi 
Pe sas 
6 ‘ ins .0 
wi a | oy ug’ ah 
“* eee » we. ie BM afk a 
Je li fun hy 


PLATE LXxx. 


1.2. Rissoa Zetlandica . 3. R. rubra . 
4 7. R. semistriata . 5.6. R. sculpta. 


ov oy IR. spunetura . 


Ai Sy Slee a ee Sore 
bed by John Var Voorsé. (CIO. 


London. Pb 


we bi soi SL ; aah “ee 
»% a4 eT w : 4 
Te B peered seal aS, 


“tonfanth 0 wrt SL. OB ne Ab 
m Sere ie ae, 


peer ‘ Vr 


7 of ree Be . - 
7 ack te ie 
‘ Pex oe ~ 


a ; gel ee Fra 


is a 


PLATE LXXXT. 


1.2. Rissoa fuléida. 


3.R. labiosa var gracihs. 4.5. RB. ulvee . 


8.9. R.ulve var Barleei. 


London Lublished by John Van Voorst. 


6.7. R.(?) littorea . 


PLATE LXXXIL 


lto 4. Rassoa parva. 


5 to 9) Rimconspreual. 


Londontublished by Johar Van Voorst, 1850. 


e ee oe 


‘aps pot ag ont 


a 


_ Idtorina rudis, var. nigrohneata . 3. 626: 7, ue euddiss 


4.1L. tenebrosa, var. intermedia. 8.9. L. ltorea. 


London. Published by John Van Voorst. 1850. 


GB. Sowerby. Sun” eco 


nth ool me wt & 


al 
‘eeveaiurnt 2. . eee 
e a ‘" 


, 
a 
Seine) 
; 4 € t 
F fs « . 
; ¢ 
"in p 
Le ee, 
" YY ey N 
1 é jaro 
. 4 
7 ia? - ro { Las 4 


GBSoa wordy. Sun” exo 


1.2. Litorina Neritoides . a) tO) fe slatomailis), 


8.9.10. L palhata. 1.12. L. tenebrosa. 


7 


London, fublished by John Van Voorst L850. 


PLATE LXXXxy. 


1 to 5. Litorina tenebrosa . 


6 to LO. L. patnla 3 


London Published by Sohn Varn Voorst, (GEC 


Dein Ria r 
OS 
Aviat ht Ma Ast. F sol 
: ‘pas Lee gen ‘ - iS 
pl i 


ie Tey 


b 
wal 


be luetate. 
a . ) . 
; - 
i, 
ae: ; " 
a vie 
4 1 on ; 
tees fT le 


PLATE LXXXVI. 


N 


1. Lit. rudis, vars . Ped de chal aulas;: 4,5. L.saxaths 
6. Lacuna vineta, var. quadritaseiata. 


7, 8. Lac.vincta.var. labiosa. 


ae «3 i a 
a N a 
A Pol ; ‘ihe 
ihrag wa KY A 
, : 
Pia, 

i 


é 5 p 
‘ , 


ip eee pital “tg 
ane’ Ag nore 


Hiv OE . te +, eal dnt , 


PLATE LXXXVI. 


1.5.6.7. Rissoa ventrosa. 


R.ulve, vars. 3.4. R.anatna. 


= 705/97 


i 7 QD ar 7 TF Wa Ps y 
Londo, Lublished by John Varv VoorstlEize. 


: v y V4 
yr 
tended ‘rth 


| weve Fite ‘a ig . a i 4 ia mise 
: Sy 


Sie RE, camabipbeeta Tre eT, 


XXVIL. 


L 


PLATE 


utleriana . 


C 


ascaris., 


Aclis 


) 
(6) 


G 


annulatum. 


Ccecum 


4 


LXXxIxX. 


PLATE 


rby. Sur 


3. do. var. nivea 


communis. 


Turritella 


NZ 


On Ne pes-carbonis . 


3. 


4. Aporrhais pes-pelecam. 


ris 


nl ae 
* 


Xe 


ff 


f 


~a 


1. Rissoa 


t. 5. 


=r a ae ; Te TL, 
LONDON LS MOLISHED OY SORT VAR VOOTS oper 


PLATE XC. 


NX 


eximia. 2.3, Achs supranitida. 
A. unica. 6.7, A. nitidissima. 


8. 9. Stylifer Turton. 


z 
4 


& 


tugs Fy oF 
7 ; F ‘ _ 7 ri “t c 
mr ae 


ay 


PLATE XC. 


1.2. Cerithium reticulatum . 3.4. C. metula 
5.6. C. adversum . 7. 8. Cerithopsis tnberculare 


1 
. he 


7 es Oe 


ad 


— 


ate ts “4 


= 


id 
VA ee 


Pie ape CANN de te 


ee 


=: aaa 8 hl oe 8 eon ats ane 


d 
iS) 
ia 
a 
: 


4 5. E. distorta. 


do. var. nitida. 


De 


i. 2. Militia polita. 


9.10. ¥. bilineata. 


7. 8. i. subuleta. 


racilis. 


6 
6 


6. do.var. 


London. Published by. John Van Vaorst. (850. 


fe 
se th 
ihe 
i 


« 


° 
Pe 
“. 
ae 
te 
® 
. 
at 
46 
a 
x 


\ 


j : 


PLATE XCTE. 


1.2. Chemnitzia elegantissima, 3.4. C.rnfa. 


So. (Gtormosa. 6.7. ©, fenestrata. 


- 
- 
« 
> 
4 
> 
“== 
- 
= 
- 


PATE XC. 


L.Chemnitzia rufescens. 2.3. C.indistineta. 
4..C.clathrata. 5. C. sealaris. 


6.Odostomia nitida. 7.do.var? 8.unidentata var.turrita . 


London, Published by John Van Voorst L3G 


ey rads st. 
. te aa 4 


ee ee 


} 796m 'e 


PLATE XCV. 


1.2. Odostomia Eulimoides. 32. do.var. crassa. 
4.0. conoidea. 5.0. striolata. 6.0. conspicua. 


7.6.O.umdentata. 9. do. var. turrita. 


ray ow gh gible Hf Oy RPO ha dia Add pe I 


Lyre fay vivethi ie ' ay 


ELATE XCVi. 


|.Odostomia obliqua, 2.5. O.Warrenii. 4:0, Tissoides. 
5, do. var. albella . G6. QO. inseulpta. 


7. O.eylindrica, = 8.O.truneatula, 9.O,alba. 


LGDPAGI LMS EE 


PLATE XCVIL. 


1. Odostomia imterstincta. 2.0. spiralis. 


3.4. O.excavata. 5.0. dolioliformis. 


6.7. O. decussata. 6.9.0, acuta 


7; 7a Sey hey f Z 74; 7, 7 x 
Londovy. LUOLSHEA OY SOFT VAI VOOR Le 


joeVhony 1% f higaids a a ny 4 ate si hy, Ai? a i 4 j 


OE ame BOTT pn) NE 
pina oh A OY rater & 


PLATE XCVit 


OB Sowerby, Junrtexc. 


1.2. Odostomia plicata. 3.0. ¢labrata. 4. O! pallida. 
5.6. Eultmella Scilla. 7. E.affinis. 
8.E.clavulus. 9.10.E. acicula. 


London Lub lushed by John Var Voarst, LEGL. 


FIw ite. 


. 
‘ 
| | 
} i 
ay ; 
4 
. 
AN 
| } 
ie 
. eto. la "ES catgnpeso¥t, pihansengaen f 
aa vtiadt ME rs) hegivn! eatttuint a 
; Ss . nralornvent d Ol aeeaiqeieg mivoliouted @ & 


: 5 aa 
A cpysee Sp Sey ey eee rh 


PLATE, | XG RX. 


ECB Sowerby. Jun” ere . 


1. Truneatella Montagu 2.3. Otina otis. 
4.5. Veluta levigata. 6.7. V flexilis. 


8.9. Lamellaria perspicua. 10. L. tentaculata . 


London Lublished by John Van Voorsé. 7é 


‘y i i ats Cay 


UM ava 


2 
; 
aT 


PAG ATER Gi, 


LNatica monilifera. 2.3.4. N.nitida 


5.8.N.sordida. 6.N.Helicoides. 7. N. pusilla 


= bs ees yee ent ei re 5 
London. LUBMSHCA bj MORK Var VOOrSE FES/. 


AaB Ci 


1.2. Natica Kingu. 3.4.N. Montagu. 


5.6. Trichotropis borealis. 


7.8. Lachesis minima. 


Lonton. Published, by Jahn 


4 


-: 
@ 
a 
- | 
= 
‘ 
- 
Se 
z 
= 
=: 
= 
= 
_ 


mi my Ny 


Wi ater 


PLATE, (Ci . 


NS). Purpura lapillus. 


4. Murex erinaceus, 5.6. M. coralinus. 


a SO LG 


London tublished by John Van Vaorst: 7837. 


— a 


oa 


PLATE CEE, 


CB. Sowerby, Junlze. 


1.6. Pusus Lslandicnis. oaks propiuquus : 


ALS. F (fragment from Zetland.) 6. Cerithiopsis tubercularis , var? 


PiAr Ee Civ: 


1.2. Fusus antiquus. 


London Lublished Ay John Va 


Ce7e 


eee 


) 


Meus <i 
< Taras > 
Sa eae 


al 


coeinlgeathegists quar 


| ee ne 


PLATE CV. 


GB. Sowerby. Junt? exe, 


1.2. Fusus Berniciensis. 


3.4. F. Turtoni. 


Lonaon Piblished by John Van Voorst, 1841 


wok 
ee 
Wheat? ooh 
Put dn ny 
ee’ 


foe en one 


ae ™~ . A 


. PEATE ‘CV. 


A 


ia 


&.B, Sowerby, Jun! exo 


1, Fusus Berniciensis. 


2,3, 4. F. Turtoni. 


London. Fublished by John Van Voorst, 1851. 


yi tt teas ah ee ow 


PLATE CVI. 


) 


hs 


jas)hined 


GC 


G.B. Sowerby, Jul exe. 


Fusus Norvegicus. (a little reduced.) 


London, Published by John Var Voorst, L851. 


PLATE CV. 


GB. Sowerby. Jun Tene 


1.2. Nassa reticulata. 3.4. N.incrassata. 


5. 6.N. pygmeea . 7. ¥. Norvegicus, embryo. 


8. do. capsule. 9. do. operculum . 


London. fublished by John Van Voorst. 185/. 


; 
i A 
io} = . 4 


x 
a a5 Sine ahi yale 


f *, .# 


a] 


PT cfDieie & 


. " io e: 
rad phatase i a Ls] a : Mts 
wi : i di sed im Rae a 

. , we ie eae 


PACA CiEX.. 


un Be. 


GLB. Sowerby J 


3.4.5. B.undatum . 


Dale. 


num 


1.2. Buce 


1887. 


ra 


London. Lublished by John Van Veors 


Pieter! 


' toe of 


She eo ne eee ee 


PATER Cok. 


Syn 


rida ai} 


Sowerty. Tun"ene . 


B. 


G. 


1. Buceinum Humphreysianum. : 


4. B. undatam var. acuminatum . 


2.3.B. fusi forme. 


Ss 
S 
3 
& 
re 
ix 
s 
: 
iS 
s 
S 
8 
& 


eT a 
« ” ‘4 
A Oy erp ORI) MEO! | 


Sandhill allebica el alii se 


PLATE CXl. 


‘GB Sowerby. Turtexe. 


Ms Trophon clathratus. 
3.4.1. muricatus. 5.6.7. Barvicensis. 


iS: Mangelia turricula. 


London Lublished by John Van Voorst. 185). 


tap 7% 4 whe Thats egies. 


» phewdaert wiPantocentinets 


ni RAR I: 


on 


PLATE CxXiW. 


CB. Sowerby, Tumrexe. 


eee Mangelia Trevelliana. 3.4.M rufa. 
5. do. var. Ulideana. 


6.7. M.septangularis. 8.Mnana. 


London, Lublished by John Van Voorst. /85/. 


ny "y 
C eece ee smn 
— woe Pelt 
fe faiiin TE . ue iy _ 


ou uy vat 


PLATE CxXqml. 


GBP. Sowerby Sint 


1.2. Mangelia teres. 3.4.M.purpurea. 45.do.var. asperrima. 


6.7 M.Leufroyi. §8.9.M. attenuata. 


Londontublished by Sobn Van Foorst. 1841. 


rte Mb siemeaif siayeake bsd 
ulndon ld BBS. sesh Seb 


PLATE CXIV. 


CL. Sowerby, Tun exc 
1.2.3 Mangeha hnearis. 4.M. gracilis. 
5.6.M.brachystoma. 78.9. M.nebula. 


London Lublished by Joh Van Voorst, L8 L 


i < i 
. - 


a a, 
7 


me it | kei 


+ int eee 


gilonos vale xilolt i a < 
tty 7s WE. 4 i. lew Li 7. . 
nunntiet, 2 >. aurvoraivdae iH 2. = 


~ ; ~" 
4 aay et 


4. eh a oe palit Sita 


PLATE CXV. 


lto 4. Helix nemoralis. 


5.6. H. arbustorum. Te teva oaladealseoaler. 


» bam « _wihas 


alee sshd 


nal oe 7* it 


PLATE CXVI 


1. Helix aspersa 2. H. pomatia. 
Sone dale dleyouifenl cle: 5.6. H. Carthusiana. 


fo Gh apemitay. &.9. H. Cantiana. 


an Net 
ee a 


i 


1 eas 4! 
aes 


PLATE CXVIL. 


fe) 


1.2.3. Helix obvoluta. 4. H. ericetorum 
5 6 H aculeata r Ui H. caperata 
8.9. H. lamellata. 10. H. virgata. 


Pr 
ole aT 


sf 


PLATE COXVIIZ. 


G.B. Sowerby. Jun” exe. 


L. 2.5. Helix, hispida. 4.7.10. H. rufescens. 
5.6. EL. sericea 6. ©). Tae Bully 


London. Published by.John Van Voorst. /85 0. 


thels “4 ‘aint ce f 
vie’ Pa & r " sae my We z 
oe 


. 


PLATE (C3Gnx. 


1.2.3, Hel revelata. 4, 5. H. fusca. 
6. 7. TA. xotundata: S.9), TO) Je pulchella 


London. Lublished by John Van Voorst. 1860. 


Pe ak es a dee ae 

) a ee AL eh ee 
denn 4 hi ee a avrenaltae- 87! a 
‘ J J ’ mn iy 


oe heed 4 i ce 
mal a - Se tn 


ar 


PLATE (CXeXS 


7B. Sowerby. Junvexe 


1.2.3. Helix cellaria. 40 7. El. mitida., 
5.6. H. alharia. 6.9. VO EL aitidmilas 


London. Published by John Ve 


waren " 
t oh, nome . 


cs Sa ie a 


1. Helx radiatula. 


PRATER (CX. 


2. d.4) TH excavate  5.'6,4EL pura 


7.8. H. umbilicata. 9, Oe EE pygmea . 


Lomdon.fublished by John Var Voorst. JE50. 
ee 


ae 


OB 


¢ 


re 


e 7 


srg! rite 
» aie fark a | "det iv 
- Tr “hn at ‘ ay 


PLATE €xXxai. 


7) 


GB Sowerby, Jun! exc. 


1.2.Helix crystallina. 3. Cyclostoma elegans. 
4. Ancylus fluviatiis. 5.A.oblongus. 
6.7.Physa hyphorum. * 8.9.P. fontinalis - 10. do.var. 


ll. Limnzus involutus. 


London, Published by John Van Voorst 1852 


. 


ate, ’ 


‘§ <pe* 


a : re 
‘ am = ey 
ee aj oes We Noe 
, “4 


Pet Fut as t 
Lh ; on 
eteke ob SS yin 


as wid? ” rt , 


PEATE CXXML. 


# 
C 
fog 
7 7) 
1. Limneus auricularius. 2. do.var. acuta. 
foe n POA Gt ehy llr pereger. 8.9.L.Burneti. 


Ohne ave TE 


baie ; 


hig! fats Cost + Fi ai 


PLATE CXL: 


GB. Sowerby, Furl exc 


l.Limnzus ¢laber. 2.L-.palustris. 
3 Lruneatulus. 4.5.L.stagnalis. 


6.7. L.¢lntnosus. 


La 


Pele || 


eee wre tt 


—" 


bite antotaebid optyeeome? £4 
jias votes J) iocegme teveh 6 # 
ful nak @ wat emt > 
he noose, 


PLATE CXXv. 


GB Sowerby, Fiow exc 


1.2. Conovulus bidentatus. 3.C denticulatus. 
4.5. do.var.myosotis. 6. Carychruam minimum 
7. Acme fusca. 8. Zua lubrica. 


9. Azeca tridens. 


London, Published by Jahre Van Voorst, L831 


re ae 
aeatinige 240 ering st Gb, 
} ahold Gap 


> | Sgepaetey a4\ bee Stes 


PLATE CXXVI. 


1.2.Planorbis albus. 5.P.contortus . 
4.5.P.corneus. 6.7. P.imbricatus. 


8.8 Bless. 


AY 2 ewe 


avon 0 Mortal ‘ | 
we Th ee 


Th ath ak Sh dae 


PLATE C 


1.2. Planorbis marginatus. 
4.5. P. carinatns. 


9.10. P spirorbis. 


XXVIT 


3. do. var. rhombea. 


6.7.8. P. vortex 


1.12. P nitidus 


London. Published by John Van Voorst, (852. 


ty 


itirsin ne sanyttnelinll, + ameie on “est 
apetmuadiy S25. dtonatnalina tf if. ster ‘pictmeastt ¢ 


Vout wbeeby ay eclely sallll “ * 


PLATE CXXVII. 


2 
~) 


1.2.3. Planorbis lacustris. 4. Achatina acicula. 


5. Bulamus acutus. 6. 8B. Lackamensis 7.B.obseurus. 


8.9. Balea perversa. 10. Clausiha laminata. 


London. Published by John Varn Vaorst. 18 82.. 


adiob woh £ axscurmist ailiee!®) ¢ 
stesdqid ).2 siutagtiy ,? & 
erityan tO) — Eagiout age 2 


covremeetet 68 ° araedi Sort 18 : 


PLATE CXXTX 


1.Clausila nigricans. 


ale plcatula. 


Nn 


Pap a yoniperl. 


7.P. umbihcata 


2.do.var. dubia. 
4.C. bipheata 
6. P. anghica. 


8.9. Pmuscorum. 


by 


= ‘ 
ne) ¥~ 

*y f * 
‘ r w& 


eae dvasa 


vevmaardrennions SES. bapa gyre 
ayvtanaghiy wae ob: Bs)? age cg SB, "4 abana 74 


ante? RASS "be ae gel’, ewer tL 
i 4 ‘ i - = 


viet By nu} i 


PARA | CGR 


G.B. Sowerby. Jun 


ip Pupa edentula . 2. P. minutisstma . 
3.P. substriata . 4.5. P. pygmea . 6. do.var. alpestris . 
7. P antivertiso. 6. P. pusilla. 9. P. Venetzu. 
; £2 


vider C26 ean: emer 6 on f 
whevetlng mage’ DEE Bo - xi 


PLATE CXXXL 


lto 5. Sueccinea putris. (SVR ASE 


8.9.10. Vitrina pellucida. 


London Published by. John ne 


oblonga . 


winded ne (apie) 2) on patie 4poupndit ah a ve 


- x ad yn - 
wien ell Bh - woke Pete opted  weteaweaeallid) De 
bes 
i iy 
‘a 


ij 
methyl te i ae i 


erin “a7 oe ‘pert wi east it oy reoeemeeene TD 


PLATE CXXxI. 


1.2.3. Skenea? costulata. 4.5. S| Margarita) Cutleriana . 


6. Odostomia ? 


Gulsone. 7. Lepton Clarke. 8. Helix fusca. 


9. H. sericea. 10.11. Limneus pereger. var. lacustris. 


12. L. mvolutus. 


next. 


Te ND? vorvdrerm} : a | 


shale ong Vast @ . vemaoner paige) aperderyalhS 
sselokw@ .tooulty PA ~ ae vty ae peat? ® 

‘ : ae bard 

. © "i & 7 


7 | . Ay 
ul neces room ft ‘ - oalapey Ale Ore P 


ok eet Tv) ith 


lL. lanthina communis. 


2. Bucetnum Humphreysianom . &.Tellina proxima var. calearea . 
4 Astarte sulcata. var. 5. Jeffresia dlobularis . 


61 Js opahna _ 7. Rissoa.ventrosa. var. 


* * va a 
apadinrte # Ee - —adaloeste niente lta? rh 


oucputsif wep ASAD pues’ rane tel 


1 Nua aN ool abel 4 ea a M4 


he ine 


ie, ae 5 


PLATE CXIVA. 


CB Sowerky, Jur xo. 


eee Mangeha striolata. 3.4.M.costata. 


5.do.var. coarctata. 6.7.8 9. Cypraea Europea. 


London Lublished by Toh Var Voorst lol. 


¥ 
C 
‘ 
’ 


: Pinna tres hpi Bh 


pik sinks m 
eit 


PLATE CXIV.B. 


GB Somerby Tun oes 


1.2. Ovula patala 3.0. acuminata. 
4.5. Margmella leevts. 
6. Cylichna eylmdracea. 7 8.C truncata. 


London, Published ly John Van Voorst, 18 62. 


7 ei. 


PLATE CXIV.C. 


CB Sowerby, Tun lexc 


1.2.3.Cyhchna obtusa. 4.5. C.maminillata. 
6.C.mtdola. 7. C.conulus. 


8.C. strigella. 9.C.umbilicata . 


London Lublished by John Van Voorst LEAL. 


otnivaall silenrorwll & -palagt wvegaigand $4 
| a Le 
; id oame AL ihaleent fost X 


Oy 
ie , 
4 oe 

‘hi 1 le ta Ld @ ar oe 


PLATE CXIV.D. 


CB Sowerby Jiav” exo. 
1.2. Amphispyra hyalma. 3. Tornatella fasciata. 


4.5.6. Akera bullata. 
7 Bulla hydatis. 8.9. B.Cranchii. 


London Published by Johiv Van Voorst ISL. 


PLATE CXTIV. E. 


= 


es iee 
wee! 
EE aeee 
7 a 
m) 
ote” 
2° 
7B Sowerby Fun 
1.Philne aperta. Zeiss quadrata. 4.5. P. scabra. 
6.7. P. catena. §.9.P. punctata . 


7 T, 77, 4057 


London, Published by John Var Voorst. 


PLABE CIV. E- 


werby. Sun ex 


1.2. Phihne pruinosa. 3. Scaphander lidnarius. 
4. Aplysia hybrida . 5 Plearobranchus membranaceas. 


6-728. plumata. 


London, Published by John Van boorst 


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